INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF
Cerebrovascular Diseases CULTURAL
COPAR
(Community Organizing Participatory
Action Research)
A. HEALTH SITUATION
1. Leading causes of illnesses and deaths
are all preventable and mostly
curable. Leading causes of illness are
mostly communicable, while leading
causes of deaths are mostly life-style
related diseases.
2. Health services are inadequate,
unaffordable and inaccessible to the
majority of the Filipino people,
especially in the far-flung areas.
3. Health resources(manpower and
facilities) to address the poor health
SOCIAL
situation are also inadequate.
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
THE TOP 10 CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE
PHILIPPINES (2022)
1. Ischemic Heart Diseases
2.
➢ A continuous and sustained process
3. Neoplasms of educating the people to
o Lack of Health manpower
4. Diabetes Mellitus understand and develop critical
5. Hypertensive Diseases o Illiteracy or miseducation
awareness of their existing situation,
6. Pneumonia • Unscientific beliefs or
developing their capability and
7. Other Heart Diseases practices
readiness to collectively act and
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases • Curative focus of health
harness their resources in responding
9. Remainder of diseases of the instead of preventive
to their own identified needs and
genitourinary system
ECOLOGICAL problems.
10. Respiratory tuberculosis
o Poor environmental situation ➢ “continuing process of empowering
B. ROOT CAUSES OF THE POOR HEALTH o Destruction and exploitation of life the people so that benefits consistent
SITUATION: SOCIAL RELATED support systems with their priorities and aspirations will
INEQUITIES sustainably accrue to them
1. Social ➢ Empowerment or building the
2. Political C.RESPONSES TO THE HEALTH SITUATION capability of people for future
3. Economic community action.
4. Cultural 1. Clinic or hospital-based approach
5. Ecological 2. Primary health care approach
3. The people’s Health Assembly 2006
analysis of Primary Health Care approach COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
➢ a nursing intervention process and a
o Divisiveness of people D.EFFECTS OF THE RESPONSES TO THE HEALTH community-based health promotive
o Individualistic and voiceless poor SITUATION approach.
o Lack of people’s participation in
matters affecting their health 1. Minimal changes on the health indices COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
o Fragmented approach to health care 2. There are still underdevelopment in
health ➢ a ”process where the community
organizes itself to identify and analyze
its own specific problem, plan and
o Rampant graft and corruption THE ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO implement appropriate actions to
o Misprioritization of budget UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN THE solve and address the health and
• DepED health-related problems”.
• DPWH
HEALTH(COPAR)
• DILG PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR)
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING(CO)
• DOH ➢ Is a strategy for development wherein
• DND ➢ A social development approach that
community needs, conditions and
aims to transform the apathetic,
problems are identified, solutions are
individualistic and voiceless poor into
planned and priorities are
o Poverty a dynamic, participatory and
implemented through a partnership
o Low Investment for Health politically responsive community.
with the community and other
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING(RLE)-VELASCO
 development worker, community ➢ But of the best leaders, when their task
leaders and/or members. is accomplished, the people all
remark
A. Identify the need to conduct research
➢ “ We have done it ourselves!”
B. Discuss and approve the research problem
ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF COPAR
and objective.
ASSUMPTION
C. Utilize very simple methods of data
1.Issues that
collection in conducting research.
threaten people’s
lives move them to
D. Collect, collate and analyze the data
action, therefore;
E. Formulate their own health development
plan from the results of data analysis.
2. Any person is
afraid to go against
many, strong and
COPAR
organized people,
➢ Is a social development approach therefore
3. People are open
and a systematic, continuing process
of people transforming themselves to change, have
the capacity to
from their “culture of silence to a
change and are
collective voice and action” through:
able to bring about
➢ Undergoing continuous education or
change if given the
collective conscientization and
chance to do so,
awareness building about their
therefore
existing situation.
➢ Identifying their own needs and
formulating their own objectives ASSUMPTION
➢ Developing their own capability, 4. Learning happens
readiness, and political will to respond fast when one
to their own needs and problems . experiences
something
➢ Mobilizing their constituents to
successful,
collectively act on such needs and
concrete and
problems practical, therefore;
➢ A practical approach and process of
enabling the people to increase 5. Any person is an
control over their own health image of God, full of
➢ ” Go in search of your people: worth and dignity.
➢ Love them; Learn from them; He/she is
➢ Begin with what they have; responsible for
➢ Learn from what they know;
his/her own life, II. ENTRY PHASE (E)
therefore
7. People who Always conduct III. ORGANIZATIONAL BUILDING (OB)
develop the action-reflection-
IV. CONSOLIDATION, STRENGTHENING
attitude or practice action sessions
AND SUSTENANCE PHASE (CSS)
of self-evaluation (ARAS)
every after an V. PHASE-OUT AND EXPANSION (PO)
PRINCIPLE activity is able to
Do not ignore a identify areas for PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR)
highly pressing issue improvement,
that the majority of therefore I. PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH (PR)
the people
II. PARTICIPATORY PLANNING (PP)
identified
GOALS OF COPAR TO HEALTH III. PARTICIPATORY
Mass-based IMPLEMENTATION/ACTION (PI)
learning is o People empowerment
imperative o Social Restructuring IV. PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND
o Alliance building
EVALUATION (PME)
o Popular (Genuine) Democracy
Provide people the o Improved Quality of Health PRE-ENTRY PHASE
opportunity to
HEART OF COPAR ➢ Initial phase where selection of
change and trust on
community is done
their capacity to 1. Local community organizers or
➢ Simplest phase in outputs, strategies
change
functional people’s organization or and time spent
committees capable of front lining
community activities CRITICAL ACTIVITIES
2. Agency community health nurse 1. Initial consultation with the LGUs,
organizer or nurses who possess the people’s organizations and other
PRINCIPLE
following characteristics: relevant agencies.
Provide true-to-life
activities where a. Proper attitudes • Also called Public Consultation.
people will likely
succeed. b. Knowledgeable a. Provincial and municipal government
(Experimental unit, including the municipal
c. Skillful
learning). development office.
b. Rural health unit
Let the people
decide or aloe for COPAR PHASES AND CRITICAL c. Other health-related and non-health
consensus building. ACTIVITES related agencies, serving the
community selected.
THE 5 PHASES OF CO PROCESS
d. Existing people’s organization
I. PRE-ENTRY PHASE (PE)
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING(RLE)-VELASCO
 2. Selection of community for immersion
Criteria:
a. DOPE
D - weaker populace
O – harshly or inhumanely treated
P – lacking resources and ability
E – Taken advantage of, used for others’
personal vested interest
GIDA (geographically inaccessible
disadvantaged areas)
b. Clustered households at least 100
c. Presence of a verbalized or written request
need from the community.
d. Absence of or inadequacy of similar health
services of any GO and NGO. If there is an
existing health agency, the approach that
this agency utilizes is not COPAR.
3.Formal communications and courtesy calls
to formal and informal leaders at the
provincial and municipal levels.
Purposes:
a. To give respect to them as persons and as
leaders of the community.
b. To start establishing rapport
c. To strengthen initial contacts during the first
visits
d. To signify interest to become their partner
in health development
e. To have initial presentation about the
agency being represented as to personnel,
faculty, students to be assigned, philosophy,
work, principles, objectives and program
components.
f. To level off expectations with officials
g. Discussion of immediate plans or activities
upon entry of health care workers.
Preliminary social investigation(PSI)
➢ Initial data gathering and analysis
about the existing community
situation from secondary sources.
Rationale of PSI:
a. To get to know the community we are
going to work with
b. To identify potential issues around which to
start organizing people
c. To save time, effort and resources by not
doing repetitive gathering of data already
available.
Steps in doing PSI:
a. Study existing records, reports, reports
documents at the MNC Office, provincial,
municipal, and barangay health or non-
health offices, especially about the following:
- Spot map of the community
- Total number of households and
population
- Formal and informal key leaders of
the community
- Social, political, economic, cultural,
and environmental and health situation,
community needs and problems.
b. Observe and engage in actual dialogues b. Responses to the situation by the
and informal interviews with provincial and community themselves, government and
municipal leaders. non-government health agencies.
c. Collate and analyze the preliminary data c. Review of important COPAR activities,
that was gathered in order to identify: strategies, principles, and processes involved
- Current needs, issues or problems d. Practice of initial important skills needed by
that highly affect majority of the people the community health development workers
upon entry to the community
- Important data needed in helping
people develop a health program, but which e. Policies, regulations and requirements of
are not available in the preliminary data. the agency they represent and that of the
community.
- Stage or status of community health
development work, activities currently being Identifying Host Family
done and approach being utilized.
• House is strategically located in the
- Constraints or problems being community.
encountered by other agencies in working
• Should not belong to the rich
with the community.
segment.
d. Prepare a write up of the collated data
• Respected by both formal and
and analysis using the format of community
informal leaders.
study. Record only what is available.
• Neighbors are not hesitant to enter
e. Formulation of an initial but tentative plan
the house.
- Serves as a guide for the
• No member of the host family should
development of workers in facilitating the
be moving out in the community.
community, formulating their own
development plan.
- Serves as basis for come-on activities
(especially health activities)
5.Orientation of agency health development
workers (staff, CI’S, students).
a. Health and health-related situation of the
locality they will be assigned.
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING(RLE)-VELASCO