1. What is Java? Explain its key features.

● Start with a brief definition of Java as a high-level, object-oriented

programming language.
● Highlight key features such as platform independence, object-oriented
approach, robustness, security, and automatic memory management
(garbage collection).
● You can also mention Java's wide adoption, extensive libraries (Java
Standard Library and third-party libraries), and its usage in various
domains like web development, mobile apps, and enterprise software.
2. What are the differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
● JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software development package that
includes tools required for developing, debugging, and running Java
applications. It includes the JRE and additional development tools like
compilers and debuggers.
● JRE (Java Runtime Environment) provides the runtime environment for
executing Java applications. It includes the JVM and essential libraries
required to run Java programs.
● JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is the runtime environment where Java
bytecode is executed. It translates bytecode into machine-specific
instructions. JVM provides platform independence by running the
same Java code on different operating systems.
3. What are the main principles of object-oriented programming (OOP)?
● Highlight the four main principles of OOP: encapsulation, inheritance,
polymorphism, and abstraction.
● Explain encapsulation as the bundling of data and related behavior into
objects with restricted access.
● Inheritance refers to the ability to create new classes based on existing
ones, inheriting their attributes and behaviors.
● Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as
instances of a common base class, enabling flexibility and extensibility.
● Abstraction simplifies complex systems by breaking them down into
smaller, manageable units, focusing on essential features and hiding
unnecessary details.
4. Explain the difference between a class and an object in Java.
● A class in Java is a blueprint or template that defines the structure,
attributes, and behavior of objects. It represents a category of objects
with shared characteristics.
● An object, on the other hand, is an instance of a class. It is a real entity
that occupies memory and can interact with other objects.
5. What is the significance of the "static" keyword in Java?
 ● The "static" keyword in Java is used to declare members (variables or
methods) that belong to the class itself rather than specific instances
(objects) of the class.
● Static members can be accessed without creating an instance of the
class.
● Static variables have a single copy shared among all instances of the
class, while static methods can be invoked directly using the class
name.
6. What are the access modifiers in Java? Explain their differences.
● Java provides four access modifiers: public, protected, private, and
default (no modifier).
● Public: Accessible from anywhere in the program.
● Protected: Accessible within the same package or subclasses.
● Private: Accessible only within the same class.
● Default: Accessible within the same package.
7. What is method overloading and method overriding in Java?
● Method overloading refers to defining multiple methods with the same
name but different parameters within the same class. The compiler
differentiates them based on the method signature.
● Method overriding occurs when a derived class provides its
implementation of a method that is already defined in its parent class.
The method signatures must match, and the subclass can modify the
behavior of the method.
8. Explain the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions in Java.
● Checked exceptions are exceptions that must be declared in the
method signature using the "throws" keyword or caught using a
try-catch block. They represent recoverable conditions that the
program should handle.
● Unchecked exceptions, also known as runtime exceptions, do not need
to be declared or caught explicitly. They usually indicate programming
errors or unexpected conditions that may cause the program to
terminate abruptly.
9. What are the different types of variables in Java? Explain their scope and
lifetime.
● Java variables can be classified as local variables, instance variables
(also called member variables or fields), and class variables (also
known as static variables).
● Local variables are declared within a method or block and have a
limited scope and lifetime within that block.
● Instance variables belong to a specific instance of a class and exist as
long as the object exists.
 ● Class variables are associated with the class itself and are shared
among all instances of that class.
10. What is the purpose of the "final" keyword in Java?
● The "final" keyword can be used in Java to define constants, prevent
method overriding, or make a class not extendable.
● Final variables cannot be modified once assigned, and final methods
cannot be overridden by subclasses.
● Final classes cannot be subclassed, ensuring their behavior remains
unchanged.

—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. What is the difference between the "equals()" and "==" methods in Java?
● Explain that the "==" operator checks for reference equality, i.e., it
compares if two variables refer to the same memory location.
● On the other hand, the "equals()" method is used to check for value
equality, comparing the content or value of objects.
● Emphasize that for most objects, especially custom classes, the
"equals()" method needs to be properly overridden to compare the
meaningful attributes of the objects.
2. What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? How does it work?
● Describe the JVM as the runtime environment in which Java bytecode
is executed.
● Mention that the JVM is responsible for converting bytecode into
machine-specific instructions.
● Explain that the JVM provides platform independence, as the same
bytecode can run on different operating systems.
● Highlight that the JVM manages memory, performs garbage collection,
and provides other runtime services to Java programs.
3. Explain the concept of multithreading in Java.
● Define multithreading as the ability of a program to perform multiple
tasks concurrently.
● Mention that each task is called a thread, and multiple threads can
execute simultaneously within a single program.
● Describe how multithreading can improve application performance and
responsiveness.
● Discuss the Thread class and Runnable interface in Java, which are
used to create and manage threads.
● Explain that synchronization mechanisms such as locks and
semaphores can be used to ensure thread safety.
4. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?
 ● Explain that both abstract classes and interfaces are used to define
common behaviors and contracts for classes.
● Mention that an abstract class can contain both method
implementations and abstract methods, while an interface can only
have method declarations.
● Emphasize that a class can extend only one abstract class, but it can
implement multiple interfaces.
● Highlight that abstract classes can have constructors, instance
variables, and non-static methods, while interfaces cannot.
5. What is the Java Collections Framework? Name some of its key interfaces
and classes.
● Describe the Java Collections Framework as a set of interfaces,
classes, and algorithms for handling collections of objects.
● Mention some key interfaces: List, Set, Map, and Queue.
● Provide examples of classes that implement these interfaces, such as
ArrayList, HashSet, HashMap, and LinkedList.
6. How does garbage collection work in Java?
● Explain that garbage collection is the automatic memory management
process in Java.
● Mention that the JVM identifies objects that are no longer referenced
or reachable by the program.
● Describe how the garbage collector reclaims the memory occupied by
these unreferenced objects.
● Discuss that the JVM has different garbage collection algorithms, such
as mark-and-sweep and generational garbage collection.
7. Explain the "try-catch-finally" block and exception handling in Java.
● Describe the "try-catch-finally" block as a mechanism to handle
exceptions in Java.
● Explain that code that may throw an exception is placed in the "try"
block.
● Discuss that if an exception occurs, it can be caught and handled in the
"catch" block.
● Mention the "finally" block, which is executed regardless of whether an
exception occurs or not.
● Explain that exception handling helps in handling errors gracefully and
ensuring proper program flow.
8. What are the different types of loops available in Java?
● Mention the three types of loops in Java: "for," "while," and "do-while."
● Describe the "for" loop for iterating a specific number of times.
● Explain the "while" loop for repeating a block of code while a condition
is true.
 ● Discuss the "do-while" loop, which is similar to the "while" loop but
guarantees at least one execution of the block.
9. What is the purpose of the "this" keyword in Java?
● Explain that the "this" keyword refers to the current instance of a class.
● Mention that it is used to differentiate between instance variables and
parameters or local variables with the same name.
● Highlight that "this" can also be used to invoke other constructors in
the same class.
10. Explain the concept of method chaining in Java.
● Describe method chaining as a technique to invoke multiple methods
on an object in a single line of code.
● Explain that each method call returns the object itself, allowing
subsequent method calls to be chained.
● Emphasize that method chaining enhances code readability and
conciseness.

—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Can you tell me about your experience in installing and configuring Azure
services? How have you ensured smooth deployment and management of
virtual machines in both Windows and Linux environments?
● Start by discussing your experience in installing and configuring
various Azure services, such as virtual machines (VMs), virtual
networks, storage accounts, and databases.
● Highlight your knowledge of the Azure portal, Azure CLI, Azure
PowerShell, or other deployment tools used to provision and manage
resources.
● Mention your familiarity with templates (Azure Resource Manager
templates or Terraform) for consistent and repeatable deployments.
● Discuss how you have ensured smooth deployment and management
of VMs in both Windows and Linux environments by following best
practices, such as selecting appropriate VM sizes, configuring
networking and security, and optimizing performance.
2. Have you worked with role-based access control in Azure? How do you ensure
proper access permissions and security in a multi-user environment?
● Explain your experience with Azure's role-based access control (RBAC)
model and how you have used it to manage user access and
permissions in Azure.
● Discuss how you have defined custom RBAC roles or assigned built-in
roles to users, ensuring they have appropriate access levels based on
their responsibilities.
 ● Mention that you follow the principle of least privilege, granting users
only the necessary permissions for their tasks.
● Highlight your experience in regularly reviewing and updating access
permissions to ensure ongoing security and compliance in a multi-user
environment.
3. Can you describe your experience with managing storage in Azure? How have
you handled importing and exporting data to Azure effectively?
● Explain your experience with Azure storage services, such as Azure
Blob storage, Azure File storage, and Azure Disk storage.
● Discuss your knowledge of storage account creation, configuration,
and management.
● Mention your experience in efficiently importing and exporting data to
Azure, using tools like Azure Data Box, Azure Data Factory, Azure
Storage Explorer, or Azure PowerShell.
● Highlight any strategies you have implemented to optimize data
transfer, such as leveraging Azure ExpressRoute for faster and more
secure data transfers.
4. How have you implemented Azure backup solutions in your previous projects?
Can you share any specific challenges you encountered and how you
addressed them?
● Describe your experience in implementing Azure backup solutions,
including Azure Backup and Azure Site Recovery.
● Discuss the process of defining backup policies, scheduling backups,
and performing restores in Azure.
● Share any challenges you faced, such as managing large-scale
backups, ensuring data integrity, or meeting backup and recovery time
objectives (RTOs and RPOs).
● Explain how you addressed these challenges, such as optimizing
backup schedules, implementing incremental backups, or using backup
validation techniques.
5. In your previous role, you mentioned working proactively with seniors on P1
tickets. Can you elaborate on the types of technical problems you handled and
how you resolved them efficiently?
● Describe the types of P1 (priority 1) tickets you encountered, which
typically involve critical and urgent issues impacting production
environments.
● Provide examples of technical problems you handled, such as system
failures, performance bottlenecks, security incidents, or application
crashes.
● Explain how you approached these issues, mentioning your
troubleshooting methodology, collaboration with seniors, and utilization
of diagnostic tools.
 ● Highlight any specific problem-solving skills or techniques you
employed to resolve the issues efficiently and minimize downtime.
6. How to achieve high availability in a customer environment?
● Discuss your understanding of high availability and its importance in
ensuring continuous operation and minimizing downtime in customer
environments.
● Explain that achieving high availability in Azure can involve strategies
such as load balancing, virtual machine scale sets, availability zones,
and redundant storage configurations.
● Mention your experience in designing and implementing these
strategies to ensure fault tolerance and resilience in customer
environments.
● Highlight any specific projects or solutions where you successfully
achieved high availability and describe the key components and
configurations implemented.

—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. CI/CD concept:
● Explain that CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous
Deployment (or Continuous Delivery).
● Describe CI as the practice of frequently integrating code changes into
a shared repository and running automated tests to ensure code
quality.
● Explain CD as the practice of automatically deploying code changes to
various environments, such as development, staging, and production.
● Mention your experience with CI/CD tools like Jenkins, Azure DevOps,
or GitLab CI/CD.
● Discuss how you have implemented CI/CD pipelines to automate build,
test, and deployment processes, ensuring faster and more reliable
software delivery.
2. Networking:
● Explain that networking in the context of Azure involves designing and
configuring virtual networks (VNets) to connect resources and enable
communication.
● Mention your experience in creating VNets, subnets, and network
security groups (NSGs) to control network traffic.
● Discuss your knowledge of Azure networking services, such as Azure
Load Balancer, Azure Application Gateway, and Azure VPN Gateway.
● Highlight any experience you have with implementing network security
measures, such as network segmentation, access control, and
monitoring.
3. Resource deployment using PowerShell or CLI:
● Mention your experience with deploying Azure resources using
PowerShell or Azure CLI (Command-Line Interface).
● Explain that PowerShell and Azure CLI are scripting languages used to
automate the deployment and management of Azure resources.
● Discuss how you have written scripts or commands to provision and
configure Azure resources, such as virtual machines, storage accounts,
or databases.
● Provide examples of specific deployments you have performed using
PowerShell or CLI, highlighting any customizations or automation
achieved through scripting.
4. Knowledge on ARM templates:
● Explain that ARM (Azure Resource Manager) templates are JSON files
used to define and deploy Azure resources as a cohesive unit.
● Discuss your familiarity with ARM templates and how they enable
infrastructure-as-code practices.
● Mention your experience in writing ARM templates to define resource
properties, dependencies, and deployment parameters.
● Highlight any use cases where you have utilized ARM templates for
consistent and repeatable deployments of complex Azure
environments.
● Discuss your knowledge of template functions, expressions, and
template deployment methods, such as PowerShell, Azure CLI, or Azure
DevOps.