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RED- nasa PPT

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Musculoskeletal System
 A system in the human body that is responsible for our body’s movement, stability, shape
and support.
 Comprising 2 systems: Muscular system and Skeletal system.

 Muscular System
 An organ system responsible for providing strength, keeping up the balance,
maintaining posture, allowing movement, and producing heat
 It contains the tendons which attach the muscles to the bones.
 It is composed of specialized contractile tissue called the muscle tissue.
 It includes all the muscle tissues, such as the skeletal muscle tissues, smooth
muscle tissues, and cardiac muscle tissues, these muscle are classified into striated
and non-striated muscles

 3 types of Muscle
 Smooth Muscle
 Also known as visceral muscle
 It comprises the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs.
It helps with digestion and nutrient collection (stomach and
intestines), it helps rid the body of toxins and works in
electrolyte balance (Urinary system), regulation of blood
pressure and tissue oxygenation (veins and arteries)
 also plays an important role in the disease process
throughout the body
 Non-striated 
 Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
 Skeletal Muscle
 main functional units of the muscular system
 There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. They
vary greatly in shape in size, with the smallest one being
the stapedius muscle in the inner ear, and the largest one
being the quadriceps femoris muscle in the thigh. 
 functions to contract in response to a stimulus. It is the
muscle that connects to your bones and allows you to
perform a wide range of motion, sustaining body posture
and position, maintaining body temperature, storing
nutrients, and stabilizing joints.
  These muscles are voluntary, meaning you control how and
when they work.
 Each skeletal-muscle fiber is roughly cylindrical, contains
many nuclei, and is crossed by alternating light and dark
bands called striations
 Striated 
 It  comprises 30 to 40% of your total body mass
 Controlled by the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
 4 Groups of Skeletal Muscle
> Muscles of the head and neck
 Mimetic muscles (facial expression)
 Craniofacial Muscles (facial muscles)
 Buccinator Muscle (mouth)
 Nasalis Muscle (nose)
 Epicranial group (cranium and neck)
 Auricular Group (external ear)
 Orbital Group (eyelid)
> Muscles of the trunk
 Extrinsic (superficial) back muscles - also
called immigrant muscles, since they
actually represent muscles of the upper limb
that have migrated to the back during fetal
development (divided into superficial and
intermediate)
 Intrinsic (deep) back muscles -  also called
true back muscles. They are located deep to
the extrinsic muscles, being separated from
them by the thoracolumbar fascia. Their
primary function is to produce movements
of the vertebral column. (divided into
superficial, deep, and deepest layers)
>Muscles of the upper limbs
> Muscles of the lower limbs
 Cardiac Muscle
 forms the muscular layer of the heart, called myocardium
 A cross between the smooth and striated muscles, makes up
the heart tissue
 Like skeletal muscle, it is made up of sarcomeres that allow
for contractility. However, unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle is under involuntary control. The cardiac muscle is
responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore,
the pumping action
 Striated 
 Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
FUNCTIONS OF  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

-to produce movement of the body. Depending on the axis and plane.
-support your body's weight, maintain your posture and help you move

 Types of movements that can be performed by the musculoskeletal system.

 Flexion and extension- movement of decreasing or increasing the angle between the
bones involved in the movement, respectively. This motion takes place in the sagittal
plane around a frontal axis. An example of flexion is bending the leg at the knee joint,
whereas extension would be straightening the knee from a flexed position.
 Adduction and abduction: movements of bringing the parts of the body towards or
away from the midline, respectively. These movements are carried out in the frontal
plane around a sagittal axis. For example, abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
involves moving the arm away from the side of the body, while adduction involves
bringing it back towards the body.
 Rotation is the movement in which a part of the body rotates around its vertical
(longitudinal) axis in the transverse plane. This movement is defined relative to the
midline, where internal rotation involves rotating the segment towards the midline, while
external rotation involves moving it away from the midline. Examples include lateral or
medial rotation of the thigh.
 Supination and pronation are special types of rotatory movements usually used to
describe the movements of the forearm. Supination is essentially a lateral rotation of the
forearm which turns the palms anteriorly (if the arm is anatomical position) or superiorly,
when the elbow is flexed. These movements are also sometimes used to describe
movements in the ankle and foot, in which supination means rolling the foot outwards,
while pronation means rolling the foot inwards.

 SKELETAL SYSTEM
-composed of 206 bones and their associated cartilages. The bones are supported by
ligaments, tendons, bursae, and muscles. 
- Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system.
- they also function to move, support, produce red and white blood cells and store
minerals.

 The bones of the body are grouped within the two distinct divisions.
-Axial skeleton, that includes the bones along the long axis of the body. The axial
skeleton consists of the vertebral column, bones of the head and bones of the thoracic
cage.
-Appendicular skeleton, composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial
skeleton.
- it involves the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, as well as the bones of the upper
and lower extremities.
   Composition of Bone

Bones

 are rigid structures made of calcified dense connective tissue. 

 Bones consists of protein and the minerals calacium and phosphorus 
 Calcium is necesssary for the bone 

2 types of bone
 Compact (cortical) bone- the hard outer layer of the bones composed of bone
tissue, so-called due to its minimal gap and spaces which gives it its smooth,
white, and solid appearance. The outer surface of the compact bone is covered
with a layer of dense connective tissue called the periosteum. On its inner surface,
the compact bone is covered with endosteum, which is the boundary between the
compact and spongy bones.
 Spongy (cancellous) bone- is the deep airy layer of the bone. Unlike the
compact bone, spongy bone is highly vascularized and more metabolically active.
It is typically found within the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae. In certain
bones, like the hip bone, sternum or femur, the central part of the spongy bone
houses the bone marrow, which is the site of hematopoiesis in the adult.

5 different Types of Bones

 Long bones (femur) have a tubular shape, with a longer longitudinal and a shorter
transverse diameter. They are composed mostly of compact bone, while the spongy bone
and bony marrow fill the ends of the bones. Examples of long bones include the humerus,
ulna, tibia and clavicle. 
 Short bones(carpus) have a roughly cuboid or round shape, and only contain a thin layer
of compact bone surrounding the spongy bone. Examples include the tarsal and carpal
bones.
 Flat bones(sternum) are mostly thin, flattened and usually curved. They contain two
parallel layers of compact bones surrounding a layer of spongy bone. Examples include
most of the skull bones, scapula, sternum and sacrum.
 Sesamoid bones(embedded in tendon) are small, rounded unique types of bones that are
embedded in muscle tendons where the tendon passes over a joint. The largest sesamoid
bone in the body is the patella, but several other smaller sesamoid bones can be found in
the hand and foot, usually in close proximity to the joints.
 Irregular bones(vertebrae) do not fit into any of the other categories. Generally,
irregular bones contain foramina through which soft tissue and neurovascular structures
pass. Examples include the vertebrae, hip bone and some bones of the skull.

(padagdag din pala)

Common Disorders seen with Aging
1. Osteoporosis 
 Excessive loss of calcium from bone combined with insufficient replacement results in
osteoporosis
 Characterized by porous, brittle, fragile bones that are susceptible to breakage.
2. Osteoarthritis
 The Progressive deterioration and abrasion of joint cartilage, with the formation of new
bone at the joint surfaces
 Also known as “degenerative joint disease” or “wear and tear” arthritis
3. Rheumatoid arthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a collagen disease that results from an autoimmune process,
affecting more women than men. 
 This disease causes inflammation of the synovium, damage to the cartilage and bone of
joints, and instability of liga- ments and tendons that support the joints.
 The onset is usually between ages 30 and 50,
4. Bursitis
 Inflammation of the bursa and the surrounding fibrous tissue
 can result from excessive stress on a joint or from a localized infection.
5. Gouty arthritis
 Gouty arthritis is caused by an inborn error of metabolism that results in elevated levels
of uric acid in the body.
REFERENCES:

Sacklax, L. (2023). Musculoskeletal System. SlideShare.

https://www.slideshare.net/sacklax40/musculoskeletal-system-324696 

Kenhub. (2023). The Musculoskeletal System. Kenhub.

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-musculoskeletal-system 

QUIZ NG BUHAY NIYO 😜😜

1. Cortical bone is composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.
FALSE (Appendicular skeleton)
2. Femur have a tubular shape, with a longer longitudinal and a shorter transverse diameter.
TRUE
3. Skeletal system is responsible for keeping up the balance, maintaining posture, and
allowing movement. FALSE (Muscular system)
4. The 3 types of muscles are; skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and carotid muscle. FALSE
(skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle)
5. The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the femur. FALSE (patella)
6. Smooth muscle is controlled by the ANS. TRUE
7. What musculoskeletal aging related changes are defined as the progressive deterioration
and abrasion of joint cartilage, with the formation of new bone at the joint surfaces?
(Osteoarthritis)
8. ____________ is caused by an inborn error of metabolism that results in elevated levels
of uric acid in the body. Gouty arthritis
9. Enumerate the 2 types of bones. Compact bone/ Cortical bone and Spongy
bone/Cancellous bone
10. What system in the human body is responsible for our body’s movement, stability, shape
and support? Musculoskeletal System