INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY • Road paved with stones

• Stone buildings that surmounted

Intellectual Revolution
→ It is the period where paradigm shifts
Occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs
that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people were challenged
and opposed.
→ It refers to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates
(roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
→ “Pre-Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first
philosophy". more on physics and logic.
Showed how society was transformed by
science and technology
THE MESO-AMERICAN
→ means “Middle America” in Greek
earthquakes
• Irrigation system and technique for storing
water
• First suspension bridge
• Coca leaf - one of the main forms of
medicine used by the Inca.
• Quipu - a system of knotted ropes to record
information
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
→ Mandatory education: 15-20 years old,
both boys and girls study.
→ Calmecac and Telphochcalli
→ Chocolates or Cacao Beans
→ Chinampas (Floating Gardens)
ASTISPASMODIC MEDICATION
b anti spasmodic

→ Location: from the central part of Mexico to → Used for surgeries, relax and for muscle
the central part of Central America. spasm.

OLMEC CIVILIZATION AZTEC CALENDAR

→ Also known as Rubber People → 365-day calendar cycle called xiuhpōhualli

(year count) and a 260-day ritual cycle
BLOOD LETTING PRACTICE
called tōnalpōhualli (day count). These two
→ Curing ailments cycles together form a 52-year "century",
sometimes called the "calendar round".
CALENDAR → Invention of Canoe
→ Based on the cycles of the sun TOLTEX CIVILIZATION
SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUE → Before the Aztecs, It was the Toltecs that
reigned in the Central Mexico in the 10th
→ Overgrown plots of land are burned
century.
MAYAN CIVILIZATION → It was Roughly 900 to 1100 AD.
→ It was a culture in the Mayans to use blood
→ Successful and powerful indigenous in order to please the gods and allow the
people of Meso-America. life itself to continue or nation to prosper
ROADS they offer human sacrifices.
→ The name of their god is Quetzalcoatl.
→ Trade and visitation → For the Aztecs they see the Toltecs period
as the Golden Era because writing,
MAYAN CALENDAR
medicine, and metallurgy are invented.
→ 365 days a year; where each year has 18 → Huge influence of the Toltecs: architecture
months which have 20 days each; plus and sculptures
-

extra 5 days at the end of the year (uayeb).

Toltecs – master builder
HIEROGLYPHICS
Pulque - alcoholic drink inveted by the Toltecs
→ Fully developed writing language of the which is commonly used in their rituals, medecine,
Americans before Columbus. and celebration.

ARCHITECTURES HILLSIDE TERRACING

→ Soaring pyramid temples and ornate → Which took a lot of engineering prowess to
places. pull, off. But the results showed a boosted
productivity of their crops
INCA CIVILIZATION
Toltecs only served as the key contributors on the • The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-
Science and Technology of the cultures that Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam power
followed. and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.

MIDDLE EAST THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

→ Middle East Countries are dominantly CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (Feb 12, 1809 – April 19,
occupied by Muslims. With the spread of 1882) !
Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period
→ Darwin was born into a wealthy family in
of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the
1809. His dad expected him to become a
Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th
doctor or a priest, but at university Charles
century.
was much more keen on the world around
→ The common language of Arabic, access
him.
to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire,
→ At just 22, Darwin set off on a round-the-
and their proximity to India contributed to
world voyage that took him to South
the Muslims' intellectualization and
America, Australasia, and Africa.
provided their scholars with the knowledge
→ He ventured into dense rainforests, climbed
to create innovations and develop new
mountains in the Andes, and explored the
ideas. But contrary to the Greeks, Muslim
Galapagos islands, collecting and
scientists placed more excellent value on
observing plants, animals, and fossils along
science experiments than plain-thought
the way.
experiments.
→ He published his diaries of the trip in 1839
THE ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE (750 – 1258 C.E) and became one of the leading lights of
London scientific society. Darwin’s health
• Noria (watermill) / Sagivah - The Arabs
got worse around this time, and he’d suffer
applied the Romans’ principles and
from illness for most of the rest of his life.
improved the watermill that they called
→ 1838 – He married Emma.
Noria or Saqiyah. The word "Noria" comes
→ 1842 – Down House
from the Arabic term, Na-Torah, meaning
→ 1859 - On the Origin of Species by Means of
"water wheel" in Syria, and means "the
Natural Selection
wailer." It was the earliest mechanical
→ For the rest of his life, Darwin carried on
device propelled by means other than
working and writing at Down House. He
man or animal.
published more books and carried out
CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST more experiments with plants and animals.
→ He died in 1882, and was buried in
• The Arabs applied the Roman principles Westminster Abbey as a national hero. His
and improved the Noria watermill. theory has been scrutinised and
• The middle East is known for its machine developed in the 140 years since, but his
designed to improve irrigation, industrial ideas and life’s work still form the basis of
work, and war. The windmill and watermill how we understand the development of
are used for crushing sugarcane, grinding the natural world today.
grain, and pumping water.
• Al-Jazari - He introduced the use of DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
crankshaft in the Noria and Saqiyah, and
→ Darwin proposed that species can change
the concept of minimizing intermittency
over time, that new species come from
was implied for the purpose of maximizing
preexisting species, and that all species
their efficiency.
share a common ancestor. In this model,
• Ibn Bassil - The first who made improvement
each species has its own unique set of
to the Noria that was inspired from the
heritable (genetic) differences from the
principles of Romans. He is the one who
common ancestor, which have
pioneered the use of "flywheel" in the Noria
accumulated gradually over very long time
and Saqiyah. The Flywheel is used to
periods.
smoothen out the delivery of power from a
→ Repeated branching events, in which new
driving device to a driven machine.
species split off from a common ancestor,
• The book of basic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz Al-
produce a multi-level "tree" that links all
Jazari described candle and water clocks,
living organisms.
water vessels, fountains, automata, and
water-raising devices. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CAT
Darwin referred to this process, in which groups of
organisms change in their heritable traits over
generations, as “descent with modification."
Today, we call it evolution. Darwin's sketch above
illustrates his idea, showing how one species can
branch into two over time, and how this process
can repeat multiple times in the "family tree" of a
group of related species.
DARWIN’S TREE OF LIFE
5 POINTS OF DARWIN’S THEORY
1. Competition - demand by organisms for
limited environmental resources.
2. Adaption - inherited characteristics that
increase chance of survival
3. Variation - the occurrence of an organism
in more than one distinct color or form
4. Overproduction - more organisms are
produced than can live
5. Speciation - the formation of new species
as a result of geographic, physiological,
anatomical, or behavioral factors that
prevent previously interbreeding
populations from breeding with each
other.
WHAT DID DARWIN SAY ABOUT HUMAN
EVOLUTION?
→ Individuals with traits that enable them to
adapt to their environments will help them
survive and have more offspring, which will
inherit those traits. Individuals with less
adaptive traits will less frequently survive to
pass them on.
WHY IS DARWIN’S THEORY RELEVANT TODAY?
→ Charles Darwin developed his theory of
evolution in the middle of the 19th century.
→ Remarkably, even though Darwin’s insights
on evolution were based on little more than
observations and the results of simple
experiments he conducted in his home, his
insights have largely withstood the test of
time. In fact, despite all the advances in
science that have taken place over the
160 years since he published The Origin of
Species, Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection has become the central
organizing framework of all of biology.
DARWINIAN SOCIETY
→ Darwinian Society is an extension of
Darwinism to social phenomena. They
believe in “survival of the fittest”—the idea
that certain people become powerful in
society because they are innately better.
Social Darwinism has been used to justify
imperialism, racism, eugenics and social
inequality at various times over the past
century and a half.
HOW HAS DARWIN'S THEORY CHANGED THE
WORLD?
→ The evolution of Darwinism altered global
thought while revealing the reality about
the Earth and life. Previously, there was
widespread agreement in the Western
world that God was the creator of life and
that we were created in his image. The
theory that humans are descended from
apes was heavily contested at first, but the
discovery of evolution in humans and other
organisms has established it. Darwinism
provided us with a better grasp of our
reality, allowing us to change the way we
think.
HOW DID DARWIN’S THEORY AFFECT SOCIETY
TODAY?
→ Darwinism allowed us to gain a better
understanding of our world, which in turn
allowed us to change the way that we
think
WHAT ARE DARWIN’S 3 MAIN OBSERVATION?
→ DISSIMILARITY - members of the same
species show variation in characteristics.
most characteristics of organisms are
inherited, or passed from parent to
offspring.
 → EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION - more offspring
are produced than are able to survive.
→ SELECTION - organisms that survive are
more likely to reproduce and pass on
favorable adaptations to their offspring
more than those with unfavorable
adaptations.
AFRICAN
→ Several ancient African cultures birthed
discoveries in Astronomy. Many of these
are foundations on which we still rely and
some were so advance that their mode of
discovery still cannot be understood.
→ Africa was first developed the concepts of
mathematics.
→ Ancient Egyptians had fully developed the
fundamentals of algebra and geometry, as
well as pythagorean theorem.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
1. Development of geometry - Ancient
Egyptians invented and developed
geometry because they were involved in
work to control the flooding of the Nile
River.
2. Center of Alchemy - Alchemy was born in
ancient Egypt, where the word Khem was
used in reference to the fertility of the flood
plains around the Nile.
3. Human anatomy and pharmacology - They
are also highly advanced in medicine such
as operating autopsies and caesarian.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
→ The intellectual revolutions pertain to the
period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs.
→ The Information Revolution started from the
Sumerian pictographs, which is the earliest
writing system. Then comes the invention of
Gutenberg’s printing press 1455. Three
emerged the use of typewriter and
telegraph. Today, technologies are used
widely which became easier with the help
of internet to communicate and
disseminate and store information
3 REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED THE SOCIETY
1. Ideas of known intellectuals
a. Copernican revolution
b. Darwinian revolution
c. Freudian revolution
2. Information revolution
3. Cradles of early science
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION AND
DISCOVERIES AFRICAN
• The Great Rift Valley of Africa - The
beginning of early human evolution
reaches back to the earliest innovations of
primitive technology and tool culture.
• Stone tool - These stone tools have survived
in great quantities and now serves the
major means to determine the activities of
hominids. Archaeologists have classified
distinct stone tool industries in the basis of
style and use.
• Stone Age - The stone age was an ancient
time when people made tools from stone.
Wood, bones, and other materials were
also used for tools, but those things don’t
last as long, so more stone tools are found
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AFRICA
• Africa is known for the production of Kola
nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are
mostly found in West Africa and is the basis
of cola drink.
• Kola - Africa is known for the production of
Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts
are mostly found in West Africa and are the
basis of cola drink)
• Coffee - Italians gave it to us short and
strong, Americans served it filtered then
ratcheted up the calories by adding syrups,
whipped cream, and even pumpkin
• Modern Art - Africa’s contemporary artists
are having a bit of a moment, but the world
still largely ignores the continent’s role in
inspiring celebrated artists such as Picasso,
Matisse, and Kirchner
• Penis Transplants - After performing the first
heart transplant in 1967, South African
surgeons scored another first by this year
carrying out the world’s first transplant of
the male organ. The nine-hour operation in
March 2015 allowed its 21-year-old
recipient to become sexually active, and
he wasted no time in proving its efficacy.
ASIA
→ Biggest continent in the world and the
home of many ancient civilizations and
has a large melting pot of various cultures
and practices.
→ The Asian revolution is essentially the industrial
revolution, which. I took place here in the 19th
century, transferred to countries which have
been.
 → This is not just a continent of different
stemmed religions but in fact, it is also a
cradle of science and technology.
→ Great civilizations have stood out in India,
China, and the Middle East civilizations.
→ Almost all Asian countries, except Japan,
were latecomers to these revolutions.
Nevertheless, many of them, including China,
South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, made
significant progress by the end of the Third
Industrial Revolution.
→ What follows is a brief depiction of the
involvement of Japan; the “Asian Giants,”
China and India; and the four “Asian Tigers,”
South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and
Taiwan, in the first three Industrial Revolutions
and a more extended discussion of the role
several Asian nations are taking in what at
least one scholar has called the Fourth
Industrial Revolution.
→ During the Third Industrial Revolution, Hong
Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea—
the four Asian Tigers—emerged as highly
successful economies challenging and
exceeding Japan.
→ ASEAN brings together ten Southeast Asian
states – Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam – into one
organisation
KEY FIGURES IN THE ASIAN REVOLUTION
→ Mao Zedong of China, Ho Chi Minh of
Vietnam, Gandhi of India, Sukarno of
Indonesia, Nasser of Egypt, Ataturk of
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM INDIA
Turkey, and Khomeini of Iran are featured.
The Indians creatively developed various ideas
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CHINA
and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial
contributions Chinese civilization has greatly
influenced many of its neighboring countries.
• Confucious - One of the most well-known
philosophers emphasized his philosophies on
the importance of traditional etiquette,
he focuses on an orderly human world.
• Represented hydraulic civilization that
maintained its population by diverting
rivers to aid irrigation.
• In 8th century the Chinese civilization
started rice cultivation and later on, in 1021,
the song state introduced the agricultural
techniques acquired from the
Champa Kingdom, now known as
Vietnam, which allow rice to be produced
faster with less water.
• Sustainable Farming - The practice of
raising fish in rice paddies by Chinese
farmers, which is more than 1,000 years old,
not only preserves the environment but also
benefits local communities.
• Traditional medicines - They discovered
various medical properties and uses of
different plants and animals to cure human
illness. An example is the practice of
acupuncture.
• Tools - Among the famous discoveries and
inventions of the Chinese civilizations were
the compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
and printing tools that became known in
the West only by the end of the Middle
Ages.
o Iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller.
o They also developed the design of
different models of bridges,
invented the first seismological
detector, and developed a dry
dock facility.
• Significant records on supernovas, lunar
and solar eclipses, and comets - Preserved
to understand better the heavenly bodies
and their effects to our world.
• Seismology - This made them more
prepared in times of natural calamities.
• By the end of the Third Industrial Revolution,
China had become the manufacturing
center of the world, exporting an
impressive quantity of items such as toys,
consumer products, and clothing, and
enjoyed the world’s seventh-largest GDP.
• Manufacturing iron and in allurgical works.
- Their iron steel is considered to be the best
and held with high regard in the whole of
the Roman Empire.
• Medicine - Ayurveda, a system of
traditional medicine that originated in
ancient India before 2500 BC, is still
practiced as a form of alternative
medicine.
• Astronomy - They developed theories on
the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the
year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each.
• Mathematics (Ancient India) - The earliest
traces of mathematical knowledge in the
Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus
Valley Civilization. The people of this
 civilization tried to standardize the
measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler, the
Mohenjodaro ruler.
• India’s exports of high technology
products, particularly software, continually
grew.
• Indian astronomer and mathematician
Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya
introduced a number of trigonometric
functions, tables, and techniques, as well
as algorithms of algebra.
• Other Contribution: Alchemy, which is a
Taoist chemistry
The global information revolution is having
profound effects on economies, societies, and
politics in Asia.
• Rapid progress in information technology
and investments in the necessary
infrastructure have been key drivers of the
information revolution in Asia.
Which in turn has underpinned rising levels of
prosperity and education
• Many Asian economies are also global
leaders in education.
• More multinational companies (MNCs)
moved to Asian countries—basing
manufacturing operations within Asia,
where labor and material costs were
significantly lower. It created opportunities
for China, India, and other Asian nations to
collaborate and share knowledge with
companies and governments from
developed countries and improve their
own industries.
• Asian economies like Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
Chinese Taipei, and Thailand - Important
producers of hardware, major innovations
like the Internet, Google, Facebook, and
Twitter originated in the US.
• ICT Revolution - Facilitated the
development of East Asia's manufacturing
production networks, and value chains.
o Enabled many economies to jump
on a fast track to development.
• Relationships between citizens and
government authorities too - As
democracy has taken hold in some
countries, and civil society has asserted
itself, a good number of emerging Asian
economy governments now have laws
enabling the public to request and receive
government-held information.
o governments to be more
transparent, accountable and
responsive to citizens.
✓ Asia has been immeasurably transformed
by the information revolution, and this has
had spin-offs for the wider world economy.
✓ The revolutions in Turkey, China, India,
Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt and Iran are
featured, with a focus on key leaders and
groups, motivations, ideologies, specific
goals and strategies used, and the impact
of these revolutions over time.
✓ A number of other Asian economies were
ranked by the ITU to be in the world's top 20
for "ICT Development Index", notably
Japan (8th), Hong Kong-China (11th) and
Singapore (12th).
✓ Other Asian countries stretch way back in
the overall list of 155 countries, with
Malaysia ranking 58th, China 78th,
Philippines 94th, Indonesia 95th, and India
119th.
✓ China today leads the US in key technology
sectors such as mobile payment and is
increasingly competitive in advanced
microchip, artificial intelligence, and other
next-generation technologies.
✓ The direction of the global economy
depends largely on Asia, which holds both
its biggest share and the greatest share of
highly educated young workers.
COPERICAN
COPERNICAN’S VIEW
→ This caused the paradigm shift of how the
earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe.
→ All the stars we see in the night sky are in our
own galaxy. Our galaxy is called “the milky
way” because it appears as a milky band
of light in the sky.
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
→ Famous Greek philosopher and astronomer
→ Famous for his controversial geocentric
theory of the universe
→ Stated that the planets, the sun and the
moon moved in a circular motion around
the earth - existence of days and nights
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
→ A polish mathematician and astronomer
→ Developed his model of a sun - centered
universe and explained the daily and
 yearly motion of the sun and stars in the
universe.
GEOCENTRIC
→ An outmoded description of the universe
with earth is at the center
→ Was not accepted because the model
could not fully explain these changes in the
appearance of the inferior planets.
furthermore, galileo's observations of
jupiter's moons made it clear that celestial
bodies do move about centers other than
the earth.
HELIOCENTRIC
→ Not accepted by the church during
copernicus time. he does not have
enough evidence to prove himself right.
another is that most people criticized him
for his theory is heresy or in contrast to what
the church believes.
→ Galileo and Kepler helped in proving
Copernicus Theory
o Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion -
they describe how (1) planets move
in elliptical orbits with the sun as a
focus, (2) a planet covers the same
area of space in the same amount
of time no matter where it is in its
orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital
period is proportional to the size of
its orbit (its semi-major axis).
COPERNICU’S HELIOCENTERED (SUN-CENTERED)
THEORY
→ It was Galileo's observations of venus that
proved the theory. using his telescope,
Galileo found that venus went through
phases, just like our moon.
FREUDIAN
SIGMUND FREUD
→ Considered to be the Father of Psychiatry.
→ Born in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in
the Austrian Empire.
→ He qualified as a doctor of medicine in
1881 at the University of Vienna
→ Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having
set up his clinical practice there in 1886.
→ He was appointed a docent in
neuropathology and became an affiliated
professor in 1902.
THE FREUDIAN THEORY OF PERSONALITY
→ Development of an observational method
to gather reliable data to study human life.
STRUCTURAL MODEL: PROVINCES OF THE MIND
1. ID - Pleasure Principle
2. EGO – Self
→ Reality principle
→ Compromises between ID and
Super Ego
3. SUPER EGO - Concerned with social norms
and rules
- Moral Compass
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency stage
5. Genital stage
IMPORTANCE OF SIGMUND FREUD THEORIES
• Sigmund Freud's theories and work helped
shape current views of childhood,
personality, memory, sexuality, and
therapy.
• Freud's work had laid the foundation for
many other theorists to formulate ideas.
• The id, ego, and superego work together to
create human behavior. The id creates the
demands, the ego adds the needs of
reality, and the superego adds morality to
the action which is taken.
IMPACT OF FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
ON SOCIETY TODAY
The biggest impact of Freud’s revolution would be
the way how society thought about and dealt with
mental illness, changed. He created the
psychoanalytic theory of personality and
continues to exert an influence on the
development of psychology today. But beyond
this, he profoundly changed our understanding of
humanity, thought, and culture.
INFORMATION AGE
→ The Information Age began around the
1970s and is still going on today. It is also
known as the Computer Age, Digital Age,
or New Media Age. The Information
Revolution started from the Sumerian
pictographs, which is the earliest writing
system.
→ This era brought about a time period in
which people could access information
and knowledge easily. Also, technologies
are used widely which became easier with
 the help of internet to communicate and
disseminate and store information.
→ Refers to the global economic paradigm
prevalent from the late 1990s onward,
characterized collectively by
unprecedented advancements in
technological innovation and the rapid
global proliferation, appropriation,
application, and use of new digital
Information and Communication
Technologies in everyday life. The
Information Revolution is further described
against three constituent strands - the
Computer Revolution, the Internet
Revolution, and the Digital Revolution

INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF THE

INFORMATION AGE

• Tim Berners Lee – created the World Wide

Web
• Steve Jobs - created the first effective
personal computer called Apple.
• Bill Gates - fueled the world's largest
software business, Microsoft, with the goal
of getting a computer onto every person's
desk
• Irving E. Fang - identified six 'Information
Revolutions': writing, printing, mass media,
entertainment, the 'tool shed'

MASS MEDIA

• Recordings - It made use of storage media

so that it may be re-accessed. It was first
used about late 19th century.
• Cinema - Film: Story conveyed with moving
images. Since around 1900.
• Radio - It is a one-way transmission over
radio waves intended to reach a wide
audience using radio waves.
o Heinrich Hertz - discovered radio
waves in 1886
o Guglielmo Marconi - developed
the first practical radio transmitters
and receivers around 1895-6 and
used commercially at 1900
• Television - It is a telecommunication
medium for transmitting and receiving
moving images (usually with sound).
o Constantin Perskyi - coined the term
television
• Internet - It is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that
communicate between networks and
devices.
• Mobile phones - It allows phone calls be
more mobile and made available across a
wide geographic area.