“CAPABILITIES OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION RESPONDING HUMAN-INDUCED AND

NATURAL DISASTERS AMONG BFP PERSONNEL IN BUENASCAR, AGUSAN DEL NORTE”

INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)

The local government has direct responsibility for the safety of the people, knowledge of
the situation and accompanying resource requirements, and proximity to both event and
resources. It has its emergency services department that have the capability of responding to
emergencies twenty four hours a day. They include law enforcement, fire/emergency medical
services, and public works. They may also be referred to as emergency response personnel or
first responders. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) of the Philippines is a government agency
whose role is to suppress and prevent the outbreak of destructive fires, enforce relevant laws,
and provide emergency medical and rescue services. However, the BFP faces an uphill struggle
in the performance of its duties in a conflagration-prone nation such as the Philippines (Aquino,
2017).
The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) is responsible for the Prevention and suppression of
all destructive fires in buildings, houses and other structures, forests, land vehicles and
equipment, ships or vessels docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaports,
petroleum industry installations, plane crashes and other similar incidents. The BFP enforces the
Fire Code and other related laws and investigates all causes of fires, and, if necessary, files
formal complaints with the city or provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case. Fire
departments respond to numerous cases to save lives and protect valued materials. At the same
time, countless obstacles make the task difficult and dangerous for firefighters and those in
need of rescue (Veszprémi & Pántya, 2021). The cost of fire incidents is enormous. It results in
the pain and death of victims, waste of time, money and materials and damage to equipment
and structures (Adegboro & Ojoye, 2019).
It is no stretch to say that consequently, the BFP has its work cut out for it. To make
matters worse, since its creation, the BFP has come under scrutiny for having gained something
of a reputation for corruption and inefficiency. However, much effort has also been expended
over the years to bring the BFP to the level of competence and professionalism it needs to
properly discharge its duties (Sanchez, 2013).
Considerable knowledge, skill, and judgment are required to provide quality emergency
medical services. High quality emergency medical services and first responders are an important
part of any health care system. Many studies of pre-hospital services place greater emphasis on
human factors, efficiency and continuous refinement of standards of practice (Page, Sbat,
Vasquez, Yalcin, 2018).
The lack of trained pre-hospital providers, modern equipment, and ambulance vehicles
accounts for the challenges and short comings to provide quality emergency medical services.
The BFP mission is to prevent and suppress destructive fires, investigate its causes, give
emergency medical and rescue services, and enforce other fire related laws with the active
involvement of the community. Its purpose is to ensure operational readiness of the EMS team
on duty. (BFP Operational Procedures Manual, 2015).
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
The study anchored on the manual of the BFP fires 2001, the BFP shall develop efficient
and responsive firefighters. Without most responsibility, integrity, competence, loyalty and
honesty, respect to human rights and concern to the protection of lives, property, environment
and national heritage.
Fire accidents always happen with a cause. The common cause of fire is carelessness,
discarded cigarette, careless disposition of combustible materials, poorly managed or defective
heating facilities, spontaneous combustion arising from the storage of articles in poorly
ventilated places, explosion from petroleum products, sunrays focus on glasses which may
serve as a convex lens and lightings spark, overheating and electrical defects. (Fire Technique
and Arson Investigation). Rule 9 of P. 1185 provides the general guidelines for the organization,
equipage, operation and proficiency training of company and community fire brigades.
Aside from the BFP firefighters, there are private companies and individuals who
voluntarily organize to assist the department in firefighting prevention and suppression. It is
based in the companies in the localities for immediate action whenever there are outbreaks of
fire. With this, fire is suppressed immediately if the outbreak is on small scale, but if the
outbreak is large then the BFP is always ready to perform their duties. Fire brigades are also
equipped with firefighting equipment and fire brigade volunteers who have undergone rigid
training in firefighting.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The study of Canas, et al., (2016), entitled “Implementation of Fire Protection Program”,
revealed that the firefighting facilities of the fire station was moderately adequate and some did
not conform to be standard set by the National Fire Protection Association. Another finding in
the study was on the leadership of the municipal Fire Marshal, where community cooperation
and manpower was moderately capable.
Dolot (2015), in his study entitled “Fire Suppression Capability and Performance of the
Bureau of Fire Protection in Legaspi City “. Time is a consideration in response and recommends
installation of at least five (5) water hydrants within Legaspi city to minimize the time for water
refilling during fire incident and, review of the MOA should be done by the support groups and
the BFP in order to iron out lapses and encourage further contributions to a better fire
protection service in the City of Legaspi and that the BFP should focus on improving it present
capability.
Gandia (2017), in his thesis entitled “Fire Prevention Program of the Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP) in Urdaneta City”, he evaluated the fire Prevention Program particularly the
enforcement phase of the BFP in the City of Urdaneta during the period of 2006 to 2007, as to
whether it was Fully implemented or not . It is also determined the extent of compliance by the
business/building owners/occupants to the standard of the Fire Code of the Philippines
assessed by the BFP Personnel of the Urdaneta City and level of effectiveness in the
implementation of the Fire Prevention Program as perceived by the BFP Personnel and resident
of the City. The study shows that on the conduct of Fire safety inspection as a requirement to
the grant of permits/licenses, for the occupancy of the building and installation of Fire
Protection and fire safety equipment, the personnel and residents have the same descriptive
rating of the “high” Perception with regards to the level of effectiveness of the Fire Prevention
Program on fire safety requirements to business, structures and their premises of facilities BFP
Personnel rate it high compared to the residents with moderate. Extent of Compliance to the
Fire Code of the Philippines, the BFP Personnel assessed the compliance standards as high.
Cervantes and Soriano (2017), in the study entitled “Performance of the Bureau of Fire
(BFP): Contributions to Fire Management”, fires are one of the few calamities of which people
can prevent. Besides the effort of the Bureau of Fire Protection and the passing of the Revise
Fire Code or RA 9514 in 2008, fires are still one of the leading man-made disasters in the
Philippines. In 2011, there had already been several fires like incident on February 7 which left
3000 families homeless. Other that that, most establishments, most notably in Baguio, are fire
safety violators (Dar, 2019).
FACTORS
According to Urriza (2023), there are 5 factors affecting to the capabilities of the bureau
of fire protection responding human-induced and natural disasters such as: Fire Safety
Enforcement, Firefighting Operations, Fire/Arson Investigation, Emergency Medical Services,
and Disaster Management.
SHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Extent of Capabilities of The Bureau

Profile of the respondents
of Fire Protection (BFP)
Age
Fire Safety Enforcement
Gender
Firefighting Operations
Educational Attainment
Fire/Arson Investigation
Years In Service
Emergency Medical Services
Training Attended
Disaster Management
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Capabilities- According to Dragon1 (2018), a capability is defined as a set of tasks that a system
is potentially able to perform (acquired skills) at a certain performance level (available capacity).
capability is defined as a set of tasks that a system is potentially able to perform (acquired skills)
at a certain performance level (available capacity). Link:
https://www.dragon1.com/terms/capability-definition
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)- is the government body in the Philippines responsible for the
provision of fire services. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government. 
Human-induced- Human-Induced Conditions means conditions that have been influenced by
human activities (Law Insider, 2019). Link: https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/human-
induced-conditions
Natural disasters- A natural disaster is an event caused by natural hazards that overwhelm local
response capacity and greatly affect the social and economic development of a region
(Sivakumar, 2005).
METHODOLOGY
The study use the descriptive-correlational method of research to gather informations.
The respondents are the BFP staff in Buenascar, Agusan del Norte. The questionnaire is
formulated by the researchers base on the BFP Operations Manual, 2015. The profile of the
respondents is determine through the use of frequency and percentage. Mean determine the
extent of the capability of the BFP of Buenascar ADN. Simple linear correlation analysis looked
into the relationship between the extent of the capability of the BFP of Buenascar ADN in
responding to emergencies and profile.
 QUESTIONNAIRES

Direction: Please put a check (✓) mark and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually do given
the statement using the following scales:

3- Always 2- Sometimes 1- Never

No. A. Fire Safety Enforcement Always Sometimes Never

3 2 1
1. By the issued Fire Safety Checklist (FSC) on the building plan, the P.E. prepares an
I.O. and forwards it to the Chief, FSES, for his signature.
2. Chief, FSES countersigns the I.O. and forwards the same to the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal for approval.
3. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal signs the I.O.
4. The PE proceeds to the site and requests acknowledgment of the I.O. from any
responsible person in the building, structure or facility.
5. The PE inspects the construction, renovation, modification or alteration and
prepares the AIR in duplicate copies immediately after the inspection leaving a copy
for the owner/project manager/contractor or any duly authorized representative.
6. Within three years of receipt of the I.O., a copy of the AIR is given to the Chief, FSES.
7. The Chief, FSES, evaluates the AIR and, in case of violations/deficiencies, prepares
the written notice addressed to the owner/project manager/contractor or any duly
authorized representative in the construction.
8. The C/MFM signs the notice and forwards the same to the P.E. or service of notice.
9. The PE serves the original copy of the notice to the owner/project
manager/contractor or any duly authorized representative and another copy to the
Office of the Building Official.
No. B. Firefighting Operations Always Sometimes Never
3 2 1
1. All responding personnel wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
2. The Incident Commander (IC) coordinates with the management of the building for
the initial gathering of information and initiates the transfer of command.
3. The I.C. coordinates with the management of the building for the initial gathering of
information and initiates the transfer of command.
4. The I.C. conducts Damage Assessment and Need Analysis (DANA) and reports the
same to the next higher Office.
5. The I.C. directs fire operations by the phases of firefighting, whenever applicable.
6. The I.C. declares "fire under control" when there is no probability for the fire to
escalate.
7. Responding personnel performs overhauling until the fire is fully extinguished.
8. The I.C. declares "fire out" after the determination of total extinguishment.
9. The I.C. directs the BFP investigators to continue the conduct of the investigation.
10. The responding unit returns to the station after demobilization only.
11. The Fire Marshal, together with the firefighting unit, conducts post-fire analysis.
12. The Station's Chief Operations submits After Fire Operations Report to the Fire
Marshal for subsequent submission to the next higher Office.
No. C. Fire/ Arson Investigation Always Sometimes Never
3 2 1
1. Fire Scene Sketch Preparer and Fire Scene Photographer ensure the availability of
all tools and equipment they need for the investigation.
2. The fire Scene Sketch Preparer prepares a detailed illustration of the interior and
exterior portion of the fire scene, the Area of Fire Origin and the Point of Fire Origin,
the Fire Spread Pattern, and affected and unaffected areas at the fire scene.
3. Fire Scene Photographer photographs the fire scene in large and close-up angles for
detailed and sequential presentation.
4. FAI prepares the LIST OF DOCUMENTS needed to be accomplished/ submitted by
the fire victim/s, building occupant/s and other parties affected by the fire, which
varies based on the TYPE OF OCCUPANCY or the INVOLVED STRUCTURE gutted by
fire.
5. FAI prepares and submits the mandatory reports within the reglementary period of
submission.
6. FAI prepares the apparatus used for the collection of evidence.
7. FAI identifies the collected physical evidence found that has Evidentiary Value
8. Evidence Recovery Personnel and Custodian coordinate with Fire Scene Sketch
Prepare re: the position and location of all evidence collected.
9. FAI photographs the evidence to be collected before lifting in the presence of a
witness independent from the FAI Team.
10. FAI properly documents, packs, seals and labels the pieces of evidence recovered
before transportation and submission to Arson Laboratory Section BP-NHQ within
72 hours upon lifting from the fire scene for laboratory examination.
11. FAI records/documents collect and itemize all the recovered evidence in a detailed
format using the Evidence Collection and Recovery Record (ECRR).
12. FAI attaches a copy of the Evidence Collection and Recovery Record (ECRR) to the
Evidence Chain of Custody (ECC) form.
No. D. Medical Services Always Sometimes Never
3 2 1
1. The team leader or assigned crew gathers all initial information from dispatch.
2. The team leader or crew reports to dispatch, confirms the response and notes the
time.
3. The ambulance crew wears EMS vests and proper PPE
4. The ambulance crew readies additional equipment to be carried (scoop stretcher, C-
collar, splints, portable oxygen tank.
5. The team leader or crew member prepares a patient care report (PCR).
6. The team leader introduces himself and asks for consent before engaging with the
patient.
7. The team leader or assigned crew conducts proper assessment and initiates
treatment or medical management within the scope of the level of training and
standard of care.
8. The ambulance crew documents all interventions given in the PCR.
9. The team transports the patient if necessary.
10. The team leader of the crew coordinates with the DOH Operation Center for
hospital transport.
12. The EMS team endorses the patient and PCR to emergency room personnel (if
transported) and asks permission to leave.
13. The ambulance crew airs out the ambulance by leaving the doors open for 5-10
minutes before returning to base.
14. Any member of the EMS team notifies dispatch about leaving the hospital.
15. Any member of the EMS team notifies dispatch o the arrival at the EMS base.
16. The ambulance crew cleans, disinfects the ambulance and equipment and discards
all soiled supplies.
17. The assigned ambulance crew makes an inventory and restock supplies.
18. The team leader or crew member completes and files any additional reports.
19. The team leader conducts defusing/debriefing or post-run evaluation as needed.
No. E. Disaster Management. Always Sometimes Never
3 2 1
1. Formulates Contingency Plan and orient personnel.
2. Advises the D.R. team with its equipment to stand by.
3. Attends the LDRRMC meeting.
4. Coordinates with other government agencies.
5. Activate the SRR teams.
6. Updates the Mayor/ LDRRMC / IC on the availability of resources.
7. Raises the alert based on the prevailing situation.
8. FAI takes photos in the presence of a witness.
9. Issues recall orders to all on leave or on off duty.
10. Accounts all personnel who reported to the station.
11. Mobilizes volunteer fire brigades and other force multipliers.
12. Designates personnel who will assist in the medical, clearing, evacuation, and
information dissemination operations.
13. Directs operation officer to assist in providing vehicular and personnel support.
14. Pre-positions personnel to assist in the clearing, evacuation, and information
dissemination.
15. Directs duty personnel to assist in water delivery to the evacuation centers.
“EXTENT OF AWARENESS ON FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE HAZARD PREPAREDNESS IN NASIPIT
AGUSAN DEL NORTE”

INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)

In Philippine society, there are distinctive numbers of incidents that may occur at any
time and in any place. One of those is the so-called fire incidents generated from various
causes of fires, such as heating, faulty wiring, flammable liquids, etc. The existence of this
kind of incident can stimulate tremendous damage to life and property. However, its
occurrence may be avertible, providing the different kinds of fire management
strategies and safety measures that can provide specifically by the personnel of the Bureau of
Fire Protection. Fire protection is one of the primary community services provided by most local
governments. In larger cities, fire protection is provided by a full-time, professional fire
department as detailed by Pedroche (2021).
One of the basic activities carried out by these departments is fire prevention. Fire
prevention is the set of activities performed by fire department personnel for the purpose of
preventing the occurrence of fires and reducing the potential seriousness of fires. Typical fire
prevention activities include building inspections and education of public and private groups.
These activities are usually the responsibility of a separate division within the department, such
as a "Fire Prevention Bureau” (Miller, 2020).
According to Cristobal, et al, (2016), due to increasing number of fire incidents, the
Bureau of Fire Protection, also known as the DILG Act of 1990, was created under the mandate
of Rule 111, Section 49 of the Republic Act. The Bureau is responsible to conduct seminars and
drills to raise awareness and to help prevent fire-related accidents in the Philippines. To ensure
public safety and promote economic development through the prevention and suppression
of all kinds of destructive fires, the Bureau fully implemented the RA 1945 or
“Amendment Fire Code of 2008”. With the establishment of the RA 1945, the Bureau is required
to conduct seminars and drills to all private and public buildings, facilities or structures
erected or constructed before and after its affectivity.
According to Coppola (2015), awareness is the first step in educating the people about
hazards and risks in correcting feelings of apathy toward preparedness. Subsequently,
the process of raising awareness involves more than simply telling people what causes for
example, fire disasters but also entails informing them on how fire disasters affect them
and why they are at risk.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 This study anchored on the Fire Code of the Philippine of 2008 (RA 9514), which
repealed and replaced the Philippine Fire Code (PD 1185), consists of national policies anchored
to protect public safety, promote economic growth by preventing and extinguishing harmful
fires of all kinds, and advance the professionalization of the fire service. To ensure adherence to
common fire prevention and safety measures and to encourage accountability in the fire
protection and prevention service, the State shall enforce all laws, rules, and regulations therein
such as: (a) fire safety in buildings, structures, and facilities; (b) fire safety for hazardous
operations; (c) fire safety for hazardous materials; and (d) miscellaneous safety measures.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Fire prevention and importance Due to increasing number of fire incidents, the Bureau
of Fire Protection, also known as the DILG Act of 1990, was created under the mandate of Rule
111, Section 49of the Republic Act. The Bureau is responsible to conduct seminars and drills to
raise awareness and to help prevent fire-related accidents in the Philippines. To ensure public
safety and promote economic development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds
of destructive fires, the Bureau fully implemented the RA 1945 or “Amendment Fire Code of
2008”. With the establishment of the RA 1945, the Bureau is required to conduct seminars and
drills to all private and public buildings, facilities or structure selected or constructed before and
after its affectivity. The Bureau conducts daily seminars to residential housings, government
institutes, and private sectors, teaching all the owners, administrators or occupants of
buildings, structures and their premises or facilities and other responsible persons within
the premises. Each seminar is cut into two parts; The Learning Process and Actual
Demonstration. The first part of the seminar is the longest and is most important, since it
is where the important aspect of fire is thoroughly discussed with attendees as stated by
Cristobal, et al, (2016).
According to Nadzim & Taib (2017), fire safety prevention is the combination for co-
ordination of some activities or programs towards the deterrence of damage from fire. Such
programs include fire drill training, staff training, fire preventive measures, escape routes, etc.
Fire safety management can also be defined as “the application by a manager of policy,
standards, tools, information and practices to the task of analyzing, evaluating and controlling
fire safety”. Moreover, Della-Giustina (2015) states that when an effective fire safety
management is properly and carefully developed, the end results can include reduced property
insurance premiums, prevention of business interruptions, boosting customer services and
public images, among others.
Safety is the complement of antithesis of risk. Safety will be increased if the risk is
reduced. The objective of fire safety/risk management is therefore to reduce risk to life and
property to very low levels acceptable to a property owner and society at large. This aim can be
achieved by carrying out fire prevention activities which would reduce the frequency of fires
significantly and installing passive and active fire protection measures which would minimize
the damage when the fire occurs. By effective maintenance, it is necessary to ensure that, when
a fire occurs, all the safety measures provided will be available for use and will perform
satisfactorily (Ramachandran, 2017).

FACTORS
According to Malilay (2023), there are 3 factors affecting of extent of awareness on fire
prevention such as: fire safety measures, hazardous materials, and fire safety equipment. And
fire hazard preparedness such as: buildings, structures, and facilities, hazardous operations,
hazardous materials, and miscellaneous safety measures.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Level of Awareness towards Fire

Prevention
Fire Safety measures

Profile of the respondents Hazardous materials

Age Fire Safety equipment

Gender Extent of Fire Hazard Preparedness

Educational Background Fire safety measurements in buildings,

structures, and facilities

Hazardous operations

Hazardous materials

Miscellaneous safety measures

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Awareness- knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.
Fire prevention- Fire prevention relates to the goal of educating members of workplaces and
the public in taking proactive steps to prevent fires from starting and to reduce the harmful
impact of fires (Safeopdeia, 2019).
Fire hazard preparedness- According to Kihila (2017), fire hazard preparedness is defined as the
measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of disasters.
METHODOLOGY
 This study utilize the descriptive-correlational research design to describe the
relationship between the level of awareness on fire prevention and extent of fire hazard
preparedness.

QUESTIONNAIRES

Direction: Please put a check (✓) mark that corresponds to your answer using the following scales:

4- Very much aware 3- Highly aware 2- Moderately aware 1- Slightly aware

I. Level of Awareness towards Fire Prevention

No. A. Fire Safety Measures VMA HA MA SA

4 3 2 1
1. I am aware of the location of the fire emergency exits in our area or workplace.
2. I am aware of what actions to take in case of fire outbreak.
3. I participated in seminars and drills to raise awareness to prevent fire related
accidents.
4. Through the exits signs on the buildings, I can easily run when there is a fire
accident.
5. I practice good daily habits to prevent fire-related accidents.
No. B. Hazardous Materials VMA HA MA SA
4 3 2 1
1. Compressed gases; pressurized flammable or non-flammable gas.
2. Smoking in bedrooms
3. Electrical equipment
4. Unattended candles
5. Faulty wiring
No. C. Fire Safety Equipment
1. Fire extinguishers
2. Smoke alarms and detector
3. Fire suppression system
4. Carbon monoxide alarm
5. Fire sprinkles

Direction: Please put a check (✓) mark that corresponds to your answer using the following scales:

4- Always 3- Sometimes 2- Rarely 1- Never

II. Extent of Fire Hazard Preparedness

No. A. Fire Safety Measurements in buildings, structures, and facilities Always Sometime Rarely Never
4 s 2 1
 3
1. There are fire exit in every building.
2. Every building or house have an emergency kit.
3. Wet blanket can be used to prevent fire.
4. Every building or house have a fire extinguisher.
5. Every member of the family has a basic knowledge about fire safety
measure.
No. B. Fire Safety for Hazardous Operation Always Sometime Rarely Never
4 s 2 1
3
1. There are safe evacuation route from your home.
2. I know how to use a fire extinguisher.
3. Protective clothes are available for use in responding in fire, to be
protected from toxic chemical.
4. I am well prepared to handle any fire related incidents in my area.
5. I know to use any fire preventive materials when responding in the
fire accidents.
No. C. Fire Safety for Hazardous Materials Always Sometime Rarely Never
4 s 2 1
3
1. I avoid unattended or careless use of candles.
2. I do not leave cooking unattended.
3. I avoid smoking indoors.
4. I do not use damage extension cords.
5. I avoid using overloaded circuits.
No. D. Miscellaneous Safety Measures Always Sometime Rarely Never
4 s 2 1
3
1. I read articles, posting or materials on fire safety.
2. I prepare myself to know how to use some safety equipment in times
of fire happen.
3. I secure every piece of things that can possibly cause of fire.
4. I prepare safety equipment that can be used if fire happen.
5. I prioritize securing person’s protection when fire happen.
 HOW THE LACK OF INDIVIDUAL SELF-CONTROL RESULTS IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AMONG
STUDENTS IN SAINT MICHAEL COLLEGE OF CARAGA

INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)

Adolescence is conceived as a developmentally critical stage in successful transition of
individuals to adulthood and is associated with cognitive and biological changes. Furthermore,
adolescence is related to an escalated desire for autonomy and independence that coincides
with decreased parental control and increased peer influence. Although this is not necessarily
problematic, as such independence involves normative developmental tasks during
adolescence, certain lifestyles or routine activities are riskier than others, exposing adolescents
to risky and vulnerable situations that create opportunity for crime (Kwak & Kim, 2022).
According to Kwak & Kim (2022), crime is not randomly observed across space and time;
certain places and times are considered high-risk. Situational and opportunity theories suggest
that crime is tied to individuals’ social activities, their interpersonal interactions, and the
structure of the physical and social environment around them. These elements create patterns
of the spatial and temporal risk of crime. Because victimization risks are not equally distributed
across time and space, variability in lifestyles and routine activities may result in a differential
risk of victimization by unequally exposing individuals to risky people in risky places at risky
times in unguarded situations. Opportunity perspectives, including routine activity and lifestyle-
exposure theories, provide frameworks through which to understand variation in the risk of
victimization.
Contemporaneous victimization research incorporates another major perspective
emerging from general theories of crime, namely self-control theory, suggesting that low self-
control affects individual lifestyle choices and behavior, thereby making individuals increasingly
vulnerable to victimization. Although the integration of low self-control with routine activities
and lifestyle theories has proven useful in predicting a variety of forms of victimization, the
extent to which low self-control affects victimization remains unclear due because individuals
with low self-control tend to self-select into risky situations. In particular, low self-control is
assumed to be indirectly linked to victimization, primarily operating through intervening
mechanisms, such as involvement in unstructured routines and delinquent lifestyles. However,
extant literature has yielded inconsistent and mixed results. Some researchers report that risky
lifestyles only partially mediate the effect of low self-control on victimization, whereas a handful
of studies show full mediation. These mixed findings demonstrate the need for further research
involving closer examination of the links between low self-control, risky lifestyles, and
victimization risk (Kwak & Kim, 2022).
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
This study anchored on the theory of Self-Control: A General Theory of Crime by Gottfredson
and Hirschi (2016), describe self-control as “factors affecting the calculation of consequences of one’s
acts”. Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) lay the foundation for the components of self-control in their
section titled “The Elements of Self-Control” (p. 89). They later clarify this by saying self-control is “the
tendency to avoid acts whose long-term costs exceed their momentary advantages” (Hirschi &
Gottfredson, 2016). Individuals low in self-control prefer to have their needs met in a short timeframe
and cannot deter gratification. They also tend to lack persistence and/or diligence in tasks. This is evident
in the correlation found between academic performance/cheating and self-control levels (Cochran,
Wood, Sellers, Wilkerson, Chamlin, 2018).

Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) state people lacking self-control tend to be more adventuresome,
engage in risky behavior, and are more physically active. They also tend to have difficulty maintaining
jobs and have unstable marriages or relationships. In addition to poor work habits, people with low self-
control often do not possess the cognitive skills necessary for career advancement and many devalue or
are not concerned with academic achievement; this concept parallels Hirschi’s (2016) previous ideas of
commitment. Individuals with low self-control are also self-centered and are not empathetic to people
they harm and are apathetic in general (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 2016). This element of self-control is the
most reminiscent to Hirschi’s social bond of attachment (Hirschi, 2013). Although Hirschi (2013) primarily
associates attachment with the parents of the delinquent, attachments can be made with anyone.
However, selfcentered individuals will probably have difficulty forming an attachment to someone else
(Gottfredson & Hirschi, 2016).

Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) argue that variation in self-control is the primary explanation for
all forms of criminal conduct. Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) believe that theories that explain specific
criminal behaviors, such as serious crimes, are fundamentally flawed. Assuming the seriousness of an
offense as a theoretical criterion is incorrect and carries with it no theoretical justification. However,
limits can be placed on the explanatory power of a theory, but it is the task of the researcher to provide
evidence that the theory will not explain behavior past a theoretical threshold (Gottfredson & Hirschi,
2016). Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) assume the simplicity and versatility of the theory make the
testing of a general theory of crime easy and the results would provide evidence that the theory explains
crime across gender, cultures, and occupations.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) suggest that crime is a function of low self-control and
opportunity; however, researchers tend to view this statement in a way that is other than intended
(LaGrange & Silverman, 2018). Gottfredson and Hirschi clearly state that while opportunity is necessary
for committing crime, the threshold required to satisfy what Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016) consider
opportunity is actually quite low. Individuals who have low self-control tend to make their own
opportunities to commit crime, not simply wait for opportunities to present themselves. Studies testing
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (2016) concept of self-control tend to put too much stock in the concept of
opportunity, almost to the point where the lack of opportunity would eliminate crime (LaGrange , et al.,
2020). However, Gottfredson and Hirschi seem to be correct in that self-control is still a predictor of
criminal offending whether opportunity, as it has been measured and tested by others, is present or not
(Hay & Forrest, 2019).

Grasmick et al. (2017) identify six components of self-control as their way of measuring
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s elements of self-control. The self-control scale constructed by Grasmick et al.
(2017) consisted of 24 different items, four for each of the six components. The final six components
measured impulsivity, simple tasks, risk seeking, physical activities, self-centeredness, and temper. Each
of these elements identify the degree to which people delay gratification and control their actions. The
items used to determine the level of self-control were attitudinal in nature. The use of attitudinal verses
behavioral measures would become part of a debate in future articles. Gottfredson and Hirschi (2016)
believe that behavioral measurements were the most appropriate for determining levels of self-control.

Keane et al. (2020), on the other hand, used behavioral measures to determine self-control. The
measures used by Keane et al. (2020) consisted of both self-reported measures like whether or not the
subject was wearing a seatbelt, as well as, the recorded levels of blood alcohol concentration while the
individual was drinking and driving. Additionally, the Keane et al. (2020) measures can be considered
measures of analogous behaviors. The Keane et al. (2020) study demonstrates a unique, albeit
incomplete measurement of self-control.

The measures used do not fully encapsulate the concept of self-control, and rely on measures
that appear tautological (Akers, 2017; Keane et al., 2020) . These first papers on Gottfredson and
Hirschi’s (2016) version of self-control started a theoretical discussion primarily concerned with
resolution of whether behavioral measures are better than attitudinal measures, as well as discussions of
the tautological problem raised by Akers (2017). The manner in which self-control has been measured
has varied greatly. In addition to the behavioral/analogous measurements of self-control used by Keane
et al. (2020), there have been direct behavioral markers, as discussed by Wilson and Herrnstein (2015) in
which subjects had to refrain from drawing outside the lines of a maze. Behavioral measures that are not
reported by the subject would suggest a more valid measure. This is due to the subjects’ lack of honesty
when completing a survey instrument (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 2016) Self-control differences between
groups have been shown to affect the performance of a survey instruments, particularly the Grasmick et
al. (2017) scale, garnering evidence to support Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (2016) assumption (Piquero,
MacIntosh, & Hickman, 2015). Wright, Caspi, Moffitt, and Silva (2020) determined self-control by
observations made by teachers and parents.

FACTORS
According to Blasco (2018), there are 3 factors affecting to the stability of behavioral
measures of self-control such as: Attitudinal, Behavioral, and Delinquency Involvement.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Profile of the respondents

Age The Stability of Behavioral

Gender Measures of Self-control

Educational attainment Attitudinal

Childhood home intactness Behavioral

Childhood residence Delinquency Involvement

METHODOLOGY
Current residence
This study utilize the descriptive-correlational research design to measures the stability
behavioral of self-control.
QUESTIONNAIRES

Direction: Please put a check (✓) mark and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually do given
the statement using the following scales:

3- Always 2- Sometimes 1- Never

No. A. Attitudinal Always Sometime Never

3 s 1
2
1. I much prefer doing things that pay off right away rather than in the future.
2. I frequently try to avoid things that I know will be difficult.
3. Sometimes I will take a risk just for the fun of it.
4. I like to get out and do things more than I like to read or contemplate ideas.
5. If things I do upset people, it's their problem, not mine.
6. I lose my temper pretty easily
No. B. Behavioral Always Sometime Never
3 s 1
2
1. I drink alcohol.
2. I use tobacco products.
3. I skip class.
4. I cheat or tell lies.
5. I arrived late to class.
6. I have difficulty concentrating or paying attention.
7. I act cruel to others.
No. C. Delinquency Involvement Always Sometime Never
3 s 1
2
1. I intentionally damaged or destroyed.
2. I got into a fight at school.
3. I’ve taken something without paying for it.
4. I used force to get money from someone.
5. I hit or seriously threatened someone.
6. I attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them.
7. I tried to con someone.
8. I’ve taken a vehicle without the owner’s permission.

THE IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN SAINT
MICHAEL COLLEGE OF CARAGA

INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)

Most of the teenage issues emerging nowadays are often connected to a child’s rearing.
7.4% of children aged 3-17 years (approximately 4.5 million) have a diagnosed behavior
problem (cdc.gov, 2017). Parenting style is one of the biggest factors linked to how a child
behaves towards his environment and the situation. A parenting style is a psychological
construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of
parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child. According to
Baumrind’s theory there are 4 types of parenting style which differently affect the child (Lorzano
et al,. 2022).
A child’s behavior on the other hand refers to how one conducts themselves. It is their
actions, reactions and functioning in response to everyday environments and situations.
Challenging behavior is a term used to describe behavior that interferes with a child's daily life.
And as they grow they learn to develop traits, lifestyle, role and reactions. A child’s behavior on
the other hand refers to how one conducts themselves. It is their actions, reactions and
functioning in response to everyday environments and situations. Challenging behavior is a term
used to describe behavior that interferes with a child's daily life. And as they grow they learn to
develop traits, lifestyle, role and reactions (Lorzano et al,. 2022).

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored to Baumrind’s Theory of Parenting styles. In the 1960’s Baumrind
noticed that preschoolers exhibited distinctly different types of behavior. According to his
theory, each type of behaviour was highly correlated to a specific kind of parenting. He
theorized that there is a close relationship between parenting styles and children’s behaviour,
which lead to different outcomes in the children’s lives.
On 1983 Macoby and Martin expanded this parenting style model into a two-
dimensional framework. They made further distinction by expanding Baumrind’s permissive
parenting into two different types: permissive parenting and neglectful parenting. This
grounded demandingness and responsiveness as basis of the four parenting styles. High
demandingness and high responsiveness results to authoritative parents which have
high expectations for achievement. Children of these parents tend to be happy, contented
and more independent. The second is high demandingness with low responsiveness
which results to parents being authoritarian. Children with authoritarian parents tend to
have an unhappy disposition, less independent and appear to be insecure. The third type is
permissive parenting resulting from low demandingness and high responsiveness. Worse self-
control, possess egocentric tendencies and encounter more problems in relationships and social
interactions can be the characteristics of the children. Uninvolved parents are low demanding
and low responsive to children, the tendencies of a child are that: it can be impulsive, can
encounter more delinquency and addictions problems and have more mental issues.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to the American Psychological Association, parenting practices around
the world share three major goals: ensuring children’s health and safety, preparing children for
life as productive adults, and transmitting cultural values (APA, 2018). Needless to say, these
objectives are ambitious. Being a successful parent is no small feat and whether children
become competent, healthy, productive adults depends on a variety of environmental and
biological factors. The influences on child outcomes are numerous, but a wealth of literature
indicates parenting practices are an important part of the equation. The extent to which
parenting practices shape behavioral development in children is a complex question and,
though we may not be able to answer it with certainty, we can be certain that parents are
important factors in their children’s behavioral outcomes.
Research has found consistent links between parenting and child behavioral adjustment.
For instance, a mother’s parenting behaviors, including the extent to which she displays
affection toward and exerts behavioral and psychological control over her child, when that child
is five years of age are linked to later child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Aunola &
Nurmi, 2005). Internalizing, or emotional, behavior problems often refer to anxiety and
depression (Akhter et al., 2011). Externalizing, or disruptive, behavior problems commonly
include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems (Akhter et al., 2011).
These are just a few common behavioral problems that are, in part, shaped by particular styles
of parenting.
The attempt to study the influence of parenting practices on child outcomes is complex
because there exists an overwhelmingly wide range of parenting behaviors and an equally wide
range of child behavioral outcomes. The causal relation between parenting practices and child
behavior outcomes is similarly opaque depending on the timing and measurement of the
behaviors in question. For example, in a study of adolescents’ perception of their parents’
psychological control, or the extent to which parents try to control their children’s emotions and
beliefs, and adolescents’ self-reported internalizing and aggressive behaviors, researchers found
child behavior as a stronger predictor of changes in parental psychological control than parental
behavior as a predictor of changes in adolescent behavior (Albrecht et al., 2007). Because this
relation is multidirectional, studying the influence of parenting practices over child behavioral
outcomes becomes even more complex.
A common way of addressing these complexities is to organize parenting behaviors into
four distinct parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, and authoritative (Maccoby
& Martin, 1983). These four parenting styles are based on two parental dimensions: parental
warmth, which is related to parental affection toward and acceptance of the child, and parental
control, which is related to the active role parents play in promoting respect for rules and social
conventions (Maccoby and Martin, 1983). There has been extensive research on the
implications parenting styles have on behavioral outcomes in children.

FACTORS
According to Scientific and Academic Publishing, (2017), there are 4 factors affecting to
the parenting style to the behavior of senior high school such as: Authoritative, Authoritarian,
Permissive, and Uninvolved.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Parenting style influence behavior

Profile of the respondents
of a student
Age
Authoritative
Gender
Authoritarian
Grade level
Permissive
Parent’s occupation
Uninvolved

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Parenting Style- a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in
their child rearing. Conceptualized as a constellation of attitudes or a pattern of parental
authority towards the child which are conveyed to the child, creating the emotional
context for the expression of parent behaviour. Operationally, it is defined as the way of how
parents handle their children and how it affects their child’s behaviour (Lorzano et al, 2022).

Behaviour- According to Lorzano et al, (2022), behavior is cannot and should not be tolerated or
reinforced. They include actions that are harmful to the physical, emotional, or social well-
being of the child, the family members, and others. They may interfere with the child's
intellectual development.

METHODOLOGY
This study utilize the descriptive-correlational research design to identify parenting style
influence behavior of a senior high school student in SMCC.

QUESTIONNAIRES

Direction: fill in the blank and tick in the appropriate. Please answer how you feel about each
statement by checking a number from 1(Never) to 3 (Always). Select one number that best
describes your feelings:

3- Always 2- Sometimes 1- Never

No A. Authoritative Always Sometimes Never

. 3 2 1
1. My parents explain to me the consequences of my behavior.
2. My parents give me reasons why should be
followed
My parents give me reasons why should be followed.
3. My parents praise me when I am good.
4. My parents give me comfort when I am upset.
5. My parents are responsive to my feelings and needs.
No B. Authoritarian Always Sometimes Never
. 3 2 1
1. My parents scold me when my behavior doesn’t meet their expectations.
2. My parents yell or shouts at me when I misbehave.
3. My parents punish me by taking privileges away from me with little if any
explanation.
4. My parents spank me when I am disobedient.
5. My parents use physical punishment as a way of disciplining me.
No C. Permissive Always Sometimes Never
. 3 2 1
1. My parents spoil me.
2. My parents find it difficult to discipline me.
3. My parents threaten me with punishment more often than actually giving it.
4. My parents give in to me when I cause a commotion about something.
5. My parents state punishment to me and do not actually do it.
No D. Uninvolved Always Sometimes Never
. 3 2 1
1. My parents do not have any feeling to give any support because they do not
understand me.
2. My parents have their own so they do not have no time for me.
3. My parents are not there when I need them.
4. My parents do not know what to provide for my needs.
5. My parents do not give me motivations.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AWARENESS AMONG TRICYCLE DRIVERS IN NASIPIT, AGUSAN

DEL NORTE

INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)

Regulations are established to delimit people’s actions, while some of them are imposed
as a result of changes. Considering environmental laws are necessary, especially nowadays in
different industries like the transport industry, which has led to the improvement of our
environment. In various provinces, the tricycle is regarded as the essential mode of
transportation and a key access point to public transport, notably in rural barangays or barrios.
Riding on a tricycle is considered as part of our lives, specifically those people within the
Municipality of Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. There are also neighboring cities and municipalities
where tricycle drivers are abundant and consider driving a tricycle a source of income,
particularly here in Caraga Region (De Jesus & Villanueva, 2022). Tricycle, sometimes known as a
“trike”, is a three-wheeled public utility vehicle that consists of a motorbike and an attached
passenger’s side car. The motorbike is on the left, while a side automobile is on the right. Except
on big or main routes, these trikes may be seen all around the country (Huerta, J.M., 2014).
The hunger for change breeds various pollutants that affect not just Earth but also its
inhabitants. As humankind progresses into an age of heavy economic change, motor vehicle
ownership rapidly increases and significantly alters Earth's biogeochemical composition,
resulting in environmental pollution and loss of ecological stability. Motor vehicular exhaust
pollutants to the air and cause various health-related issues and environmental challenges such
as climate change and global warming due to excessive greenhouse gases (Bennett et al., 2018;
Karlsson, 2015). Also, ignorance and irresponsible human activities yield poor environmental
health (Peter and Cheruto, 2013; Rogan, 2019). Moreover, the lack of environmental
consciousness among vehicular drivers worsens environmental challenges; hence
environmental education is crucial in awakening one's awareness about environmental
problems and providing sustainable solutions.
In the Philippines, environmental pollution is a growing problem that is yet to be
provided with long-term solutions due to the absence of environmental sensitivity and public
awareness despite promulgating policies and regulations. For the past decades, the Philippines
has already experienced the harsh reality of global warming due to emissions from various
particulate matter sources, i.e., motor vehicle emissions. Thus, it is undoubtedly vulnerable to
climate risk (Kreft, Eckstein, & Melchior, 2017). Aside from health risks, the natural aesthetic of
nature will no longer prevail (Lualhati, 2019). Further, based on the report taken from the Land
Transportation Office (LTO) and National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), tricycles and
motorcycles significantly increased until they became the leading MV in the Philippines (DENR-
EMB, n.d). Unfortunately, only a few examine the role of MV drivers in the environmental
quality in the country. There is still a growing need to address environmental illiteracy among
MV drivers. As the main transportation locally, tricycle's exhausts emissions affect the city's
environment and its inhabitants more. Environmental education and awareness among tricycle
drivers can lessen environmental degradation and be more environmentally educated on the
many aspects of environment-related issues.
THERITICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Awareness, Abraham
Maslow is among the most prominent psychologists of the 20th century and the hierarchy of
needs, accompanied by the pyramid representing how human needs are ranked, is an image
familiar to most business students and managers. Maslow’s theory is based on a simple
premise: human beings have needs that are hierarchically ranked. There are some needs that
are basic to all human beings, and in their absence, nothing else matters. As we satisfy these
basic needs, we start looking to satisfy higher-order needs. Once a lower-level need is satisfied,
it no longer serves as a motivator; humans then move step by step to fulfill higher needs such as
safety, social, and then esteemed goals [17]. After fulfilling the “lower” level of needs, people
finally satisfy their self-actualization. The indispensable needs of people in developing countries
are food, shelter, clothing, and jobs; and sustainable development requires meeting all basic
needs before extending to an aspiration for a better life.
REVEVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Environmental education does not promote a certain opinion or course of action.
Environmental education, on the other hand, educates people how to analyze several sides of
an issue through critical thinking and improves their dilemma and decision-making capabilities.
Legal adoption is more likely to be effective when environmental law matches moral goals for
betterment, which typically occurs in well-developed regions. Environmental legislation differs
greatly from moral norms in less-developed countries; hence adjustments in moral values are
required for successful legal application. Majority of elderly tricycle drivers and those with more
experience have a better understanding of environmental regulations and local legislation than
younger tricycle drivers and those with less experience. Gender, age, and educational
achievement were not substantially connected to their degree of awareness and compliance
with environmental regulations while unfavorable attitude of students, non-teaching workers,
and faculty participating in law enforcement was considered as a problem to comply on
environmental laws. Awareness of environmental issues is fundamental to the movement’s
success. By fostering in our friends and family the importance of the physical environment, we
can begin to address the issues that threaten it (De Jesus & Villanueva, 2022).
Motorists were aware of traffic laws and regulations, although they are not always
cooperative. Tricycle Regulation Units are the most efficient in terms of franchise license issuing,
database maintenance, and complaint and grievance resolution. However, because the TRU
office is very understaffed, the staff’s urgency in completing all of their jobs causes them to be
less compassionately delicate in dealing with violators. Actual roadside and onboard surveys
were done on passengers and drivers traveling from the designated terminal to their
destination. There are also a number of risks associated with the existing motorized tricycle that
must be addressed for the safety of the passengers and drivers. It was proposed that an electric
tricycle be used as an alternate means of public transportation in the city, as a highly
sustainable choice that allows the local population to improve their quality of life through
mobility and economic activity. Riding a tricycle is far more practical than driving a vehicle
because it is a hassle-free way to get to your desired location, the charge is low-cost, and what
you save on parking could be spent on “gas money” or coffee, it really doesn’t affect you mostly
during rush hours, and yet it isn’t glam, and everybody will admire you. Among every barangay
in the Philippines, tricycles are the primary means of transportation, not jeepneys. Tricycles are
the Filipinos’ true “final mile” transport beast of burden—cheap, efficient, and essential. It is
the go-to vehicle during any occasion. Filipinos utilize it to get to work, the market, school, and
even for weddings and funerals in the barangays (De Jesus & Villanueva, 2022).
FACTORS
According to Mamalias et al., (2021), there are 2 factors affecting the environmental
regulation awareness among tricycle drivers such as: Environmental laws and Environmental city
ordinance.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of the respondents

Level of environmental regulation
Age
awareness among tricycle drivers
Gender
Environmental laws
Grade level
Environmental city ordinance
Number of Years in the Job
 DEFINITION OF TERM
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AWARENESS- refers to the imposition of limitations or
responsibilities on individuals, corporations, and other entities for the purpose of preventing
environmental damage or improving degraded environments (McManus, 2015).
METHODOLOGY
This study utilizes a quantitative-descriptive research design. The study used this
research design to assess the level of environmental regulations awareness of tricycle drivers in
Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. In developing the survey questionnaire, some part of the
questionnaire was adapted from Manila Solid Waste Management Project (2003), and some
items were developed by the researchers. In addition, the researchers also translate the
questions in the questionnaire in the native language of the area to ensure the full use of each
item. (Mamalias et al., 2021).
QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: fill in the blank and tick in the appropriate. Please answer how you feel about each
statement by checking a number from 1(Never) to 3 (Always). Select one number that best
describes your feelings:

4- Strongly Agree 3- Agree 2- Disagree 1- Strongly Disagree

A. Environmental Laws SA A D SD
4 3 2 1
1. I have knowledge on Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or RA 9003. (Aduna
koy kahibalo mahitungod sa Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or RA9003.)
2. I am concerned whether the final disposal is environmentally safe and acceptable.
(Nabalaka ako kung ang katapusang paglabay luwas sa kalikopan ug dalawaton.)
3. I receive information about waste collection and disposal services provided for me
including how it is done and where my waste eventually goes. (Nakadawat ako kasayuran
bahin sa mga serbisyo sa pagkolekta sa basura ug mga serbisyo nga gitugyan alang kanako
lakip na kung giunsa kini gihimo ug kung diin moadto ang akong basura.)
4. I am aware that Anti-Smoke Belching seminar is necessary. (Aduna ko kahibalo na
kinahanglan gayud ang Anti-Smoke Belching Seminar.)
5. I participate in any government or local programs on segregation and recycling. (Nagaapil
ko sa maski unsang programa sa gobyerno og LGU mahitungod sa segregation ug recycling.)
6. I act on keeping air healthy by evaluating my fossil fuel consumption. (Nagabuhat kog lihok
aron mamintinar ang kapresko sa hangin sama sa pagpaghinay-hinay ug gamit ug fossil fuel.)
7. I am aware of fines and penalties for improperly disposing waste. (Aduna koy kahibalo
batok sa mga multa para sa dili tama nga paglabay sa basura ingon man ang pagdump ug
pagsunog.)
8. I take action in correcting waste disposal problem in the community. (Nagabuhat ko
aksyon ug pamaagi para masulbad ang problema sa paglabay ug basura sa amoang
komunidad.)
9. I know some waste segregation or recycling program. (Aduna koy kahibalo batok sa mga
programang nagahisgut mahitungod sa segregation ug recycling.)
10. I engage in self-assessment on the protection of the environment. (Nag-apil ako sa
pagsusi sa kaugalingon sa pagpanalipod sa kinaiyahan.)
B. Environmental City Ordinance
1. I segregate my waste products according to the proper waste disposal mandated by the
city. (Gibulag nako ang akong mga produkto nga basura sumala sa husto nga paglabay sa
basura nga gimando sa syudad.)
2. I install at least one trash receptacle inside my tricycle. (Aduna kog maski isa nga
butanganan ug basura sa akoang tricycle)
3. I know smoking is strictly prohibited when maneuvering my tricycle. (Kahibalo ko na bawal
ang pagpanigarilyo kung akoa magamaneho sa akoang tricycle.)
4. I install a No Smoking sign inside my tricycle. (Aduna koy No Smoking sign na nakapaskil sa
akoang tricycle.)
5. I observe strict emission standard by going through smoke emission tests. (Nagasunod ko
istrikto nga sukaranan sa pagbuga pinaagi sa pag-agi sa mga pagsulay sa pagbuga sa us aka
aso.)
6. I observe proper driving habits. (Ginasiguro naku ang pagsunod sa tamang buluhaton
samtang naka maneho.)
7. I understand that littering inside my tricycle is punishable by law. (Nakasabot ko nga bawal
ang paghugaw-hugaw sa sulod sa akoang tricycle.)
8. I know incineration of garbage is prohibited. (Kahibalo ko na nga ginadili ang pagsunog ug
basura.)
9. I am aware that Solid Waste Management seminar is necessary. (Aduna koy kahibalo na
kailangan gayud ang Solid Waste Management Seminar.)
10. I recognize the importance of prohibiting the manufacturing, importing, and selling
leaded gasoline and of engines/or components requiring leaded gasoline. (Akoang makita
ang importansya sa pagbawal sa manufacturing, importing, pagbaligya ug leaded na gasoline
ug paggamit ug mga makina ug/o piyesa nga gigamitan ug leaded na gasoline.)