SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Dakshin Gobindapur, Sonarpur, Kolkata – 7000145 Affiliated

to
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, WEST BENGAL
(Formerly Known as West Bengal University of Technology)

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering Continuous Assessment – 2
Name of the Student:
TUHIN SHUBRA MANNA

Department: ECE
University Roll
No.:24130322036 Year /
Semester: 5th
Name of the Subject: ELECTRO MAGNECTIC WAVE
Subject Code: EC501
 REPORT ON.
ELECTROSTATIC AND MAGNETOSTATIC BY CHOOSING THE
APPROPRIATE LAW AND THEOREMS.

Electromagnetic fields are characterized by coupled, dynamic (time varying)

electric and magnetic fields and are governed by the complete set of
Maxwell’s equations(four coupled equations). According to Maxwell’s
equations, a time- varying electric field cannot exist without the a
simultaneous magnetic field, and vice versa. Under static conditions, the
time-derivatives in Maxwell’s equations go to zero, and the set of four
coupled equations reduce to two uncoupled pairs of equations. One pair of
equations governs electrostatic fields while the other set governs
magnetostatic fields. This decoupling of Maxwell’s equations illustrates that
static electric fields can exist in the absence of magnetic fields and vice
versa. Stationary charges produce electrostatic fields while magnetostatic
fields are produced by steady (DC) currents or permanent magnets.
Maxwell’s Equations (electromagnetic fields)

The four Maxwell equations, corresponding to the four statements above, are:
(1) div D = ρ, (2) div B = 0, (3) curl E = -dB/dt, and (4) curl H = dD/dt + J.

Electrostatic Fields
Electrostatic fields are static (time-invariant) electric fields produced by static
(stationary) charges. The mathematical definition of the electrostatic field is
derived from Coulomb’s law which defines the vector force between two
point charges.

Coulomb’s Law
Given po 1 2 int charges [q , q (units=C)] 1 2 in air located by vectors R and
R , respectively, the vector force acting on charge q2 due 1 12 to q [F
(units=N)] is defined by Coulomb’s law as
where 1 2 o is a unit vector pointing from q to q and å is the free-space permittivity o
[å = 8.854×10 F/m]. The permittivity of air is !12 approximately equal to that of free
space (vacuum). Note that, according to Coulomb’s law, the force between the point
charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the separation distance between the charges. The unit
vector po 1 2 inting from q to q can be written as

Inserting this equation for the unit vector into Coulomb’s law gives
an alternative form of Coulomb’s law:

The first form of Coulomb’s law allows one to easily identify both the magnitude
and direction of the vector force, while the second formdoes not require an explicit
unit vector determination.
Force Due to Multiple Point Charges (Superposition) Given a po 1 int
charge q in the vicinity of a set of N point charges (q , q2 N ,..., q ), the total
vector force on q is the vector sum of the individual forces due to the N
point charges.
Electric Field
According to Coulomb’s law, the vector force between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the two charges. Alternatively, we may view each
point charge as producing a force field around it (electric field) which acts on any
charge in its vicinity. Since a point charge will repel a charge of like sign, but attract
a charge of unlike sign, we must adopt a convention as to the sign on the electric
field force. We will adopt the convention that the direction of the vector electric
field is the direction of the force on positive charge. Using a positive test charge to
measure the electric field, the electric field is defined as the vector force per unit
charge experienced by the test charge.

q - point charge producing the electric field t q - positive test charge used to
measure the electric field of q RN- locates the source point PN (location of
source charge q) R - locates the field point P t (location of test charge q )
From Cou t lomb’s law, the force on the test charge q due to the charge q is

The vector electric field produced by q at the field point P (designated as E)

is found by dividing the vector force on the test charge F by the test charge qt
.

Note that the electric field produced by q is independent of the

magnitude of t the test charge q . The electric field units [Newtons
per Coulomb (N/C)] are normally expressed as Volts per meter
(V/m) according to the following equivalent relationship:
For the special case of a point charge at the origin (RN = 0), the electric field
reduces to the following spherical coordinate expression:

Note that the electric field points radially outward given a positive point
charge at the origin and radially inward given a negative point charge at the
origin. In either case, the electric field of the a point charge at the origin is
spherically symmetric and the magnitude of the electric field varies as R -2

The electric field due to multiple point charges can be determined using t the
principle of superposition. The vector force on a test charge q at R due 1 2 N
1 2 N to a system of point charges (q , q ,..., q ) at (R N, R N,..., R N) is, by
superposition,