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Paper 1
Paper 1
Paper 1
Abstract-- This paper deals with the design and simulation of shunt compensators change the impedance at the connected
standard IEEE 14 bus system with IPFC. As a suggested terminals. [n both cases, the reactive power through the
solution to effective load sharing between the transmission system can significantly transfers and improves the
lines, The interline power flow controller will transfers the performance of the entire power system. The use of PWM
power demand from above loaded line to less loaded
converters by a control action allows the achievement of
transmission line. The proposed IPFC was connected between
2, 3 and3, 4 buses of standard IEEE 14 bus system. In this static series compensators for generating or consuming
paper, two five level inverter based IPFC connected to the reactive power faster than the fundamental system period.
main IEEE system was presented. The system was designed in FACTS are more efficient for the operation of power flow
mat lab/Simulink and explained the effectiveness of power networks. From above concepts, static Power flow was
transmission with and without presence of IPFC. controlled by the control actions of FACTS devices, which
Key Words: IEEE 14 bus system, IPFC, VSC, Multi level
include the following
Inverter, FACTS, SSSC, TCSC, STATCOM • Fixed VAR Compensators
I. [NTRODUCTION
• TCSC
• STATCOM
FACTS Technology is related to real and reactive power. • Static Series Synchronous Compensators (SSSC)
It's used improve in the performance of power system. The • UPFC
expertise deals with networks and consumers troubles • [PFC
principally associated to power transmission quality issues.
Where a lot of power quality problems can be reduces with [I. [EEE Bus SYSTEM
an sufficient control of the power flow. The concept of A. Bus Classification
power flow control is concerned load support and voltage
compensation. Depending upon the power demand, the In general, a bus in an electrical power system is fed
tasks are to rise for the system power factor, to improve the from the generating units which inject the active and
actual power from the generating source, to increase voltage reactive power into it and loads real and reactive power s
profile and to decrease harmonics. The principle of FACTS from it. [n load flow studies, the generator and load
is mainly depending upon the advanced technologies of (complex) powers are lumped into a net power. This net
power electronic control and design procedure of the power power is called bus injected power.
flow system, to control it by electronics devices. The The net power injected in the bus is given by
transmission can capitalize on the many thoughts taking
place in the area of high-current and high-voltage power (I)
electronics, to get better be in command of power flows in l)Load Bus
system during both normal and abnormal conditions. Generators are not linked to this bus. At this bus the
The present reality of improving the power system active and reactive power are specified. Its desired to
automatically controllable has initiated A change in the way determine the magnitude and phase angle of voltage through
the design of power plant equipment and built as well as the load flow study. The P D demand and QD should specify at
knowledge that goes into the planning and operation of such a bus and this bus voltage can be allowed to differ
transmission and distribution networks. These type of within the allowable values. i.e,5%. Also bus voltage phase
improvements may also increase the technique of energy angle is not very important for the load.
transmission are done, as increase in speed control of the
2) Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus
corridor of the energy flow is now practical Reactive power
support in transmitting the power in different power flows The generator bus voltage bus is one at which the
increases the strength of the power system by transfer it at voltage magnitude corresponding to the generation voltage
maximum level. Series compensators change the parameters and active power (P G) specified. It's required to calculate
of the transmission grids or distribution levels, where the the QG and voltage phase angle.
Can be
Bus Specified
S.No Determined
Type Quantities
Quantities
Load
I P,Q IVI,6
bus
Genera
2 P, IVI Q,6
tor bus
Slack
3 IVI,6 P,Q
bus
F ig.l. IEEE 14 bus system
B. Standard IEEE i4 Bus System
The moving reactive powers in transmission line are
The fig. 1 shows the standard IEEE 14 bus system. The one of the major factor in loss of energy. From voltage
generators are connected at 1 and2 buses and synchronous standard that made by IEC the voltage range that be allow to
compensators are connected at 3, 6 buses and i h bus acts as provide to customer are ±6% from the rated voltage value.
slack bus
C. Necessity ofImproving Voltage Profile E. Methods for improvement of Voltage Profile
Voltage collapses mainly occur in power system sudden In bus system the voltage profile can be improved as
increase in system load or by different faults or shortage in follows
supply of reactive power. Voltage fall down causes more
problems in the entire system, mainly system instability. In 1) By injecting the reactive power (static shunt capacitors
fact, sudden change in system voltage involves change in a and reactor or by static series capacitors and or synchronous
whole power system. Voltage fall down is typically related compensators.
with reactive power demand of load not being met due to 2) By using tap changing transformer.
shortage in production in reactive power and its 3) By using FACTS devices.
transmission. Mainly,discussed on the effects of the IPFC 4) By exchange of powers between the lines (IPFC)
on voltage profile, active and Reactive powers. The IPFC
mainly consists of two series connected voltage controlled F. Applications ofiPFC
converters for exchange of powers between more no of The major objective in applying IPFC is to exchange
power lines when ever is the load changes in the lines. power demand from excess loaded line to below loaded line
D. Voltage Control by series compensation (by exchanging of powers between
the lines). The devices will works as controllable voltage
In power system, control the system voltage play source devices which are connected in series with the
important role to ensure the voltage interruption like swell, system in for increase series compensation.
sag and harmonic can be minimize and further more
increase the power quality, reliability and availability. The G. Advantages o{Series Compensation
importance of voltage control as follows 1) Decreases the voltage drops at loads
Both customers and power system equipment is design 2) Influences power flow in parallel lines
to operate within the specific voltage range value. If the 3) Capability of power transmission increases
equipments are supplied by voltage above their range then 4) Transmission angle is less
5) Stability increases
6) Line voltage drops will be low V1s V1 self VX1 V1r
~--~~~-+-------~------~
X2
V2pq
series converters should be balanced. For the sake of and a receiving end voltage VIC' For second line sending end
effortlessness, consider basic model of IPFC. In following represented by resistance, reactance R2 X2 • Sending end
fig.3. Each converters are connected together at their dc voltage V2S and the receiving-end voltage is V 2,. at normal
terminals with this method series reactive compensation operating conditions the sending-end and receiving-end
taken place, in addition to this any of the VSC can be voltages of two lines assumed to be equal with fixed
controlled to supply real power to the dc link connected at magnitudes in per units and with fixed angles ensuing in
common position from its own line. Due to this process an same transmission angle for the two lines.
overall extra power can be transferred from the lower The line impedances and voltages are assumed to be
demanded lines which can be used by other lines for real identical. Although in practice two systems could be
power requirement. Obviously this process maintains the somewhat different in all line parameters. For simplicity
overall power balance at the capacitor terminals by proper purpose line1 is randomly chosen to be the prime system for
control action. A simple IPFC scheme consisting of two which free controllability of both line powers flow is fixed
VSCS is used as a main control device to add the required to derive the line constraints. Due to easy control of line one
power to over loaded transmission line by series voltage forces on power flow control of line 2. The following figure
addition. Two VSCS, with voltage phasors VII" and V2 rx" in is more useful to explain the working principle and voltage
series with transmission linesl and 2 respectively are in compensation of line I
below Fig.3.
B. Voltage Source Converter
A five level voltage source converter was connected to
the each transmission line. Depending upon the power @ GENERATORS
demand transfer VSC I and vsc2 will works as converter or (£) Sl'NCHRONOUS 12
"L~
inverter vice versa. VSC I works as main controller and vsc2 COMPENSATORS
V. CONCLUSION
The study of an IPFC system with two parallel lines has
demonstrated the flexible control of active/reactive power to