Review On Various Modelling Techniques For The Solar Dryers

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Review on various modelling techniques for the

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Article in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · September 2016

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.028
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 396–417
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Review on various modelling techniques for the solar dryers

Om Prakash a,n, Vinod Laguri a, Anukul Pandey b, Anil Kumar c,d, Arbind Kumar a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
b
Department of Electronics and Communication, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, India
c
Energy Technology Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110,
Thailand
d
Department of Energy (Energy Centre), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462051, India
art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This review paper is focused on the various modelling techniques for the solar dryer system. The
Received 28 November 2015 modelling techniques are very important to develop, increase drying efficiency, analyse and predict the
Received in revised form performance of different kinds of solar drying system. The modelling techniques are also important for
16 February 2016
predicting the temperature of crop moisture content, drying rate, quality of crop and colour of crops.
Accepted 12 April 2016
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD can be applied for analysing and investigating of air flow and spry of
temperature in the drying system. Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) can be used
Keywords: to predict the behaviour of the solar drying system. ANN is used to calculate the mass of the dried crops
CFD on hourly basis. FUZZY is very important software for using the simulation of drying system. That can
ANFIS
also be used to accurately predict the results with a minimum error. The mathematical modelling
ANN
techniques are used for testing the drying behaviour of crops in the laboratory. It act in effect tool
FUZZY
Mathematical modelling between scientists and investigators. It helps short of spending vast amount of time, energy and money
Energy modelling in experimental events. Before fabrication the modelling techniques are very supportive in simulation of
Thermal modelling different types of solar drying system. Thus, analysis on the base of modelling techniques is not only save
time but also save the capital investment in solar drying system. The advantage and future scope of
modelling techniques is also discussed.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
2. Various modelling techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
2.1. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
2.1.1. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
2.1.2. Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
2.1.3. Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
2.1.4. The general form of equation of Navier- Stokes [27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
2.1.5. Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
2.1.6. Review of previous works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
2.2. ANFIS Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
2.2.1. Methodology of ANFIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
2.2.2. Simulation of ANFIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
2.3. ANN modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
2.3.1. Methodology of ANN modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
2.3.2. Simulation of ANNs modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
2.3.3. ANN Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
n
Corresponding author. Mobile: +91 9546219256.
E-mail address: 16omprakash@gmail.com (O. Prakash).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.028
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
O. Prakash et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 396–417 397
2.4. FUZZY Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

2.4.1. Methodology of fuzzy modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
2.5. Thermal modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
2.5.1. Concept of working process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
2.5.2. Energy balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
2.5.3. Thermal model solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
2.5.4. Review of previous works: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
2.6. Mathematical modelling of solar dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
2.6.1. Methodology of mathematical modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
2.6.2. Assumption for the mathematical modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2.7. Drying kinetic modelling of thin layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2.8. Set – up for experiment and materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2.8.1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2.8.2. Set- up for experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2.9. Energy modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
2.9.1. Consist of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
2.9.2. Payback time of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
2.9.3. Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
2.9.4. Decrease the carbon dioxide and acquire credit of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
1. Introduction In Fig. 2 the indirect solar dryer system is shown. It consist of a

collector of air, collector of solar radiation, an auxiliary heater, a
The solar dryer technology is used in agricultural field to pre- fan for circulation and cabinet of drying. Indirect solar drying is the
serve food, fruits, seeds and vegetables, and has been proved latest technique of drying. It is more efficient as compared to
economical as well as eco-friendly in practical life. In many direct solar drying system. In indirect solar drying method;
countries solar dryer is used extensively for drying the crops. atmospheric air is heated with the help of collectors (flat plate or
Energy, which is freely available in the atmosphere, is known as concentrated solar collector).This hot air flow in the cabin where
green energy. This is the renewable form of energy. The energy can the product is stored [4].
be used in the various processes, for example, to generate electric A Mixed dryer is the combination of direct and indirect solar
power, heating, drying, etc. If the moisture content is present in drying method. In this method, the product is dried either indirect
any substance like Food, it has to be consumed before their spoi-
lage; therefore it is required to dry it for a long time use. Table 1
The drying process is the oldest method for preserving food. In Various crops with their moisture content details [62].
ancient time people dried the crops openly and in this method
colour, quantity and quality of the product degraded. Now this Crop Initial moisture Final moisture Maximum allowable
content (wb%) content (wb%) temp. (1 °C)
technique is modified by using several technologies. The dry
process is needed in various industries, basically in food and Paddy, raw 22–24 11 50
chemical industry. Not only industries, this process are used in Paddy, parboiled 30–35 13 50
agricultural area also, for drying seeds and crops. At present, the Maize 35 15 60
Wheat 20 16 45
demand of drying technology is increasing mainly in medicinal
Corn 24 14 45
plants, farming and food industries. The drying process is used to Rice 24 11 50
reduce the moisture content to the safe limit. The dryness per- Pulses 20–22 9–10 50
centage depends upon wetness or dryness basis in the agricultural Oil seed 20–25 7–9 40–60
produce. Table 1 shows the safe limit of moisture for the different Green Peas 80 5 40–60
Cauliflower 80 6 65
crops [1]. Carrot 70 5 65
The process of drying occurs in a closed chamber. Therefore, Green beans 70 5 75
the quality and colour of crops are not affected. The drying process Onion 80 4 75
is done by using different ways like spray dryer, solar dryer, Garlic 80 4 55
Cabbage 80 4 55
electrical dryer, mechanical dryer etc. there has been a rapid
Sweet Potato 75 7 75
increase in the price of fossil fuel and thus, solar energy qualifies Potatoes 75 7 75
as a useful source of energy. Solar drying system is mainly of three Chilies 80 5 65
types: direct, indirect and mixed dryer. Apricot 85 18 65
Apples 80 24 70
The Direct solar dryer uses direct sunlight to dry. Its design is
Grapes 80 15–20 70
simple, the operation/maintenance is also less and has ability to Bananas 80 15 70
dry small quantities of crop. Hence, the direct solar dryer is made Guavas 80 7 65
for smallholders. Fig. 1 shows the direct solar dryer system [2]. Okra 80 20 65
This model is designed and developed by Barnwal and Tiwari in Pineapple 80 10 65
Tomatoes 96 10 60
2008 having capacity of 100 kg. Thompson seedless grapes was Brinjal 95 6 60
dried in this model [3].
398 O. Prakash et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 396–417
Nomenclature TP.exp.i temperature of product in experiment

TP.evl.i temperature of product in evaluation
ρ density T temperature (°C)
u velocity of fluid T dying time in s, Eq. (39)
τ momentum exchange (diffusion) U over all heat loss (W/m2 °C)
g acceleration due to gravity V volume of greenhouse (m3)
p surface force Xp value of predicted, Eq. (43)
λ heat flux (diffusion) Xe value of experiment, Eq. (43)
A area (m2)
Agr area of greenhous room in m2 Greek letters
a derivative of Eq. (32), liner expression coefficient
in (30) p absorptivity of crop surface
B coefficient Eqs. (25) and (27) β coefficient of volumetric expansion (1/°C)
b coefficient of the linear expression Im (t) incident mean radiation of solar on dryer in W/m2
C specific heat (J/kg °C) coefficient in Eq. (28) γ relative humidity of air (%)
Cd coefficient of the discharge γ latent Heat in J/kg (2.26 106 J/kg)
D coefficient of Eq. (29) γe latent heat evaporation in J/kg
Dm mass of dried/kg, Eq. (39) ε emissivity
E root mean square of above equation σ Stefent heat of vaporisation (J/kg)
Eo per day output of energy λ latent heat of evaporation (J/kg)
Ei per day input of energy μ dynamic viscosity of air (kg/m)
F fraction of solar radiation ρ density of air (kg/m)
g acceleration due to gravity τ transmissivity
ΔH difference in pressure head (m)
hga radiative heat transfer coefficient (W/°C) Subscripts
I(t) solar intensity on horizontal surface (W/m2)
Ii solar intensity on greenhouse wall/roof (W/m2)
A, B, C, D constant variables, Eq. (38)
Lg thickness (m)
0 initial value
K coefficient of the linear expression in Eq. (24)
a ambient or air
Kg thermal conductivity (W/m2 °C)
cr crop
M mass (kg)
e above the crop surface
Mm moisture evaporate mass in kg
g ground or greenhouse floor
Me moisture evaporation in kg
ga greenhouse air
mev moisture evaporated (kg) of Eq. (43)
gr greenhouse floor at room
Me evaporate of moisture/kg, Eq. (39)
g1 greenhouse floor to underground
MRexp,l ratio of moisture for the lth experimentally observed
i greenhouse wall/roof (1,2…..)
MRpre,l moisture ratio, ratio of moisture for lth predicted
k1, n1 no. of repressors and the sample size, Eq. (43)
N no. of observations
m mass
n the no. constants
n north wall
ND annually total no. sunshine day (300 considered)
v humid air or vent
Ns no. of sunshine h per day (7 h consider)
Ce crop environment
P(T) vapour pressure at temperature T (N/m2) of Eq. (24)
|y ¼ 0 surface of floor of green house
ΔP difference in vapour pressure (N/m2)
t time (s) and drying time (h)
sunlight or atmospheric air is heated first. Then it is passed development in the fields of wind speed and wind power fore-
through the cabin where the product is stored [5]. casting [8].
Solar drying methods are modelled in various techniques as Artificial neural networks (ANN) is a hopeful modelling tech-
follows: computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluent, artificial niques. Exclusively for data set having non-liner interactions that
neural network, an ANFIS, FUZZY, thermal modelling, mathema- are usually met in a conflict in the pharmaceutical process. In this
tical modelling, drying kinetic model etc. terms model is specifying. The ANN need without knowledge of
Modelling technique is important for a description of systems data source since they often enclose many weights that must be
behaviour in experiment. It is not feasible due to inaccessible assessed [9]. In drying process, the flow of air is steady. Heat
inputs and output data. An experiment may be too dangerous. A transfer medium is also used. In drying process, air movement and
cost of experimentation might be too high. The time constant of several transfer process are connected with the air velocity. In this
the system may not be compatible with a human dimension. condition computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling is used.
Mathematical modelling is important for the designing of dryer During the drying process the velocity of air is measured by the
and easy to operate as well as increasing the quality of the product help of anemometer. The flow of hot air in different position of
and saving energy. It is also used for the transportation of hot air dryer chamber is determine by the using of sensors [10].
[6]. Modelling is also important for an atmospheric condition. ANN is used in the field of solar energy; designing and mod-
elling of a solar steam generation plant. In the field of solar energy
Based on expert knowledge the mapping process from a given
the ANN modelling technique is used in the estimation of collector
input to output is called fuzzy [7]. ANN model is also being used
intercept factor, the ratio of local concentration and the prediction
Fig. 3. Solar air heater channel [32].

Fig. 1. Direct solar dryer [3].
The components of integrated systems or conventional techni-

ques are alternate approaches with the help of Artificial intelligence
(AI) techniques. In 2009 Mellit, Kalogirou, Hontoria and Shaari used
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to solve the problem of com-
plicated practical area. They have been also applied for modelling,
forecasting, prediction, identification, optimisation and control of
complex system. In 2009 they have been used AI technique for
sizing the photovoltaic (PV) system [17].
In 2014 Toghyani et al. applied ANN modelling techniques for
the estimate the power and torque of the stirling heat engine.
Stirling engine is performance on mean square error (MSE) and
correlation coefficient based. After experiment they have been
obtained very well arrangement between the outputs of the
testing phage. The experimental data is also justified with the
model of ANN-PSO (particle swarm optimisation) [18].
Ahmadi, Aghaj and Nazeri are used ANN modelling system for
optimise and estimate the power of the solar stirling heat engine
Fig. 2. Indirect solar dryer [3]. in 2012. In this experiment they have been obtained the initial
weights of network for particle swarm is optimisation. The model
of performance of solar water heating systems, solar drying system of HGAPSO-ANN (hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm
[11]. ANN model is also being used stirling engine. It performed optimisation) performance is compared with experimental output
very well [12]. data. Finally they obtained the model of HGAPSO-ANN is more
ANFIS modelling system is based on fuzzy inference system. It effectiveness [19].
is an intelligent neuro-fuzzy technique. ANFIS modelling system is
used for the modelling, control of unkind- demarcated and
undefined systems. It is consider on the bases of pair of input and 2. Various modelling techniques
output data of system modelling. The input and output data set
magnitude is very critical when very less available data. The 2.1. CFD (computational fluid dynamics)
generation of data is an expensive situation when the magnitude
of the set of input and output data is appropriate critical. Under CFD modelling is related to fluid mechanics. In CFD modelling,
such conditions, increment in the numeral of data. That data is required numerical analysis and algorithms for solving and ana-
charity for learning is of major anxiety [13]. In 2004, Kalogirou lysing he problem of fluid flow. The calculation performances in
used ANN for optimisation of solar system and reduces the time computer are required to simulate the interaction of liquid and
gases with surface. Thesis known as the boundary condition. CFD
required by designing of solar system [14].
FLUENT software is used to simulate the interaction of air flow and
Lotfi Zadeh was developed the modern fuzzy logic in mid-1960s.
movement inside the drying chamber [20].
Fuzzy logic is also called diffuse logic in sometime. It is not two
CFD modelling techniques is assumed in the three boundary
substitutions but a full range of actuality values for reasonable sug-
conditions for simulation. The First condition is assumed at the
gestions. The theory of fuzzy logic has feeble link to probability
inlet, fixed- mass-inflow boundary condition. That is 25 ms 1
theory. The theory of probability is deal with inexact knowledge are velocity and 4.0% turbulence intensity. The Second condition has
communicated in the Bayesian outline. Fuzzy logic doesn’t essential no-resistance boundary condition. Mass is provided to leave at the
to be defensible by a probabilistic methodology. With the help of outlet. Shear stress is assumed for third boundary condition and
geometric model the theory of fuzzy set relates to fuzzy logic and the the change in the dryness of various chambers is observed. The
procedure of semantic of fuzzy can be understood [15]. ANN is also non-similitude is remaining to indefinite areas of the dryer. In the
being used prediction of performance of 20 kWP grid-connected drying system CFD software is used to foretell the air velocities in a
photovoltaic plant at Trieste in 2010 by Mellit and Pavan [16]. dryer. The drying efficiency and performance of working is
Fluid
Problem
Fluid Mechanics Comparison & Analysis
Physics of Fluid Simulation Results
Mathematics Computer
Naver-Stokes Equations Computer Program
Numerical Programming
Methods Language
Discretized Form Grids
Fig. 4. Block diagrams of process of CFD [24].
increased. The observed data from the CFD and drying perfor- modelling in dryer system is indicated as the rules of the system
mance represent good relationship between the velocity of air model. The rules are used to examine and acquire of the pre-
flow and drying rate. Thus, CFD modelling can be used for paration of new technology [25].
increasing the drying efficiency [21].
Bartzanas et al. used CFD FLUENT v.5.3 software to study the 2.1.3. Navier-Stokes Equations
effect of path arrangement in air ventilation of a greenhouse dryer. Deriving the equation of continuity, momentum and energy
The Numerical analysis is used for coding in CFD. This code is used with the help of mass, momentum and energy conservation [26]
for configuration of ventilation and temperature patterns in a Continuity Equation
greenhouse dryer. CFD model is used to study the phenomenon of Dp ρ∂U
various ventilation systems. It helps to determine the temperature þ ¼0 ð1Þ
Dt ∂x
distribution configuration in greenhouse dryer. This software is
Momentum Equation
used for selecting the exact location of inlet and outlet holes for
proper movement of air inside the dryer. The observed values for ∂U ∂U ∂P ∂τ
ρ þ ρU ¼ þ ρg ð2Þ
the various arrangements of an element and compute fresh air ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
flow rates, range is vary from 10 to 58 air change per hours for an Where,
outside wind speed of 3ms 1. The direction of the wind is per-
∂U ∂U 2 ∂U
pendicular to the air ventilation. The Temperature is varying from τ¼μ þ þ δμ ð3Þ
∂x ∂x 3 ∂x
28.2 to 29.88 °C in the middle of a hole and outside air tempera-
ture of 28 °C. The average air velocity of crop cover is 0.2 to 0.7 m/s ∂U
[22]. The benefits of using CFD are conversed and the future of CFD ρ ¼ Local change withtime
∂t
uses is also defined [23].
∂U
ρU ¼ Momentum convection
2.1.1. Methodology ∂x
Fig. 4 represented the block diagram of the methodology of CFD
∂P
modelling. During the starting of CFD modelling, to describe the ¼ Force of surface
∂x
problems of a point, line, angles, surfaces and solid in the drying
chamber, the volume of dryer is filled by fluid (hot air). The design ∂τ
of inside dryer is divided into constituting a separate cell. The cell ¼ Molecular dependent exchange ðdiffusionÞ
∂x
(mesh) may be uniform or non-uniform. Described the physical
modelling –an equation of motion, enthalpy, radiation and species ρg ¼ Mass Force
preservation. That involves to determining the fluid conduct and Energy Equation
characteristic of the boundaries. That is very difficult process.
Initial conditions and transient difficulties are also described in ∂T ∂U ∂U ∂2 T ∂U
ρc þρcU ¼ P þ λ 2 τ ð4Þ
CFD modelling techniques [24]. ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
Where,
2.1.2. Simulation
In the starting of simulation of CFD modelling the equation is ρc∂T
∂t ¼ Local energy change with time,
calculated one by one as a steady state or unsteady-state. Lastly,
the graphical process is utilised for analysis and imagination of ρcU ∂U
∂x ¼ Convective term,
the resulting solution. CFD modelling is first simulation in a
computer. This becomes a useful part of mathematical modelling P ∂U
∂x ¼ Pressure work,
which is not possible in physical model. Simulation of a CFD
λ∂∂xT2 ¼ Heat Flux (diffusion),
2
Fig. 5. Structure grid [24]. Fig. 7. ANFIS architecture [38].
Romero experimented in 2014 and obtained a 62% reduction in

weight of the vanilla. The solar dryer is designed for capacity of
50 kg vanilla and the model is prototype. That research also
measured and calculated the required time of drying and the
temperature at solar collectors and inside the drying cabinet. The
preserving properties of vanilla are obtained well and changes the
airflow properties through the dryer are also shown [30].
Krawczyk and Badyda obtained in the year of 2011 is that for
using solar energy reduced to the external heat supply to the
system that is approximately 3.2 GJ/Mg of removed water content
of product. Modelling method is used to heat delivery systems on
Fig. 6. Unstructured grid [24]. the initial performance parameters of drying facility [31].
Kumar and Saini considered the solar air heater duct with the
help of CFD modelling software in the year of 2009. Fig. 3 shown
τ∂U
∂x ¼ mechanical energy transfer into heat that is irreversible the solar heater duct having inner cross-sectional dimensions of
300 mm 25 mm. The length of duct in entry section is 900 mm
When fluid is ideal compressible, then continuity and and exit section is 500 mm considered [32].
momentum equation become Continuity Equation The duct performance with supplied manmade brutality
through a thin circular wire in arc frame geometry is experi-
∂U
¼o ð5Þ mented with the help of CFD modelling. Arc frame geometry
∂x
effects the coefficient of the heat transfer, factor of friction and the
Momentum Equation enhancement achievement was investigated [33].
Computationally research, the effects of the velocity of the gas,
∂U ∂U ∂P ∂2 U
ρ þρU ¼ μ 2 þ ρg ð6Þ a design of sparer and additives unification suppressing on the
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
dynamic of gas-liquid flow in the column of the rectangular bub-
ble. Low frequencies oscillation is characterised on the wall mea-
2.1.4. The general form of equation of Navier- Stokes [27] surement of pressure fluctuation [34].
To calculate the Navier-Stokes equations, get the general form. The 3D computational fluid dynamics model is pretend the
condition of flow in the interval of time filled in narrow channel,
∂ðρφÞ ∂ ∂φ
þ ρUφ τ ¼q ð7Þ for that assembled in helical damage membrane modules. CFD
∂t ∂x ∂x
modelling is extensively applied in analysis tool for the system of
Where, From φ ¼ U, T we can respectively get equation of con- partition of membrane. CFD is using to solve the problems of
tinuity, momentum and energy. robustness, reliability and efficiency of present mathematical
method [35].
2.1.5. Grids The characteristic of drying curve for the drying of milk
Grids are of three types:-(i) Structured, (ii) unstructured and (iii) powder, analysis the conditions of spray dryers is determined
block-structured grids. The Structured grid is shown in Fig. 5. In with the help of CFD. The time taken for the drying of milk
Structured grids, all the joints have similar number of elements on all particles with the help of spray dryer system is determined with
of its side. It can be defined and save without difficulty, only for the the help of linear falling rate curve. The residence time is
simple domain. Unstructured grid is complex domain. Fig. 6 showed obtained between of 1 sec. which is compared to 20–80 sec. in
the unstructured grid. This grids is basically seen in airfoil [28]. full-scale equipment [36].
2.1.6. Review of previous works 2.2. ANFIS Modelling

In 2014, Defraeye have applied advanced computational
method for drying process. An advanced computational method According to Geronimo T. M., et al. ANFIS modelling system is
included computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and various model- based on functional equivalence, under certain restraint, among
ling methods. Integrating all physical process that are applied to RBF (radial basis function) and TSK-type fuzzy system [37]. A
drying process and convert material such as airflow around the single output is solved directly by weighing the input by fuzzy
material, deformation of material chemical and biological process, rules. This rule is based on the knowledge of various input data in
radiation etc. here improved drying time, quality of product and any system. ANFIS is obtained with the help of computational
parameter of drying process [29]. algorithm that is based on neural network.
Fig. 7 is shown the ANFIS mole. Here x and y is taken as input assumption parameters that specify groups function. ANFIS works
vectors. The output is ‘f’ and it is the ordinary weighted of every gradient change to mulct tunes them [42].
instruction. W1 and W2 is firing strengths. It is got from the pro- The requiring parameters is defined as the characteristic of
duct of the membership evaluations in the given part. The ratio of every output equation. The Least square processes utilised for
firing strength is E1 and E2. It is the total of all firing strengths. The considering the parameters equation in ANFIS modelling. This
range of the coefficient of correlation is between 0.999 and 1in this path is hence called hybrid getting knowledge learning process. It
shown ANFS model [38]. adds together the gradient drop process and the least square
In ANFIS model, it is observed that to carry out the well process.
requires taking into deliberation the initial number of parameters. The process of ANFIS begins with the help of drawing data set
ANFIS performs the number of inputs and a fuzzy rule of the (input – output data pair) and breaks into preparation and testing
system [39]. The parameters of ANFIS are obtained empirically. An data set. The set of preparation data is applied to determine the
initial model is created with equally space relevant function. But initial assumption parameters for the group function by same or
this method is not efficient. Because, sometime it does not show equal distance of the every group function. The beginning value is
the applicable input functional group. obtained from the error between the real and required output. The
The ANFIS model is completely based on a first order of the influence parameters are got by the help of manipulation of the
Takagi-Sugeno model [40]. It becomes a better fuzzy controller. least- square process then the error for every data couple is
Because of self-learning skill that is guide to minimum regular obtained. If this mistake is more than the beginning value then
position of mistake [41]. The Sugeno fuzzy model is suitable modernise the assumption parameters and applying the satisfac-
complex nonlinear and energetic activity system. The standard tory gradient process. The methods concluded when the mistakes
rules that flow in a model is following: get less than the assumption value. The comparison between the
models with an actual system then it is applied to the set of testing
Suppose x ¼ S and y ¼ U; s ¼ f ðx; yÞ
data. If a model doesn’t point out the system; a less beginning
Where, S, Q ¼fuzzy set value is used [43].
S¼f (x,y) is function of brief from of S& Q which hold two rules The adjustable network in the intent fuzzy inference systems is
1 1
supplied further type. The group function is triangular structure
1st rule–if x ¼ Z 1 & y ¼ U 1 ; then f ¼ a1 x þ b y þc1 ð8Þ and trapezoidal structure group function. There are three insert
group purposes for every insert and 27 to get knowledge rule. The
2 2
2nd rule if x ¼ Z 2 & y ¼ U 2; then f ¼ a2 x þ b y þ c2 ð9Þ get knowledge mass are arranged to 1 with liner input or output
Here, x, y¼ input variables vector. value. For defuse that is to create breakable output of the con-
Where, w1 & w2 ¼ firing strengths, that is the product of the cluded part weighted average outline is applied [44].
membership. F¼ output function, that is the mean weight of
each rule. 2.2.2. Simulation of ANFIS
1st layer: output function of Node i(Oi1): In the beginning of simulations, the 49 fuzzy law set is to be
begged first from the tool window in the MAT LAB. Starting with
Oi1 ¼ m1 ZiðxÞ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð10Þ the fuzzy file where the instruction written inclusion of the T-S
control policy is opened in the MAT LAB. In tool window, the
Oi1 ¼ m1 UiðxÞ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð11Þ following fuzzy editor dialogue box is opened. The .fis file is
brought to apply the tool window from the origin & then opened
2nd layer: Here, every node is a round node marked by ‘W’ that
in the fuzzy compiler dialogue box. The applying file is got and
is the product of the arriving signals and get output.
operated as shown in Fig. 8. Further, the data is compiled to the
Oi2 ¼ wi ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð12Þ workspace. The simulation is driven for a particular time (suppose
th
three sec.). The fuzzy group function is compiled then gets to apply
3rd layer: Here, solve the ratio of the i rules of the discharge the view group command from the toolbar shown in Fig. 9. The
strength to the sum of all discharge strength of the system written TS-fuzzy law can also be watched from the law view
Oi3 ¼ w1i; i ¼ 1; 2 ð13Þ command shown in Fig. 10. The law viewer for the two inputs &
th
one output can be detected in pictorially shown in Fig. 11. Now,
4th layer: Here, the solution of the i rule towards the complete after the executing all the initial operation and the simulation is
output takes place run in three second in MAT LAB with a mention of speed of
Oi4 ¼ w1i f i ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð14Þ 100 rad/sec {i.e., (100 60)/2π} ¼955 rpm and with load torque of
2 N-m. The simulation is run once parameters such as speeds
5th layer: Here, complete output is computed: obtained and stored in the workspace [45].
5 The error (x 1), modify in error (x2) and a middle parameter (y)
Oi ¼ Σw1 i f i ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð15Þ
is obtained after Takagi-Sugeno model running. These are three
parameters namely, x1, x2, & y is stored in a changeable command
window. The ‘anfis’ compiler is opened in the command window
2.2.1. Methodology of ANFIS (Fig. 12). These are changeable which is in the form of data in the
The method of ANFIS modelling system is constructed by a workspace. That is not susses into the ‘anfis’ compiler (Figs. 13 and
fuzzy inference system. That is the group of working parameters. 14). The .fis file is created next to the ‘anfis’ compiler by the
These are placed in a using back multiplication gradient. This is a loading data from the workspace (Fig. 15). Once the file is created
least square type process. This method precedes with the help of the ‘anfis’ is to instructed properly (Fig. 16). To obtain a proper
fuzzy system. That is to get knowledge from the data which are algorithm with a satisfactory number of periods. In that work, we
modelling. Fuzzy inference system is a network type structure. have used the back-propagation algorithm with a satisfactory
That is the functions of input through, the input group function number of periods is applied for teaching the laws. That is pre-
and the present parameter in group function and then from output ceded by determining of the two items in the ‘teach window’ of
groups function and present parameters to output. ANFIS model- the ‘anfis’ compiler and the teaching of neural network for
ling is appropriate in two methods in adding parameters. For proper selection is law base. The trained data is further
Fig. 8. Input with FIS editor [45].
Fig. 9. FIS editor with 2 inputs and 1 output; Importing of the .fis file from the source [45].
transmitted to the workspace and then applied for modifying in and empirical models. Experimental data between ANFIS model
error with the output (Fig. 17). Also, the plotting of outline is same and correlation coefficient is obtained 0.936, 0.935, 0.936 and
as shown in Fig. 18. 0.986. According to some error analysis the results obtained the
ANFIS model is more appropriate configuration for prediction of
2.2.3. Review of previous works energy efficiency as compared with empirical model [46].
Bagheri N., Nazilla, T. and Javadikia H. researched anddevelope The research is also used to generate the forecast temperature
an ANFIS model. The result is obtained from this study is 0.51, 0.78, of jaggery, evaporation of temperature and moisture content in the
0.78 and 0.82 experimental data between correlation coefficient
Fig. 10. Membership function editor [45].
Fig. 11. Rule editor window [45].
air of greenhouse dryer during the drying operation under natural the jaggery mass during the drying process. The coefficient of
convection. To determine and calculate the temperature of jaggery, correlation ranges is obtained between 0.90 and 0.98 of jaggery.
the temperature and moisture evaporated from the air of green- The temperature of greenhouse air is obtained between 0.96 and
house dryer on the basis of intensity of solar radiation and ambi- 1.00 of jaggery mass during the drying process [47].
ent temperature with the help of the software of MATLAB and an In the field of an ANFIS modelling is also research the modified
ANFIS model is developed. The result of this research is obtained greenhouse dryer in no-load condition underactive mode that is
0.7% and 1.0% ranges of percentage error of root mean square of
Fig. 12. ANFIS editor window [58].
Fig. 13. ANFIS editor: loading the data from the workspace [45].
making the prediction of model in soft computing. The system very good for drying of crops. Only 0.026 total error is obtained on the
behaviour is predicted with help of ANFIS modelling research. The greenhouse room temperature and the relative humidity is 0.12 [48].
factor of drying parameters like ambient temperature, radiation of An ANFIS modelling is designed in the CMOS logic gates like a
global humidity, temperature of greenhouse, condition of weather, etc. tool and the circuits of CMOS logic. Developing the work of an
is input parameters of dryer system. That is also analysed in the ANFIS ANFIS modelling is proceeding by programing of MATLAB 7.04. The
modelling system. The relative humidity is obtained at all times less real hardware data is applied for the training of a network of
than ambient relative humidity in ANFIS modelling system. That is ANFIS. Analysed the performance of a network and proposed the
Fig. 14. ANFIS editor: loaded data from the workspace onto the editor [45].
Fig. 15. ANFIS editor: generate the FIS file from the data in the workspace [45].
structure of an ANFIS model on the accuracy with some combi- advantage of ANFIS is input-output mapping based on both human
national of circuits [49]. knowledge and specified input-output data pairs [50].
An ANFIS modelling technique researched in the area of mod-
elling and operating of an ill-defined and unsure system. An ANFIS 2.3. ANN modelling
modelling is proposed in the number of data sets applied for
preparation is reduced with the technique application of engi- The main goal of using ANN model is to improve a solar-energy
neering statistical known as the design of full factorial [20]. The system in order to make best use of its economic benefits. An
Fig. 16. ANFIS editor: training the rules using back propagation algorithm [45].
Fig. 17. Surface plot of the 3 parameters (2 inputs: change in error, speed error and 1 output) [45].
Artificial neural network is a part of statistical learning models system of interconnected neurons that exchanges messages
formidable by biological neural networks. This ANN modelling is between with each other [51].
based on the human central nervous systems. This is used to ANN modelling is used successfully in the area of engineering,
estimate and is depend on large number of input, and that input medical science, mathematical calculation, economics and other var-
number is unknown. ANN modelling system is represented by the ious fields. The features of neural networks are computing difficult
and complex problems of growing non-linear various variables. That
Fig. 18. Contour plot of the 3 parameters (2 inputs: change in error, speed error and 1 output) [45].
The ANN modelling is applied for the standardisation of digital

colorimeter [41], for the determination of the constitution of liquid
mixture that is ternary [53]. Mass transfer projection in a fast
fluidized bed of fine solids [54], modelling for evaluation of
hydrodynamics of filled column [55], defect identification in
complex chemical industry [56], and adsorption study [57]. The
advantage of using ANN model are root mean square (RMSE),
mean absolute error (MAE), and standard error (SE) calculated and
determined coefficient of R2 is easy [58].
2.3.1. Methodology of ANN modelling

Fig. 19. Representation of an artificial neuron [6]. The methodology of ANN modelling find out the mean square
of error between experimental and predicted transient tempera-
is connected with speed and accuracy. The capacity of ANN modelling ture of food obtained. The value of mean square of error is
system is to produce given training data from unknown data [35]. obtained from the experimental model. The values of mean
The basis working principle of ANN is nervous system. That is absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), standard
taken from the biology. In biological nervous system there are error (SE) and correlation coefficient (R2) is obtained by the help of
many network systems which are interconnected between each following Eqs. (16)–(20). The obtained value is checked the per-
other. In this nervous system every an each nervous system is formance of the designed model [28].
specified in different problems. 1 XN
T c:exp:n T c:evl:n j
MAE ¼ n¼1
ð16Þ
Multi- layers perceptron (MLP) is a type that is provided on a N
neural network. It contains input and output layers which are X
1 N 2 1=2
invisible and are connected to at least one layer between them. RMSE ¼ T c:exp:n T c:evl:n ð17Þ
N n¼1
There are many junctions present which are identified by the
numeric value of input and output parameters. The invisible layer qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
PN
is identified with the help of complication of various variable n ¼ 1 T c:exp:n T c:evl:n
SE ¼ ð18Þ
bonding to grow. All signals of the inputs are changed by the help N1
of its weight. That weight is known as connectionist constant. The vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
uPN 2 P 2
u T c:exp:n T c:exp:n N n ¼ 1 T c:exp:n T c:evl:n
summation of junction is accepted and changed input signals. The R2 ¼ t n ¼ 1 PN 2 ½28
input signal is explained layer by layer. That leads to a group of n ¼ 1 T c:exp:n T c:exp:n
output signals. They are differentiated with the help of error sig- ð19Þ
nal. The error in signal is reduced by the use of delta rule, which is
also based on the connectionist weights. Finally this interactive 2.3.2. Simulation of ANNs modelling
process is concluded on the basis of extends value of needed error The ANN is fabricated by the component of the ANN model. The
[52]. draw ANN model is to pretend the role of the biological neuron.
Then proceed over and done with a transfer function to generate

the output for that neuron. The role of activation is the weight Initial source
combine of the neuron's input. The most regularly recycled
transfer role is the sigmoid role shown in Fig. 19. This is the model
of artificial neural network. In Fig. 19 inputs is multiplied by the
connection weights that is arriving signals. This input signals are
first shared and then delivered through a function of transfer, then
produce the output for the neuron. The weighed combination of
Fresh model creation
the inputs of neuron's and the maximum generally used transfer
function which is active function. It is also a sigmoid function [6].
2.3.3. ANN Computing

The method of modelling is recognition and elementary, both
are for clarification of normally happening procedure and for Fuzzy model creation
scheming artificial engineering procedure (Kaminisky et al. 1998).
For a dry procedure, the Grecian mathematical modelling is sta-
tionary and the fundamental instruments applied for procedure
explanation. The advantage of malice is certainly applying the
mathematical procedure and the proceeds modelling towards Fuzzy model optimization
ANN computing. There are also drawbacks that are usually not
easy to control. These content are surrounded by others, like
naturally dictate the more procedure state variables i.e. kinetic
coefficients and physicochemical feature of a substance and the
moisture removing factors. The benefit is obtained from a growth
of mathematical mock-up of the procedure. Euro-computing skill Optimized fuzzy model
with their creation can control these difficulties, and thereby
unlocked new pathways in proceeding towards a model design
difficulties of this type [59]. Fig. 20. Methodology of fuzzy modelling flowchart [110].
2.3.4. Review of previous works

The field of an ANN modelling is researched in the parameters of
2.4. FUZZY Modelling
solar dryer the modelling of inside the solar dryer box temperature,
speed of wind, outside and inside of the solar dryer box relative air
Fuzzy modelling is used for computing complex system. With
humidity dryer efficiency have been investigated. In an ANN mod-
the organising model, fuzzy models are inherently expert to
elling area is also worked for the determining the drying efficiency
describe the procedure problem and imprecision. An object that is
and developed of the statistical validity model of dryer. The fully visible in all feature of the real world [63]. The parameters of
regression model for the efficiency of drying is also studied [60]. fuzzy modelling is inlet temperature of air in drying chamber.
In 2011S.Gorjian; T. T. Hashjin, and M.H. Khoshtaghaza resear- Fuzzy modelling is continued considerably since the first
ched the application of ANN modelling system for the removing of initiation of fuzzy place by Zadeh [64]. It is accepted itself as a main
moisture content of barberry fruit. The data of experimental is found part of persons thinking and awareness description. The level of
from a thin-layer drying process is applied for training and testing thesis becomes advance in fuzzy programme from using this
the network. In this researched the important parameters are drying method. But, the actual technical application found about to pro-
temperature, velocity of drying air, heat shocking,time and the ceed towards in such a way to grow in the premature phase. For
content of moisture as the output of the ANN model. The result of specimen, the almost all victorious commercial technical sector are
experiment is found at the optimum topologies are 4-20-1 and 4- implemented by fuzzy logic. That fuzzy administrator is stationary
25-1 with mean square error values of 0.00318 and 0.001 [61]. form the effort on Mamdani and Assilian in 1975 [65]. Wherever
In 2011 Abd EI-Wahab et al. researched the use of deterioration having similarity triangular belonging function is applied and
analysis and neural network study on the drying efficiency of logical actions for combination and crossing exist function is
grape clusters dried. The efficiency of drying is to determine as applying minimum and maximum actions, respectively [66].
70%, 29.23%, and 21.74% respectively when ANN model is used. An Various proposals being suggested in the information on the
growth of knowledge- based models of fuzzy. In almost all of
ANN model can be increased the accuracy and usefulness with
them, the model is skilled applying is called optimisation method.
many data that is reported by Sencan and Ozdemir (2007) [62].
That fuzzy principle with genetic algorithms [67], fuzzy principle
In 2011, Murthy and Manohar found that the dried at four
with pretended annealing [68], and multi-criteria conclusion
different power levels ranging is 315-800 W and to obtained the
analysis with genetic algorithms [69] the principle of fuzzy with
effect of microwave power on moisture content, rate of drying,
reformed controlled arbitrary pursuit [70], etc. also various
time of drying and effective diffusivity. research try to exist in the information, which join determining
An artificial neural network (ANN) modelling system is based method with fuzzy modelling. More particularly, the introduced
on the biological nervous system. That is applied to simulate the proposal can be separated into three predominant; (i) introduction
various problems of engineering and complex scientific problem. of a fresh conclusion is tree from the data and then it fuzzification,
The research of an ANN modelling has done in the solar energy then proceed into a fuzzy conclusion tree [71], (ii) introduction of a
field for the modelling of drying devises, drying parameters, effi- fuzzy conclusion tree and combine fuzzy method during the tree
ciency of the solar dryer, and the process of drying. In the green- structure [72], and (iii) introduction of a fresh conclusion tree,
house dryer, ANN modelling is also used for increasing efficiency. distillation of a set of instructions from it Fuzzification of these
principles [73]. The advantage of Fuzzy logic is to accurately pre-

dict the results with a minimum error. The model is also being
extended to different places consistent to different weather
environments, mainly ambient temperature, solar radiation, and
relative humidity [52].
2.4.1. Methodology of fuzzy modelling

Methodology of the fuzzy modelling flowchart is shown in
Fig. 20.
Discovery the phage of technical methodology, X¼existing of
some specimen & can exist completely show in that
xi ¼ f ðx; x0 ; x00 ……:Þ; xi A R; i ¼ ½1; 2; ……::n ð20Þ
Where, n ¼ interdependent variables, X , i 1 Fig. 21. Greenhouse solar dryer thermal energy flow under the natural convection
model [61].
Here, X’, X” ¼1st and 2nd-time by-product of the position vec-
tors, respectively.
Hence, excellently the method turns into fuzzy modelling. In the year of 2010, Mansor H. et al. to researched the fuzzy
Function f changed through a relation R in the instance, i.e., control algorithm. That is experimented on the reformulated solar
characterises the fuzzy principle. That kind of extensive complex dryer model. That model is established by Liu and Bakker-Arkema
difficulty, that is non-realistic till which the extant of an only one [78]. The experiment is performed on the grain dryer. That is
specialist, otherwise a small classification of specialist. Any one is performed on the best fit supreme grain flow rate i.e.
given objectively viable rules otherwise still an always satisfactory 23,000 h 1m 2. The first experiment is performed on the closed-
visible of several semantic terms. loop system. That is to pass across the craved set point on the
Thus, making all principle and visible pattern on exploratory dryer. The outlet of the moisture content is recorded 15%. This
view in lacking dependence on mortal skill. The cooperation experiment is less than 30 sec. controller takes to obtain the initial
between insert system variables is small. That is likely to char- state. Fig. 24 shows the result of this experiment. Finally, they are
acterize the overhead-indicate system while a various - input and obtained in a Fuzzy logic controller. That is premeditated to the
various-output system corresponds a digit of separately change- control of a grain dryer [79].
able digit Y A X to a digit of based on variables Z A X via a sink of l Al-Mahasneh et al. researched in the year of 2013and achieved
fuzzy principle as drying of roasted green wheat from 43 to 13%. That experiment is
performed under the open sun drying system. The duration of time
Y 1l \ Y 2l \ ……… \ Y nl -Z nl þ 1 \ Z nl þ 2 \ ……:: \ Z m
l ð21Þ
period is 5.5 hours. Fuzzy modelling is determined by the best
Here l ¼[1…..n].This model also makes easy within (n-m) model for drying roasted green wheat. 1.73 10 11 m2/s effective
various-input-one-output models away modify Eq. (13) diffusivity of roasted green wheat is achieved in this research [80].
n
The fuzzy modelling system has progressed greatly. The mod-
⋂ \ nk ¼ m þ 1 Y 1l \ Y 2l \ ……: \ Y m k
l -Z l ; ð22Þ elling of engineering systemsis used a Fuzzy formulation. In this
k ¼ mþ1
research, it is found that the technique is more successful. The
Or many concise formulation of the fuzzy rule foundation program is automatically selected in this modelling to determine
R ¼ [ ll ¼ 1 \ nk ¼ m þ 1 ð \ m r k the formula for intersection operation [81].
r ¼ 1 Y l -Z l Þ ð23Þ
That is applied in this research [74].
2.5. Thermal modelling
2.5.1. Concept of working process
The fuzzy modelling is done in the various field like drying
Greenhouse solar drying system is work under neath natural
system, greenhouse technology etc. fuzzy logic modelling and
convection state shown, Fig. 21. The solar energy is changed into
control system is based on input and output data. This research, is
thermal heat in the plastic covered greenhouse inside the cover
based on developing a generalised formula. This generalised for- P
I i Ai τi and diminishes convective heat waste. The little amount of
mula is based on non-linear multi-input and multi-output sys- P
confine energy ð1 Fn ÞFcr Ii Ai τi will be collected partly by the
tems. This research differentiated into two features (i) considered P
as specific properties that applicable to black box system and (ii) to crop and partly ð1 Fn Þð1 Fcr Þð Ii Ai τi Þthrough the surface and
design the robust control command for each system. This research reveal tray zone & the rest solar radiation ð1 Fn Þð1 Fcr Þ
P
also developed the robust fuzzy control rules and designing [75]. ð1 p g Þð Ii Ai τi Þwill warmth the surrounding air inner surface of
The fuzzy modelling system is using for the human reliability the greenhouse solar drying system. The temperature is balanced
analysis. This analysis is done to calculate the probability of erro- between the air of greenhouse solar drying systems and ambient air.
neous action. The action is specified according to CREAM in spe- The vapour pressure is balanced among the crops and the green-
cific context. The specific contexts are maintained taking in-field house solar drying air each is accountable to the natural abstract.
actions or control room action. This research is applying in pilot The required dissimilarity in vapour pressure possibly got by
applications and drying systems [76]. growing the vapour pressure of the drying material floor. Otherwise
Prakash et al. researched in the year 2015 and obtained the through diminishing the vapour pressure of the element otherwise
fuzzy is an efficient prediction tool. It is used to predict the per- through both [82].
formance of a solar crop dryer. The accuracy of the prediction
performance is found to be best. The using of fuzzy logic and 2.5.2. Energy balance
calculation from MS-software the value of R2 and the root mean Thermal modelling is developed for increasing the efficiency of
square error prediction is obtained 0.986 and 0.112 respectively. the solar dryer and increasing the moisture vaporise with the help
The prepared model can be extended to different place according of energy balance equation. The energy balance equation is for-
to different conditions of weather [77]. mulated with some hypothesis as given below
(i) The capacity of heat absorber and surface of the drying [net heat waste rate from green house air to ambient air by sun-
chamber are considered to be uniform [83]. shade in the dryer system]pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(ii) The flow of air in the drying enclosed chamber is considered a The expression C d Av 2gΔH ΔP showed [89] the speed of
uniform [84]. heat waste by natural cavity. The significance of Cd was observa-
(iii) Heat waste from collector to ambient air is assumed negligible tional less, and its significance specified in Table 2,
[85]. Here,
(iv) Heat waste of wall and tray are neglected [76].
ΔP
ΔH ¼ ð27Þ
ρga g
(a) Energy balance equation at drying material surface [86]
X
dT cr ΔP ¼ P T ga γ a PðT a Þ ð28Þ
ð1 F n ÞF cr p cr I i Ai τi ¼ M c C cr þ hc T cr T ga Acr
dt
þ 0:016hc ½P ðT cr Þ γ r PðT ga ÞAcr ð24Þ
2.5.3. Thermal model solution
For solving the beyond expression, the vapour pressure, line-
[Collected rate of thermal energy at the surface of dryer arised as the minimum range of temperature amid 26 and 54 °C,
system]¼ [thermal energy deposited rate through crop] þ that mainly happen in solar drying, while
[wasted thermal energy rate for convection waste] þ[wasted
thermal energy rate for evaporation waste] P ðT Þ ¼ K 1 þ K 2 ð29Þ
(b) Energy balance equation at the floor of the greenhouse dryer The linear deterioration resolution is applied to solve the
[87]. vapour pressure at Tga and Ta. Assist by of Eqs. (18),(20),(21) and
X (6), Eq. (19) clarify in the configuration of a 3rd order polynomial
ð1 F n Þð1 F cr Þ p g I i Ai τi ¼ hg1 T y ¼ o T 1 ÞAg
equation to finding the temperature of greenhouse air (Tga) for
þ hgr T y ¼ o T ga ðAg Acr Þ ð25Þ first values of ambient and crop temperature while
AT 3ga þ BT 2ga þCT ga þ D ¼ 0 ð30Þ

[Collected rate of thermal energy on ground surface] ¼[wasted
rate inside the floor for conduction waste] þ[wasted rate from Here,
ground surface to greenhouse dryer air because of convection !
2
and radiation wastes] A¼ ðC d Av Þ2 K 31 ð31Þ
ρga
(c) Equation of energy balance on greenhouse cabin.
!
Coefficient of transmission and difference in vapour pressure 2 h
B¼ ðC d Av Þ2 K 21 K 2 γ a ðK 1 T am þ K 2 Þ hc Acr þ 0:016hc Acr γ ga K 1
applying to the temperature variance of greenhouse and ambient ρga
air [88]
X i2
X þ ðUAÞg1 þ U i Ai ð32Þ
ð1 F n Þð1 F cr Þ 1 p g I i Ai τi þ hc T cr T ga Acr

þ 0:016hc P ðT cr Þ γ r P T ga Acr T þ hgr T y ¼ 0 T ga Ag Acr !
h
pffiffiffiffiffiffi X 2 2
¼ C d Av 2g ΔH ΔP þ U i Ai ðT ga T a Þ ð26Þ C¼ ðC d Av Þ2 3K 1 K 2 γ a ðK 1 T a þ K 2 Þ þ 2 hc Acr
ρga
X i2
[Collected rate of thermal energy to greenhouse air during the þ0:016hc Acr γ ga K 1 þ ðUAÞg1 þ U i Ai
process]þ [collected rate of thermal energy from crop because of h
convection waste]þ[collected rate because of vaporisation waste I effR þ I effG H G þT cr ðhc Acr þ 0:016hc Acr K I Þ þ T a ðUAÞg1
from crop]þ [collected rate from green house surface because of X i
convection and radiation wastes] ¼[wasted thermal energy rate to þ U i Ai þ 0:0167hc Acr K 2 1 γ ga ð33Þ
the ambient air through natural ventilation in the dryer system]þ
!
2 3
Table 2 D¼ ðC d Av Þ2 K 2 γ a ðK 1 T a þ K 2 Þ
ρga
Modelling and designing para- h
meters, the constants that are used

I effR þ I effG H G þ T cr hc Aj þ 0:016hc Acr K 1 þ T a ðUAÞg1
in the greenhouse [47].
X i2
Parameters Values þT a U i Ai þ 0:016hc Acr K 2 1 γ ga ð34Þ
At 0.096 m2 Applying the familiar value of Tga in Eq. (1), the drying material
Ca 1012 J/kg °C temperature (Tcr) may be obtained by first order differential
Cj 2509.9 J/kg °C
equation
Cd 0.0036
Fc 0.10 dT j
g 9.81 m/s2 þaT cr ¼ f ðtÞ ð35Þ
hgr 8.0 W/m2 °C
dt
R1 397.52 The calculation of Eq. (24) for the meanf ðtÞfor 0–1 time is
R2 7926.90
t 3600 s f ðtÞ
γ 2.26106 J/kg T cr ¼ 1 e at þ T cr0 e at ð36Þ
a
σ 5.6710 8W/m2 K4
pg 0.6 Here,
pc 0.7
ε 0.9 hcr Acr ð1 þ0:016K 1 Þ
τ 0.9
a¼ ð37Þ
M cr C cr
And

I effcr þ hc Acr T ga :016 K 2 γ ga K 1 T ga þ K 2
f ðt Þ ¼ ð38Þ
M cr C cr
If the temperature of crop and the temperature of greenhouse
air is getting then the moisture vaporisation can be assessed by
following expression
hc
mev ¼ 0:016 ðK 1 T cr þ K 2 Þ γ ga K 1 T ga þ K 2 Acr t ð39Þ
k
2.5.4. Review of previous works:

The above equation is solved to determine the outlet air tem-
perature of the dryer, heat exchange accomplishment, receiver
efficiency and heat occupied to a defined set of entrance valve, and
to a defined time interval. The average value helps the assessment
of heat transfer co-efficient, and heat flux between the collector
plate and wall of an inner chamber or inner surface. The primary Fig. 22. Increasing temperature of air for different rate of airflow, for an ambient
temperature of 30 °C [65].
temperature is defined equal to the temperature value of the
corresponding preceding part. Till coming end time, the repetitive
process is carrying on. The collector plate, wall plate, and, plenary
session air all are considered in ambient temperature. That is
noted by previous research [89].
The fundamental parameter of any system involve the number
of hole diameter, pitch, rate of air flow or reach velocity, collector
plate absorptivity or emissivity, radiation of solar, and velocity of
the wind. A parametric study or analysis controlled for limits of
the number of perforation diameter – pitch alliance, solar radia-
tion and rate of air flow. For the absorber perforations, triangular
pitch was considered. The inlet parameter assumed for the study
is: (i) porosity (including perforation dia., and pitch), (ii) reach
velocity, (iii) radiation of solar, and (iv) solar absorptivity or ther-
mal emissivity: For the thermal modelling analysis the range of
parameters is closed as following: Fig. 23. Experimental set-up of dry kinetic model for greenhouse dryer [79].
(i) Reach velocity: for drying air temperature is necessary 51-

59°C that could be obtain only because of low reach velocities.
Research in NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
USA) found that is to minimise the reach velocity of 0.002 m-
s 1. The enactment is poor than hypothetical calculation. Due
to effect of natural convection on non-uniform suction, the
result of these airflow rates in high surface temperature
absorber and related low efficiency of the collector. For the
study of thermal modelling the reach velocity range is con-
sidered 0.02-0.03 m/s that is a requirement and equivalent to
71–108 m3/hm2 that is the airflow rate of collector area. Even
in some case, 0.0124–0.0375 m/s range is increased.
(ii) Radiation of solar: A 395–900 W/s solar radiation range is
chosen for the study or analysis. That is acceptable in the tro-
pical location and agreed with per day average solar radiation.
(iii) The Pressure drop of absorber: 25 Pa is the minimum pressure Fig. 24. Closed-loop test: set-point (outlet content of moisture)¼ 15% [101].
drop that necessary for assure distribution is uniform through
the collector. Even, if above 0.02 m/s reach velocity is main- Collector efficiency is lower when the value of pitch is large
tained pressure drop is lightly lower that is allowable [90]. and effectiveness heat exchange.
The pressure drop is controlled through the power intake by
the vacuum blowers that should be excessive at 79–80 Pa Inlet parameter and values of their range is summarising in
higher pressure drops. At present research 26–80 Pa range Table 2:
pressure drop is consider. The outlet parameters are evaluated (i) efficiency of collector
(iv) Collector plenum: 52–150 mm is the range of frictional pres- plate, (ii) effectiveness heat exchange (iii) increasing the deliver air
sure drop over the collector evaluated applying the model temperature, (iv) supply of useful heat. Inlet parameters are
through a plenum.120 mm is found for the selected collector varying that is effect on the drying process hence that is also
parameters. For large airflow rate, higher value may be used.
studied. Collector plate is coated with mild steel and paint with
(v) Perforation and pitch diameter: The range of 13–24 mm is
black colour in the selected solar radiation range, and rate of air-
considered for the study of thermal modelling a pitch dia-
flow, the drying process is performed very well as well as the
meter [91]. 0.80–1.55 mm is perforation diameter. For the
commercial collector 0.8 mm perforation diameter is used. number of combination of pitch and diameter of perforation.
2.5.4.1. Result of simulation and studies. To examine the various 0.6 to 0.8 improved the effectiveness of heat exchange for the
parameters is effect on the performance of drying process in small pitch- diameter combination. Therefore, any variation in
thermal modelling. Every parameter is changed accordance the perforation diameter distresses the effectiveness of heat exchanger
different constant. The result of above thermal modelling analysis only abstemiously, for a particular pitch [92].
are described as following- The thermal modelling for greenhouse dryer is used to dry jag-
Increasing the temperature of air and that is effect with per- gery under the mode of forced convection. The effect of various
foration diameter and pitch. The performance is consequently parameters and find the parametric performed. The various para-
affected by perforation diameter and pitch in the drying process meters are air change per hour relative humidity and mass of the
especially at the rate of low airflow and inlet of high solar radia- jaggery. The performances of parameters are calculated theoretically.
tion. At the rate of airflow is 72 m3/h-m2 and the rate of the solar The design of greenhouse and the climatic parameters are analysed
radiation is 899 W-m 2. The pitch is changed from 13 to 23 mm by the use of MATLAB software. Through this thermal modelling
and respectively perforation diameter is also change from 0.80 to research to predict the temperature of jaggery, the temperature of
1.44 mm and result is that at 5.5 °C air temperature increased. greenhouse air and the evaporation of moisture [90].
Therefore, raising the temperature of air, radiation, and constant
air flow with the demising the diameter of perforation-pitch- rate 2.6. Mathematical modelling of solar dryer
of flow mixture. The Highest temperature of air found with
smallest diameter of pitch-perforation combination for a rate of The Drying process is used in various thermal energy applica-
constant airflow and the radiation of solar. Thus, the necessary tions for drying food [93]. The drying process is done by the open
higher temperature of air is preferable with smaller pitch- sunlight dryer that is used in traditional way. The industry drying
perforation diameter- rate of flow mixture for drying. Fig. 22 process is done with the help of solar dryer or hot air dryer [94].
shows the range of increasing the temperature of air that is The solar dryer is proceed with the use of hot air (indirect solar
obtained during the operation of normal collector. At 72 m3/hm2 drying) or open sun drying process. That is possible when good
rate of airflow, 11, 17, and 22 °C increase the temperature of air for sunshine within the harvest monsoon and required area is avail-
400,650 and 900 W/m2 level of the solar radiation respectively. able [95,96]. The open sun drying process is applied for a large
The diameter of perforation and pitch effects on the efficiency amount of production limit. The advantage of mathematical model
and the effectiveness of the heat exchange. The consideration of is simulation of model clearly shown and it is easy to construct
perforation diameters and pitch effect on the efficiency and the and consequently analyse properties of models of adjusting pro-
effectiveness of the heat exchange are shown in Fig. 25 about cesses in the pathway [97].
2.6.1. Methodology of mathematical modelling

MR ¼ ðZr ZeÞ
ðZ t Z e Þ Equationis used to calculation of the moisture
ratio, that is calculated by some study and analysis to ZZrt [20,9] due
to the drying process is continuously varies the relative humidity
of drying air. The equation of drying through mathematical mod-
elling is shown in the Table 3 is experimented to the selecting for
explaining the equation of drying curve for best model of mulberry
under the operation by inside solar dryer and open sun dryer
[4,98]. The study is performed by applying of Statistica computer
program. The best equation is selected for the drying curves
explain is correlation coefficient (R). To obtain the moral excel-
lence is fit by the using of adding to R, the decreased Y2 as the
deviations of mean square to the practical work and values is
calculated for the models RMSE. The better value is fit, due to the
higher values of the R, and lowest values of the Y2 and RMSE
[95,99,21]. That can be simplified as:
Pn Pn
l ¼ 1 MRl MRexp;l l ¼ 1 MRl MRexp;l
R2 ¼ rhffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð40Þ
Pn 2 ihPn 2 i
Fig. 25. Heat exchange effectiveness on pitch and perforation diameter [65].
l¼1 MR l MR exp;l l¼1 MR l MR exp;l
Table 3
Name of the models and equation of mathematical models that used for modelling of solar dryer [7].
S. no. of model Name of the model Equation of model
1 Newton MR ¼ expð k t Þ
2 Page MR ¼ expð k t n Þ
n
3 Modified Page MR ¼ exp ð k t Þ
4 Henderson and Pabis MR ¼ a expð k t Þ
5 Logarithmic MR ¼ a expð k t Þþ c
6 Two term MR ¼ a expð k0 t Þ þ b expðk1 t Þ
7 Two-term exponential MR ¼ a expð k t Þþ ð1 aÞ expð k a t Þ
8 Wang and Singh MR ¼ 1 þ a t þ b t 2
9 Diffusion approach MR ¼ a expð kt Þ þ ð1 aÞ expð k b t Þ
10 Modified Henderson and Pabis MR ¼ a expð k t Þþ b expð g t Þþ c expð h t Þ
11 Verma et al. MR ¼ a expð k t Þþ ð1 aÞ expð g t Þ
12 Midilli and Kucuk MR ¼ a expðk t n Þ b t
13 Thompson t ¼ a lnðMRÞþ b ðlnðMRÞÞ
2
Pn 2
MRexp;l MRpre;l tunnel greenhouse dryer [21]. Thin layer solar dryer is used for
l¼1
Y2 ¼ ð41Þ drying sultana grapes. In that experiment the mathematical
Nn
modelling is applied for eight different thin composed. The drying
X
1 N 2 1=2 curves are estimate according to the coefficient of composed eight
RMSE ¼ MRexp;l MR exp;l ð42Þ
N l¼1 thin layers. In this experiment electric fan is used for hot air forced
through the product [100].
The mathematical modelling research is proposed a model that
Cuminum cyminum is dried with the help of two dryer
fit the better curve of the drying then all untimely empirical
methods mixed and indirect. In this method thin forced convec-
models. This is the model of Wang and Sing. The proposed model
tion drying is used and this system is prepared by mathematical
equation is as follow
modelling. During 90 minutes drying is performed uniformly and
MR ¼ At 3 þ Bt 2 þ Ct þ D ð43Þ 98% of moisture content is removed. The rate of air flow con-
sidered 0.084, 0.127 and 0.155 m3/s with an average value of solar
intensity is 745 W/m2. For these research eleven different math-
2.6.2. Assumption for the mathematical modelling
ematical models is considered and used the practical data to
determine the pertinent coefficient for each by the using analysis
(a) The number of fitting parameters should be one or two.
of non-linear regression techniques [94].
(b) The rate of drying is a time function it should be find out from
the equation of empirical for the drying time in expression of
2.7. Drying kinetic modelling of thin layer
mathematical terms.
(c) Drying time is a function of moisture content that is expressed
The drying kinetic modelling is completely applied in their
in mathematical terms.
properties of transport with these medium of drying both are
(d) The system of drying is carried out in a state of quasi-steady.
described [102]. K is applied in drying constant for the case of food
drying. The sum of all drying constant and features is transport
The calculation of rate the drying (DR) of tomato:
and that satisfied or applying on the equation of thin layer drying
Me system. The phenomena of combined way of drying are explained
DR ¼ ð44Þ
Dm T in the equation of thin layer, mechanism of controlling regardless.
With the help of MATLAB (R2000a) solve the calculation of The dry kinetic modelling of thin layer is modified for increasing
statistical problems in mathematical modelling. the removing of moisture content of crop at any time period.
Pn 2 Drying kinetic modelling has been depended to a constant relative
¼ 1 X p;l X e;l humidity, measured the condition of temperature and associated
R2 ¼ 1 lP n 2 ; ð45Þ
l ¼ 1 X e;l
to the parameters of the drying chamber [103].
Many numbers of equations of thin layer are presented in the
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pn 2 theory and research analysis is presented. The equation of thin
l ¼ 1 X p;l X e;l layer is successfully applied in many researchers in the field of
RMSE ¼ ; ð46Þ
n drying of various product of agriculture. The main objectives of the
Xn 2 drying kinetic modelling of thin layer are applicable of various
SSE ¼ l¼1
X p;l X e;l ; ð47Þ models. Various types of fruits are fit to suitable models. Data that

is applied in the modelling is to fit to the drying process of various
2 n1 1
R ¼ 1 1 R2 ; ð48Þ crops [98]. The advantage of drying kinetics is helps to showing
n1 k1 1 different drying rate [104].
2.6.3. Review of previous works 2.8. Set – up for experiment and materials
The area of mathematical modelling is important in designing,
simulation, and to stabilise the dryer system. Previous works on 2.8.1. Materials
mathematical modelling are available in many literatures. Math- For the dry kinetic modelling crops are necessary for to
ematical modelling is applied in the investigation of white mul- removing moisture content. Before the drying, crop is thoroughly
berry dry under force convection [7]. washed with clean tap water. Crop is pre-treated with various
Drying operation is found out on tomato slices. The thicknesses chemical. The condition and method of pre-treated are repre-
of tomato slices are 3, 5 and 7 mm at the flow of air with velocity sented in Table 4 [105].
of 0.5 and 1 ms 1. The mathematical model is tried by their drying
behaviour of tomato slices. This research is successful with the 2.8.2. Set- up for experiment
help of mathematical equation of drying and the drying curve [22]. The experiment was performed well in summer sessions. The
The analysis of mathematical modelling is carried out in the open sun dryer is located on the top of the floor or on the fully
tunnel greenhouse dryer. Almost 500 coconuts were dried on open atmosphere in cloudless sky. The experimental set-up is
Table 4
List of the using procedure and pre-treatment condition: [105].
S. no. Fruits Pre-treatment chemicals Procedure Average diameter (m)
1 Apricots Not Divided into two pieces, pips removed 0.060

SO2 (obtained by burning sulphur) Sulphured with SO2 and then divided into two pieces, pips removed 0.060
NaHSO3 (1.5 g per litre of water) Divided into two pieces, pips removed and then immersed for 1 h 0.060
2 Grapes Emulsion of 5% K2CO3 and 0.5% olive oil Immersed for 2 min 0.024
3 Peaches Non-pre-treated Peeled, divided into two pieces, pips removed 0.055
4 Figs Non-pre-treated As received 0.050
5 Plums NaOH, 10 g per litre of water Immersed for 10–15 s 0.020
presented in Fig. 23. The size of the dryer is modified according to Table 5
space of roof. The presented model is 1.5 1.0 0.712 m dimen- Energy consists for to stablish of modified greenhouse [62].
sional size of dryer. That model is set-up on the range of 0– S. no. Material name Quantity Energy consist Total in kWh
2000 W/m2. The accuracy of it 7 10 W/m2 [106]. of material coefficient in kWh/
in kg kg
1 Polycarbonate sheet 15.600 10.1974 159.0794
The field of drying kinetic modelling is much research is done
2 Glass 5.400 7.2800 39.3120
in the area of agriculture. The application of its research is applied 3 Silver coating 0.750 m2 0.2780 kWh/m2 0.2085
for the drying of product of agriculture and industrial area. The 4 Black PVC sheet 0.325 19.4400 6.3180
drying kinetic modelling is tested for the drying of apricot [107], 5 Wire mesh steel tray 0.700 9.6700 6.7690
6 Aluminium section
grape [78], black tea [108], banana [109], pistachio [104], potato (I) 25.4 mm 1 mm 3.590 55.2800 198.4552
[103], plum [95], green capsicum [95], stuffed capsicum, pumpkin, section
green bean and onion [95], mushroom and pollen [110], rough rice (II) 101.6 mm 1mm 0.820 55.2800 45.3296
section
[111],mulberry [112], laurel leaves [113], prickly pear fruit [114],
(III) 25.4 mm 3mm 0.080 55.2800 4.4224
prickly pear pill [115], prickly pear cladode [116],eggplant [117], angle
and carrot [41]. 7 Fitting
In 2011 Fudholi et al. researched and found that the initial (I) Hinges/Kabja 0.200 55.2800 11.0560
(Ii) Kundi(door lock) 0.025 55.2800 1.3820
moisture content is reduces 94.6% to 8.33%. The time period of (Iii) Handle 0.100 55.2800 5.5280
experiment is 7 hours. Mass of the seaweed is also reduces 120 g (Iv) Steel screw 0.250 9.6700 2.4175
to 11 g. This researched is success with the help of drying kinetic 8 DC fan
(I)Plastic 0.120 19.4400 2.3328
modelling curved. The design of solar dryer system and modelling
(II)Copper wire 0.059 19.6100 0.9805
plays a very important role in this experiment [57]. 9 Polycrystalline solar 0.059 m2 1,130.6000 kWh/ 66.1378
Paula Reis Correia et al. found in 2013 and concluded that the cell m2
drying kinetics of the various cultivars of chestnuts experiment 10 Battery 46.0000
11 Solar charge 33.0000
remain different fairly. The rates of drying are also shown in dif-
controller
ferent manner. They are also subsidised in the behaviour of the Grand total ¼ 628.7287
chestnuts [118].
Ali et al. found in 2014 for the drying of seaweed. The result of
this researched was in decreasing the moisture content of seaweed [119]
around 50% during the 2 day sauna. Drying kinetic curves is used consist energy 0:98
Annualy emmission of CO2 ¼ ð50Þ
in this drying system. The air temperature of dryer system is Lifetime
increased about 40 °C. The maximum value of R2 is 0.99027, the
lowest value of MBE is 0.00044and RMSE is 0.03039 obtained. The 2.9.4. Decrease the carbon dioxide and acquire credit of carbon
using of these techniques on the average solar radiation about The carbon dioxide is reduced by the using of potential change
500 W/m2 and 0.056 kg/s of air flow rate also calculated the time of the climate measuring. The decrease of carbon dioxide is mea-
saving at 57.9% [4]. sure by per kWh. The definition of carbon credit is, “a key com-
ponent of national and international emissions trading schemes
2.9. Energy modelling that have been implemented to mitigate global warming” [100].
The efficiency of per day can be find out as [83]
The continuous increasing the cost of fuel, raw material supply, Eo Mm γ
ηd ¼ ¼ 100 ð51Þ
& impact of environmental. Therefore the energy modelling is E i I m ðt Þ A d
important for any system. Mainly energy modelling is focus on per Calculation of daily output of thermal in kWh as
year emission of CO2, combine energy, payback time of energy.
Me γ e
Decrease the sources of energy (coal) or carbon redaction and daily output thermal ¼ ð52Þ
credit of carbon [94]. 3:6 106
thermal energy output of dryer in yearly ðEA Þ

2.9.1. Consist of energy ¼ Per day out put of thermal energy in dryer ND ð53Þ
Required of total energy to obtain any item, material or service
is known as the consist energy. The amount of energy consist in Per day input of energy ¼ I m ðt Þ Ns Agr 10 3 kWh ð54Þ
the various material is used in the process of dryer system and
requirement of energy is also calculated in Table 5 [94].
2.9.2. Payback time of energy The previous work of energy modelling is the analysis of CO2
The needed of energy at time reattribute consist of energy of emission, embodied energy, payback time of energy, energy
transfers, sources of energy, and environmental impact. The above
the product. That is calculated by
point is researched and analysis is done in the field of solar dryer
consist energy system. In an embodied energy the total energy required at any
payback time of energy ðPBTEÞ ¼ ð49Þ fixed time period is also analysed [94].
yearly output of energy
The drying behaviour and mathematical modelling is devel-
oped, signified leaves and explained. For the testing of this
2.9.3. Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) experiment ten models is used. Wang and Singh are obtained most
The average emission of carbon dioxide is reported by watt suitable and describing drying curve. That drying curve is obtained
et al. is 0.98 kg/kWh approximately when the producers of elec- from the thin layer forced convection solar drying process. The
tricity by coal [46]. The annual emission of CO2 can be find out by quality of the dried signified leaves is not changed. The energetic
efficiency altered between 34.760% and 87.717% on the chamber. [16] Mellit A, Pavan AM. Performance prediction of 20 kWp grid-connected
Improvement potential is lowest with the increase of time of photovoltaic plant at Trieste (Italy) using artificial neural network
2010;51:2431–41.
drying. The value of improvement potential is changed from 0 to [17] Mellit A, Kalogirou SA, Hontoria L, Shaari S. Artificial intelligence techniques
0.017 kJs 1. The value of exergetic efficiency of the chamber is for sizing photovoltaic systems: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
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Review on various modelling techniques for the

Article in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · September 2016

Om Prakash Anil Kumar

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Review on various modelling techniques for the solar dryers

2.4. FUZZY Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

1. Introduction In Fig. 2 the indirect solar dryer system is shown. It consist of a

Nomenclature TP.exp.i temperature of product in experiment

Fig. 3. Solar air heater channel [32].

The components of integrated systems or conventional techni-

Physics of Fluid Simulation Results

Naver-Stokes Equations Computer Program

Discretized Form Grids

Fig. 4. Block diagrams of process of CFD [24].

Fig. 5. Structure grid [24]. Fig. 7. ANFIS architecture [38].

Romero experimented in 2014 and obtained a 62% reduction in

2.1.6. Review of previous works 2.2. ANFIS Modelling

Fig. 8. Input with FIS editor [45].

Fig. 10. Membership function editor [45].

Fig. 11. Rule editor window [45].

Fig. 12. ANFIS editor window [58].

The ANN modelling is applied for the standardisation of digital

2.3.1. Methodology of ANN modelling

Then proceed over and done with a transfer function to generate

2.3.3. ANN Computing

2.3.4. Review of previous works

principles [73]. The advantage of Fuzzy logic is to accurately pre-

2.4.1. Methodology of fuzzy modelling

AT 3ga þ BT 2ga þCT ga þ D ¼ 0 ð30Þ

2.5.4. Review of previous works:

(i) Reach velocity: for drying air temperature is necessary 51-

2.6.1. Methodology of mathematical modelling

S. no. of model Name of the model Equation of model

S. no. Fruits Pre-treatment chemicals Procedure Average diameter (m)

1 Apricots Not Divided into two pieces, pips removed 0.060

thermal energy output of dryer in yearly ðEA Þ

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