Vocabulary

Definitions:

1. Resentful- angry, annoyed

2. Relinquish- surrender, give up

3. Cease- stop, end, concluded rest easy

4. Virgin- new, fresh, unexplored

5. Unprecedented- first-time, exceptional, extraordinary

6. Demographic-relating to study of large group of people

7. Knock-on effects- crash impact

8. trials- difficulties

9. trends- leanings, fashions

10. Incredibly- amazingly

11. affluence- wealth, prosperity

12. skew- tilt, lean

13. Statistical prediction- arithmetical calculation

14. Implications- consequences

15. Shift- change, move

16. Mitigate- lessen

17. Predicament- difficulty, dilemma

18. Stricken, afflicted- troubled, disturbed

19. Forego- sacrifice

20. geared towards- get ready

21. Fuddy-duddies- old fashioned

22. Divergent- different

23. blurred- unclear

24. Vigorous- energetic

25. Seasoned- experienced

26. Envisaged- imagined, foreseen

27. Come to pass- happen, take place

28. Benevolent, caring, generous

29. Irrevocably, permanently, forever 30.glib- casually 31.rest easy- reassured, comforted
 Commonly Confused Words
1. accept, except

Accept is a verb that means to receive or agree to. The principal accepted the boy’s story about the
broken window. Except is usually a preposition that means aside from or excluding. I want all of the
mugs to be washed except for the blue one.
2. affect, effect

As a verb, affect means to influence. His money affected the way people treated him.
Effect is usually a noun meaning a result. The drug had several adverse side effects. But it is also
used as a verb meaning to cause. The new laws effected less cultural change than anticipated.

3.allusion, illusion

An allusion is an indirect reference. Did you catch my allusion to Shakespeare? An illusion is a false
or misleading appearance. Mirrors give the room an illusion of depth.

4. assure, ensure, insure

Assure and ensure are generally interchangeable, though assure is more often used for people. I
assure you, sir, I am unarmed. Please ensure that the lid is tight. Insure is almost exclusively used in a
financial sense. Have you insured your car yet?

5. bring, take

If the action is directed toward you, use bring. Bring home the bacon. If the action is away from you,
use take. Take out the trash.

6. censor(n), sensor, censure

A censor is someone who suppresses objectionable subject matter. Many school libraries censored
the book, ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.’ A sensor is a mechanical or electronic detector. To
censure is to criticize strongly or disapprove. The press will often censure thegovernment if they
disagree.

7. conscience, conscious

Conscience is a noun referring to a sense of right and wrong. I would have stayed in bed, but my
conscience said I should get up. Conscious is an adjective meaning awake or aware. Being
consciousnow of the light, how could I live in the dark?

8. continuous, continual

Continuous means constant, without interruption. Continual means recurring or frequently

repeated. We had continuous rain last week. Our roads have continual repair work.

9. elicit, illicit

The verb elicit means to evoke or draw out. The police elicited from the criminal the names of
hisaccomplices. The adjective illicit means illegal. George was guilty of committing illicit acts.

10. emigrate, immigrate, migrate

Emigrate means to move away from one’s country. We emigrated from Canada in 2002. Immigrate
means to move into another country. We immigrated to the United States. Migrate, when referring
to people, means to relocate within the same land. Thousands of inventers sought success by
migrating west. For animals, migrate means to relocate. Geese spend much of the spring and fall
migrating between warm and cool climates.

11. eminent, imminent, immanent

Eminent means prominent or famous. We have gathered this evening to honor three eminent
authors. Imminent means pending or expected soon. Sir, core breach is imminent. Immanent means
inherent or ever-present. God’s immanence is most apparent in the phenomenon of creation.

12. empathy, sympathy

Empathy is a psychological attachment in which one imagines another’s experience. Sympathy

iscompassion for or emotional alignment with a person or other entity.

13. every day, everyday

Every day is a noun phrase. What time do you wake up every day? Everyday is an adjective. How do
you like my everyday attire?

14. Lie, Lay

Use lie when the object is laying itself down. Ex. I am going to lie down. OR Go lie down on the
couch. Use lay when the object is being laid down. Ex. I will lay the book on the table. OR Now I lay
me down to sleep.

15. fewer, less; many, much; number, amount

Use fewer, many, and number with nouns that can be counted. I have fewer pieces than you do. Use
less, much, and amount with general amounts that cannot be counted. I have less candy than you
do.

16. Principal, principle

Principal (noun) is someone in authority or higher rank. I have to meet the principal tomorrow,
Principle (noun) is a doctrine or fundamental truth. We need moral principles to lead an honest life.

17. Of and Off are prepositions. Of frequently refers to possessive relationship. Give me a cup of
water. Don’t fold the pages of the book. Off is a word used commonly as an adverb or as a
preposition. Take off your shoes before you enter.

18. Remember and remind are both verbs. Remember is trying to bring something to mind.
Remind is something like "to cause someone to bring to mind". Your hair and eyes remind me of
your mother. I can remember people's faces, but not their names.

19. Rise vs. Raise

Use rise when the object is lifting itself. Rise is an intransitive verb. Ex. I rise each morning at six. Use
raise when the object is being risen by another force. Raise is a transitive verb. Ex. She raised her
hand at the teacher’s request.

20. lend, borrow

Lend is to give money to someone to be used and given back later. Borrow is to take money from
someone for one’s use to be returned back later.
Rewrite these sentences from the active to passive voice in all tenses.

1. The circus will attract a large population of youngsters.

A large population of youngsters will be attracted by the circus.

2. The watchman chased the children, playing cricket inside the park.

The children, playing cricket inside the park was chased by the watchman.
3. The puppy watches the master, with lots of love.

The master is watched with lots of love by the puppy.

4. The protestors are throwing stones at the policemen.

Stone are being thrown at the policemen by the protestors

5. A jeep has scratched my car, when I was driving on the highway.

My car was scratched by a jeep when I was driving on the highway.

6. People find information on the Internet.
Information is found on the Internet.
7. They closed the shop at 5 o'clock.
The shop was closed at 5 o'clock.
8. Someone has collected the goods.
The goods have been collected.
9. I think they make these cars in Japan.
I think these cars are made in Japan.
10. You must not drop litter in the street.
Litter must not be dropped in the street.
11. Someone smashed our window last night.
Our window was smashed last night.
12. They have already mended the TV set.
The TV set has already been mended.
13. People will need more public transport.
More public transport will be needed
14. They are decorating the walls.
The walls are being decorated.
15. People are spending less money.
Less money is being spent.
16. They had cooked the meal.
The meal had been cooked.
17. They sell this food in every shop.
 This food is sold in every shop.
18. They have not replaced the wheels yet.
The wheels have not been replaced yet.
19. They delivered more parcels last year.
More parcels were delivered last year.
20. People bought more goods in e-shops.
More goods were bought in e-shops.

Proverbs /idioms & phrases with definitions

1. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

Things we already have are more valuable than what we hope to get.

2. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

When people we love are not with us, we love them even more.

3. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.

One weak part will render the whole weak.

4. Actions speak louder than words.

Actions are a better reflection of one’s character because it’s easy to say things, but difficult to act
on them and follow through.

5. A fool and his money are soon parted.

Foolish people do not know how to hold on to their money.

6. A journey of thousand miles begins with a single step.

Howsoever big a task is, it starts with a small step.

7. All good things come to an end.

Good experiences eventually come to an end.

8. All that glitters is not gold.

Things that look good outwardly may not be as valuable or good.

9. A picture is worth a thousand words.

It is easier to show or explain something through a picture than through words.

10. Appearances can be deceptive.

Outward appearance may not be what you believe them to be.

11. A stitch in time saves nine.

It’s better to deal with problems immediately rather than wait by when they worsen and become
much bigger.

12. As you sow, so you shall reap. Your actions – good or bad – determine what you get.

13. A thing begun is half done.

A good beginning makes it easier to accomplish the rest of the project.

14. Barking dogs seldom bite.

People who appear threatening rarely do harm.

15. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

What may seem beautiful to one person may not seem to another.

16. Beggars can’t be choosers.

People who depend on the generosity of others can’t pick & choose things as per their liking.

17. Best things in life are free-The most valuable things are often free.

18. Better late than never-It is better to get something (you desire) late than get it never.

19. Blood is thicker than water.

Relationships with family (or blood relatives) is stronger than other relationships.

20. Clothes do not make the man- A person’s character can’t be judged by his/ her clothing and
outward appearance.

21. Laughter is the best medicine- It helps to take a difficult situation easily.

22. A piece of cake- An easy task/job

23. Whole nine yards- The entire thing, all of something

24. A dime a dozen- Very common/commonplace

25. To cross swords - To fight

26. Bite off more than you can chew- Try to take on a task too big for oneself

27. Beat around the bush- Trying to avoid a subject/person/situation

28. Burn the midnight oil- Work or labour late into the night

29. Judge a book by its cover- Rely on outward appearances

30. takes two to tango- Most deeds/actions/misdeeds require participation from two people
31. To play fast and loose- To be undependable

32. Kill two birds with one stone- Accomplish two things with the same effort

33. To turn over a new leaf- To change completely one’s course of action

34. Cry over spilled milk- Regret/complain about something that cannot be rectified

35. Hit the road- Begin one’s journey

36. To frame a person- To make one appear guilty

36. once in a blue moon- Once in a while, infrequently

37. Have a blast- To enjoy oneself, have a good time

38. The best of both worlds – means you can enjoy two different opportunities at the same time.

39. See eye to eye – this means agreeing with someone.

40. to spill the beans - to let out the secret to every one

42. To cost an arm and a leg– something is very expensive.

43. Let the cat out of the bag – to accidentally reveal a secret.

44. To feel under the weather – to not feel well.

45. To kill two birds with one stone – to solve two problems at once.

46. To cut corners’ – to do something badly or cheaply.

47. To add insult to injury– to make a situation worse.

48. You can’t judge a book by its cover – to not judge someone or something based solely on
appearance.

49. Break a leg’ – means ‘goodluck’ (often said to actors before they go on stage).

50. To hit the nail on the head’ – to describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem.

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