1.

As we know, a line divides the plane into two parts, such that we can’t go from one part
to the other without crossing the line. If we have one linear inequality, we can find the
solutions graphically. Let’s suppose that we want to solve the linear inequality in two variables
ax + by > c. The solutions will be all the points in one of the sides determined by the line
ax + by = c. To find which side is the set of solutions, we can consider if the point (0, 0) is or
is not a solution. If (0, 0) is in the line ax + by = c, we can consider the points (0, 1) or (1, 0)
(at least one of the points (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) is not in the line ax + by = c, because these
three points are not colinear). If the chosen point satisfies the inequality, then the solutions
will be the points on the same side that the chosen point. In the other case, the solutions will
be the points on the opposite side of the line ax + by = c. Additionally, if we have a non-strict
inequality, that is ax + by ≥ c or ax + by ≤ c, we include the line in the solutions to the linear
inequality. When we want to solve a system of two linear inequalities with two unknowns, all
we have to do is to draw both lines in the plane, let’s say a1 x + b1 = c1 and a2 x + b2 = c2
and determine the regions of solutions to each linear inequality. The solutions to the system
will be the simultaneous solutions of both linear inequalities. That is the intersection of the
two semi-planes that are solutions to the linear inequalities.

2. The correct second factor could be 51, 62, 73, 84, 95. To see this, we can write the two-
digit number that must be multiplied for 78 in the form (b + 4)b. The two-digit number
with the digits reversed is then b(b + 4). Note that (b + 4)b = 10(b + 4) + b = 11b + 40 and
b(b + 4) = 10b + (b + 4) = 11b + 4. Then, the right multiplication minus the wrong one is equal
to 78(11b + 40) − 78(11b + 4) = 78(11b + 40 − 11b − 4) = 78(36) = 2808. This shows that, for
every two-digit number with the tens digit greater than the ones by 4, we always obtain the
same result as difference. We conclude that any of the numbers 51, 62, 73, 84, 95 can be the
correct second factor and also 40, but, in the last case, the number obtained by reversing the
digits is the one-digit number 04 = 4.
3. Between 23:00 and 00:00, the hour’s hand will have moved 2π 12 radians. Therefore, 55 minutes
11
after 23:00, the hour’s hand will have advanced 12 of 2π
12 radians from the 11. On the other
hand, at 23:55, the minute’s hand is pointing to the 11. So, at 23:55 the angle enclosed by the
11 2π
clock hands is precisely 12 · 12 = 11π
72 , in radians, or 27,5 degrees.

4. The answer is 30 km/h. To see this, let’s say that the cyclist originally planned to travel
at x km/h, then, it would take to him 240
x hours to complete his ride. On the other hand,
240
if he goes 8,4 km/h faster, then it would take to him x+8,4 hours to complete its travel.
240 240 7
Therefore, we have x − x+8,4 = 4 . Multiplying the last equation by x(x + 8,4), we have
240(x + 8,4) − 240(x) = 47 · (x(x + 8,4)). Simplifying, multiplying by 47 and equating to
2
√ x + x(8,4) − 1152. The positive solution of the last quadratic equation is x =
0, we have
√
−(8,4)+ (8,4)2 +4·1152 −(8,4)+ 4678,56 −(8,4)+68,4 60
2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 30. Therefore we conclude that
the answer is 30 km/h.

5. John is telling the truth because is possible to get 169 points with 34 correct answers and 1
unanswered question: 34 · 5 − 1 = 169. On the other hand, for a person P, let A the number
of correct answers, B the number of unanswered questions, and C the number of incorrect
questions. We have that A + B + C = 35, or B + C = 35 − A, so the points obtained by the
person P are 5 · A − B − 2C = 5 · A − (35 − A) − C, with 0 ≤ C ≤ 35 − A. Therefore, the
points that a person P could get is any number between 5 · A − 2(35 − A) and 5 · A − (35 − A).

1
 As Ann, Mary, Steve, John, and Peter got more than 150 points, every one of them must
have at least 31 correct answers. It follows that the number of correct answers of any of them
must be 31, 32, 33, or 34. A person with 31, 32, 33 and 34 correct answers could get between
147 − 151, 154 − 157, 161 − 163 and 168 − 169 points, respectively. From this, we conclude
that Ann, Mary, Steve and Peter are lying.

Calculo

1.
dX dX
2. The equation dt = A − BX can be rewrite in the form A−BX = dt. Integrating both sides,
we have Z Z
dX
= dt.
A − BX
Making u = A − BX, we have du = −BdX, and then − du B = dX. By the later, we have
R dX R du R du 1
A−BX = − Bu . Using that − Bu = − B · ln(u) + C1 , we conclude that
Z Z
dX 1 1
= − du = − · ln(u) + C1
A − BX Bu B
and substituting u = A − BX, we have
Z
dX 1 1
= − · ln(u) + C1 = − · ln(A − BX) + C1
A − BX B B

Substituting in the above integral equation, we have − B1 · ln(A − BX) + C1 = A−BX

R dX R
= dt.
Using that dt = t + C2 in the later equation, we have − B1 · ln(A − BX) + C1 = t + C2 . So,
R

the first equation is equivalent to − B1 · ln(A − BX) = t + C. Plugging t = 0 and using that
X(0) = 0, we have
1 1
− · ln(A) = − · ln(A − BX(0)) = 0 + C = C.
B B
Remplacing
1 1
C=− · ln(A)in − · ln(A − BX) = t + C,
B B
we get
1 1
−
· ln(A − BX) = t − · ln(A).
B B
Multiplying by −B, we get ln(A−BX)  = −Bt+ln(A), or equivalently ln(A−BX)−ln(A)
  =
x (A−BX)
−Bt. Using that ln(x) − ln(y) = ln y , in the last equation, we have ln A = −Bt.
(A−BX) −Bt
Using the exponential function in both sides, we get A =e . Solving for X in the
A(1−e−Bt )
last equation, we get X = B . Then, when t → ∞ we have

A(1 − e−Bt ) A(1 − 0) A

lı́m = = .
t→∞ B B B

2
 −Bt
So, when t → ∞ we have X = B A
. On the other hand, if X = 2B A
, then 2BA
= X = A(1−eB
)
,
B 1 −Bt −Bt 1
multiplying by A , we get 2 =
 1 − e , or equivalently
  e = 2 . Using logarithm in both
sides, we obtain −Bt = ln 12 . Using that ln 12 = −ln(2) and dividing by −B, we conclude
ln(2)
t= B .

3. We know that the acceleration is the derivative of the velocity, so if v(t) is the velocity of the car
in the time t R(in seconds),
R we must have v’(t)=a(t)=2.4t mph per second. Integrating both si-
des, we have v 0 (t)dt = 2,4tdt.Bythef undamentaltheoremof calculus, theintegralinthelef tisv(t)+
2
C1 .T heintegralintherightis2,4· t2 +C2 = 1,2·t2 +C2 .So, theintegralequationaboveisequivalenttov(t) =
1,2 · t2 + C.Evaluatingint = 0, andusingthatv(0) = 5, wehave5 = v(0) = 1,2(0) + C =
C, soC = 5, andv(t) = 1,2·t2 +5mph, Inparticular, thevelocityispositivef ort ≥ 0.W egettheanswertoa)byevaluateth
   2
1 1
v 450 = 1,2 450 +5 = 5,000005mph.F orb), rememberthatif p(t)representsthepositionof thecarwithrespecttoti
p0 (t).T hedistancetraveledbythecarisp(8)−p(0), and, bythef undamentalcalculustheorem, thisisequaltop(8)−
R8 R8 R8 R8 R8
p(0) = 0 v(t)dt = 0 1,2·t2 +5dt = 0 1,2·t2 dt+ 0 5dtT hef irstintegralintherightisequalto 0 1,2t2 dt =
8 ! !
R8 2  R8
t3  83 03 512
1,2 0 t dt = 1,2 3  = 1,2 3 − 3 = 1,2 3 = 204,8.T hesecondintegralintherightaboveisequalto 0 5dt =

8 0
 R8
5t = 5(8)−5(0) = 40.F romthis, weconcludethat 0 v(t)dt = 204,8+40 = 244,8.Andf inallywemustdivideby3600be


0
0,068mile.
4. We denote by r(t)=40e0,04t therateof consumptionof electricitytyearsf romnow(inmillionkilowatt−
hoursperyear).Letbec(t)thetotalconsumptionof electricitytyearsf romnow.T hen, wehavec0 (t) = r(t) =
R3 R3
40e0,04t .Integratingbothsidesf rom0to3withrespecttot, wehave 0 c0 (t)dt = 0 40e0,04t dt.Itf ollowsf romthef undamenta
R3 R3
c(3) − c(0) = c(3).Ontheotherhand 0 40e0,04t dt = 40 0 e0,04t dt.M akingu = 0,04t, wehavedu =
du
R3 R3 R3 du
0,04dtor 0,04 = dt.Substitutingintheequationavobe, wehave 0 40e0,04t dt = 40 0 e0,04t dt = 40 0 eu 0,04 =
3
R3 u R3 u 
40 40 40
R x x u
0,04 0 e du.U singthat e dx = e +C, andthef actthat 0,04 = 1000, wehave 0,04 0 e du = 1000e  .Substitutingu =
3 0

40 3 u
e du = 1000e0,04t  = 1000(e0,12 −1) = 127,49.F romtheabove, wecanconcludec(3) =
R
0,04t, weget 0,04

0 
0
3 3
R3  
40 3
40e0,04t dt = 0,04 eu du = 1000eu  = 1000e0,04t  = 1000(e0,12 −1) = 127,49, andthisistheanswer, c(3) =
R  
0 0  
0 0
127,49kW h.