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A 5G Framework and its Analysis of Interference Cancellation in Multi-Tier

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DOI: 10.1109/ICECCME52200.2021.9591151

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Proc. of the International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME)
A 5G Framework and its Analysis of Interference
Cancellation in Multi-tier Heterogeneous Networks
1st Anand Gachhadar
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
gachhadar.anand@gmail.com
3rd Surendra Shrestha
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
surendra@ioe.edu.np
5th Faizan Qamar
Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM)
Center of Cyber Security
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
faizanqamar@ukm.edu.my
Abstract—In order to attain the maximum data rate and
better spectral efficiency for the 5G wireless communication
network, the operators increase user density of cellular network
to reduce the transmitter-receiver distance. Due to densifica-
tion and wireless networks being interference-limited systems,
it motivates a use of interference mitigation techniques. In
this work, we present a statistical framework to evaluate and
measure the performance of multi-tier heterogeneous networks
using successive interference cancellation (SIC) capabilities in an
heterogeneous environment where the access points and users
are randomly distributed. We analyse the performance of users
based on success probability, ergodic capacity, throughput gain,
outage probability and coverage probability. The interference
cancellation technique regenerates the interfering signals and
then cancel them to improve the SIR ratio of the received signal.
Hence statistical model includes performance based on varying
maximum instantaneous SIR and load.
Index Terms—Successive interference cancellation, multi-tier
heterogeneous network, device-to-device network, relay-to-user
interference.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The Massive Internet of Things (M-IoT) is a promising
technology that deals with devices that has low power and
communicate with nearby devices via internet. The final
objective of M-IoT [5-7] is to provide a reliable connectivity
and an acceptable interface in order to communicate between
devices. It provides interconnection with internet and also
enables machine-to-machine (M2M) communication among
heterogeneous devices without participation of human [8-10].
Major applications of IoT are remote health care systems,
traffic controlling and monitoring, disaster management and
industrial control [10].
A robust solution [1] is required to provide a higher spec-
tral efficiency and higher bandwidth demand. A recent de-
978-1-6654-1262-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
7-8 October 2021, Mauritius
2nd Ram Krishna Maharjan
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
rkmahajn@gmail.com
4th Nanda Bikram Adhikari
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
adhikari@ioe.edu.np
velopment in technology has increased the usage of inter-
net applications. Users around the globe use data hungry
applications such as gaming, multi-media applications [2]
and video upload/download which requires high bandwidth.
Higher bandwidth allows for larger throughput and also aids to
reduce the complexity of the network, thereby providing high
quality of service and reduced end-to-end latency. Interference
[3-4] issues in urban areas are mainly due to multi-path
propagation and scattering. Scattering issues are primarily due
to nearby devices in a high density multi-tier heterogeneous
network. The concept of multi-connectivity (MC) [26] helps
to achieve low latency and ultra reliability. Utilization of
millimeter waves (mm-waves) helps in obtaining maximum
data rate in 5G wireless networks, which has become major
advancement in 5G networks for achieving higher bandwidth.
II. R ELATED W ORK
System Cost and spectral efficiency are two major demands
in wireless applications. Hence, researchers look forward
in development of wireless solutions that provide higher
capacity and bandwidth. At present, wireless network have
to ensure higher throughput in order to cope the demand
of data hungry user applications. Higher bandwidth comes
with price of increase in bit error rate. Hence, wireless
solutions should ensure low latency [11] with improvement
in Quality of Service (QoS). Interference in high density
networks are mainly caused due to multi-path propagation
and scattering. Multi-path propagation is often caused by
high rise buildings and non-line of sight between transmitter
and received which cause the signal to travel through various
paths. Scattering is caused to irregular object with wavelength
less than that of transmitted signal between transmitter and
receiver. An efficient approach to meet higher demands of
user is to deploy a base station at the center or at the edge
of a cell. Hence to solve the problem of transmitted signal
being undetected a Relay Nodes [12] are deployed to create
multi-hop communication.
There are two basic reasons for deploying Radio Networks
(RNs). i) To amplify the signal quality of received information
and ii) Forward signal from BS to the User Equipment without
losing any information [13-14]. Amplify-and-Forward (AF)
and decode-and-forward (DF) are the two possible techniques
used in relay networks. FD normally has higher gains and
double spectral efficiency as compared to HD [15] and can
provide requested data rate between source-relay and relay-
destination in order to evade congestion at the relay. The major
drawback of FD mode is that it suffers from undesired relay
self-interference (RSI), since relay transmitter and receiver
are located at same access point and also because it uses
same frequency for transmission and reception. Full duplex
mode suffers from unwanted interference which is caused due
to relay self-interference (RSI), because of the placement of
relay transceiver at the same location and same frequency band
for reception and transmission [16-18] and is also known as
single-frequency “simultaneous transmit and receive” (STAR)
[19].
III. M OTIVATION AND C ONTRIBUTION
Interference has been a serious issue for cellular mobile
networks. This become more serious in an heterogeneous net-
work where hundreds of devices are trying to communicate in
the same environment. Current network demands for a higher
bandwidth and better spectral efficiency without degradation in
system performance and efficiency. This paper aims to provide
an analysis of interference cancellation technique in multi-tier
heterogeneous network. Network consists of base station, relay
nodes and user equipment. Various types of interference are
taken into account between base station, relay nodes and user
equipment. The major contribution are highlighted as follows:
• A detailed mathematical analysis of probabilities in both
with and without interference cancellation technique.
• Implementation of successive interference cancellation
technique and installation of relay nodes in order to
improve the signal quality.
IV. S YSTEM M ODEL
A. Multi-tier cellular network
A D2D-enabled multi-tier cellular network has been consid-
ered in this model, which consists of a base station and cellular
users connected via a relay node as shown in Figure 1. The
relay node, cellular and D2D users are randomly distributed
with poisson point process of relay nodes ϕR , poisson point
process of cellular user ϕCU and poisson point process of D2D
users ϕD , respectively. The transmission power constraints for
base stations, relay nodes, cellular users and device-to-device
users are defined as follows ρBS {|xBS |2 } = 1 where ρBS is
the transmission power at base station and xBS , is the transmit
signal from base station ρR {|xR |2 } = 1 where ρR is the
transmission power at relay station and xR is the transmit
signal from relay station. ρCU {|xCU |2 } = 1, ρCU is the
transmission power at cellular user and xCU is the transmitted
signal at cellular user, ρD {|xD |2 } = 1, ρD is the transmission
power at D2D user and xD is the transmitted signal at D2D
user. λR , λCU , λD are the density of relay nodes, cellular
and device-to-device users respectively. We assume various
channels in our network i.e. channel from base station to relay
node |HBSi Ri |, channel from relay to relay |HRj Ri |, channel
from relay to cellular user |HRj CU i |, channel from cellular
to relay user |HCUj Ri |, channel from cellular to cellular user
|HCUi CUi | and channel from D2D to cellular user |HDi CUj |
are experiencing from Rayleigh fading exp (σ) with the path
loss exponent γ.
Fig. 1. Multi-tier heterogeneous network system model.
B. Channel Model
In our network model, base station BSi is transmitting
the information signal xBSi connected to the relay node Ri ,
which received the multiple signals yR , that consist of Desired
Signal (DS) from BSi is via channel |HBSi Ri | with path loss
PL,M ,where PL,M is the path loss between base station and
relay node, inter-relay interference(IRI) from Rj via channel
|HRj Ri | with path loss between relay nodes PL,RR , relay
self interference (RSI) via channel |HRi Ri | and the received
noise nR . Similarly, for the second tier, the cellular user CUi ,
received signal various signals yCU i that consist of desired
signal (DS) xRi from Ri via channel |HRj CUi | with path
loss between relay nodes and user PL,O , the relay-to-user
interference (RUI) from Rj having signal xRj via channel
|HRj CUi | with path loss PL,O , cellular-to-cellular interference
(CCI) from CUj having transmitted signal xCU j via channel
|HCUj CUi | with path loss between cellular users PL,p , cellular-
to-device interference (CDI) from D2D users having signal Dj
via channel |HDj CUi | with path loss between D2D and cellular VI. N ETWORK WITH I NTERFERENCE C ANCELLATION
users PL,N and the received noise are nCUi . T ECHNIQUE

V. N ETWORK WITHOUT I NTERFERENCE C ANCELLATION Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) is a promising

T ECHNIQUE
In this section, interference cancellation technique has not
been used in both of the cellular and D2D users scenarios.
Here, we derive the expression for the received SINR along
with the probability of successful transmission for the cellular
users and D2D users.
A. SINR Calculation
As shown in the fig 1, the D2D user Di receives several
signals, which includes the desired signal (DS) from CUi plus
noise received, the sum of all Relay to Device Interference
(RDI) from nearby RNs, the sum of all Device-to-device In-
terference (DDI) from nearby devices and sum of all cellular-
to-device interference (CDI) from nearby cellular users.
√
DS = ρCUi PL,N g −γ/2 ||HCUi Di ||zCU i
interference cancellation technique and this approach has
been widely used in cellular networks. In this technique, it
regenerates interfering signals and successively cancels out
them from received signal so as to amplify the signal-to-noise
ratio of the original signal. It consists of 3 phases:
• In first phase, SIC decodes the strongest interfering
signals by treating other signal as noise.
• In second phase, it regenerates the strongest interfering
signal and subsequently removes out from the received
signal.
• In third phase, SIC receiver then decode, regenerate and
cancels out the second strongest interfering signal.
Finally, this process is repeated until the desired signal is
decoded.
(1)

X p
RDI = ρRi PL,O h−γ/2 ||HRi Di xRi (2)
xi ∈ϕR

X √
CDI = ρCU j PL,P f −γ/2 ||HCUj Di ||yCUj (3)
yj ∈λCU

X √
DDI = ρDj PL,N g −γ/2 ||HDj Di ||zDj (4)
zj ∈λD

So the total received signal at Di

yDi = DS + nDi + RDI + CDI + DDI (5)

Fig. 2. Decode using Successive Interference Cancellation receiver.
whereas the total received SINR at Di is given by
yDi
SIN RRi = (6)
IRi A. Successful transmission probability
Where IRi is the overall interference at Ri . i.e. RSI and We first analyze the effect of interference cancellation
IRI. technique for the cellular users CUi . The overall equivalent
interference at CUi would include the RUI, CCI and CDI as
√ √ stated in equation (5). Given that the k-strongest equivalent
IRi = ρRi ||HRi Ri ||xRi + ρRj PL,RR α−γ/2 ||HRj Ri ||xRj interferers have been cancelled, therefore in comparison with
(7) the equation (6), the received SIR at the cellular user has been
estimated as.
B. Success Probability
Complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of k ρRi PL,O h−γ
i ||HO ||
2
SIRCU = (9)
SIRDi , is used for the calculation of success probability of i eq(k)
ICUi
D2D users which is denoted by
eq(k)
Where ICUi is the cumulative interference at the cellular
PSU CDi = P (SIRDi ≥ τDi ) (8) k
user CUi . The successful probability to obtain SIRCU i
at the
where τDi is the threshold signal at Di , PSU CDi is the prob- user CUi can be expressed as
ability of successful transmission of D2D users and SIRDi is
k k
the signal to interference noise ratio of D2D users. PSU C CU = P (SIRCU i ≥ τCUi )
i
(10)
B. Success Probability with finite SIC E. Ergodic Capacity
The success transmission probability of the cellular user The ergodic capacity of the cellular users can be estimated
with finite K-level (K ≥ 1) SIC capability is as defined in [21]

CERGCUi −IN T F =
SIC−K
PSU CCU i −IN T F = PSU CCUi + Z ∞ eq(k)
log2 (1 + τCUi ).ICUi −IN T F fh (h)
K

k k
 dh (16)
Y X X 0 λD + λR
 (P j j
1 − PSU  k
SU CCU −IN T F )(
i
CCU ) PSU CCU i i
2
k=1 j=1 j=1
fh (h)dh = 2πλCU he−πλCU h (17)
(11)
SIC−K
Where PSU CCU i −IN T F is the probability of successful trans-
eq(k)
X
mission of cellular users finite SIC, PSU CCUi Probability of ICUi −IN T F = ρCUj
j
successful transmission of cellular users. PSU CCU i −IN T F is
eq
yCUj ∈ψCU −IN T F \{yCU0 ,yCU1 ,...yCUk }
the probability of successful transmission of cellular users for PL,P fj ||yCUj ||−γ (18)
k-1 strongest equivalent interferers.
F. Network Throughput Gain
C. Success Probability with infinite SIC
The rate of successful transmission probability over a com-
The success transmission probability of the cellular user munication channel is known as network throughput gain.
with infinite K-level (K ≥ 1) SIC capability is The spectral efficiency of an ideal FD radio can be doubled
compared to that of an HD radio and also increase the
SIC−K overall throughput of wireless network. Here, we calculate the
PSU CCU i −IN T F = PSU CCUi +
  network throughput gain achieved for both cellular user CUi
∞
Y Xk k
X and D2D user Di . The network throughput gain of the cellular
 (P j j
1 − PSU  k
SU CCU −IN T F )(
i
CCU ) PSU CCU i i
user CUi can be estimated as defined in [22-23].
k=1 j=1 j=1
(12) Z ∞ Z ∞
SIC−K
TCUi = PSU CCUi −IN T F FCUi fh (h)dhdj (19)
D. Outage Probability j>0 0
Outage probability is defined as the probability, when the 2
fh (h)dh = 2πλCU he−πλCU h (20)
received signal to interference ratio SIRTCUi at cellular user
CUi , is less than the provided threshold τCUi . Therefore, the
probability of unsuccessful transmission has been estimated as (
defined in [20] and can be written as
FCUi = exp − πh2i (ej − 1)2/γ

k k k
" SIC−K #)
POU TCU = OP,CU i −IN T F
P (SIRCU i −IN T F
≥ τCUi ) PSU CCU −IN T F λCU λR
Z ∞
1
i −IN T F i
(13) dν (21)
k
CERGCUi −IN T F (ej −1)2/γ 1 + ν 2/γ
Here τCUi is the maximum SIR threshold. POU TCUi −IN T F
is the probability of unsuccessful transmission of cellular  
user for k-1 strongest interferers. OP,CUk
is the outage ϑ
i −IN T F ν = exp −λCU π τCU,2 F1 (1, 1 − ϑ; 2 − ϑ; τCUi )
probability of cellular user with k-1 strongest interferers. 1−ϑ
The total outage probability (unsuccessful transmission proba- (22)
bility) of the cellular user with infinite and finite SIC capability Where T(CUi ) is the network throughput gain of cellular
has been estimated as: users, CERGCUi −IN T F is the ergodic capacity of cellular users.
Outage probability with finite SIC G. Coverage Probability
SIC−k SIC−K In the cooperative relay based D2D enabled cellular net-
OP,CUi
= 1 − PSU CCU −IN T F (14) work, where SIR is being studied with respect to BS, there
i

SIC−K
Where PSU are several transmitted and received signal which defines
CCU −IN T F has been defined in equation (10)
i the coverage of respective transceivers [25]. In our model,
Outage probability with infinite SIC base station BSi , relay node Ri , cellular user CUi and the
device-to-device user Di are involved in transmission and
SIC
OP,CU SIC
= 1 − PSU (15) forming signal coverage area. Here, we calculate the coverage
i CCU i −IN T F
probability achieved for both cellular user CUi and D2D user
SIC
Where PSU CCU has been defined in equation (11) Di .
i −IN T F
For the cellular user, the coverage probability has been eval- success transmission probability of of cellular and device-to-
uated into two sets i.e. the coverage probability for the BSi device user for finite level SIC is calculated using equation
to Ri hop and the coverage probability from the Ri to CUi (9). The received signal consists of cumulative interference
hop. The total coverage probability of the cellular user CUi from cellular users, device-to-device users, relay to user in-
can be estimated as defined in [24]. terference. The received signal is estimated as provided in
equation (8). Similarly outage probability is computed by

subtracting the success probability from 1. Ergodic Capacity
CCUi = PCOV SIRTCUi ≥ τCUi = 1 − FSIRCUi (τCUi ) is the upper bound of the capacity of the statistics channel
(23) and is evaluated by averaging the capacity obtained from a
Where CCUi is the coverage probability of cellular users. particular time instance over an infinite time interval. The
VII. N UMERICAL R ESULTS ergodic capacity of three different schemes are compared
under different interference power.
This section presents the numerical analysis to prove our
theoretical findings of interference cancellation in a multi-tier
heterogeneous network. We compare the SIC model with
Zero Forcing technique and without cancellation technique
approaches w.r.t density of user and signal-to-interference
ratio threshold. The transmitted power of relay and base
station are assumed to be 43 dBm and 23 dBm, respectively.

In the following, we use the default values in Table 1.

unless otherwise stated. A multi-tier network in a 10 km × 10
km square area with the reference receiver at the origin. We
sampled 5000 realizations using monte-carlo simulation and
SIR is varied from -15 to 10 dB to calculate the probabilities.
Users are randomly placed within a coverage area. Macro cells
are placed at fixed position with a cell radius of 40m and users
are allowed to move within a geographical area.

TABLE I
S IMULATION PARAMETERS .

Parameters Values
Simulation area 10 km x 10 km
No. Of users Varies from 10 to 100 Fig. 3. Coverage probability for multi-tier network with respect to maximum
Position of users Randomly distributed SIR.
No of access points 2
Outdoor path loss exponent 4
SIR threshold Varies from -15 to 10 dB B. Varying users density
QoS threshold of macro cell user 4.8 dB
QoS threshold of D2D user 6 dB
In a multi-tier heterogeneous network each user is an inter-
Indoor path loss exponent 3 ference to other, hence an increase in user density increases
Transmit power of Base station 43dBm interference. So a robust technique is required to mitigate
Transmit power of D2D device 23dBm the interference and achieve higher bandwidth and spectral
Macro cell radius 40m
efficiency. The SIR threshold is fixed and the number of users
are increased linearly and a finite level of SIC is implemented.
The success probability changes drastically with the increase
A. Varying SIR threshold in number of users. The higher success probability at lower
Results are obtained using cancellation techniques and number of users is due to the fact that the cellular-to-cellular
without cancellation techniques. SIC has been implemented user interference and device-to-device interference are lower
for mitigation of interference from users, base stations and and has the number of users increases CCI and DDI also
device-to-device users which has higher coverage probability increases which allows to reduce the success probability.
for various SIR threshold. The coverage probability as shown SIC technique handles all channel interference and leads to
in figure 3 shows that the coverage probability with SIC achieving improved coverage probability, higher capacity and
technique is 1.0 until SIRT = −8dB and starts to decrease. low outage probability. Figure 9 shows that capacity is also
Whereas the performance of network without cancellation affected by the number of users in a given cell and ergodic
technique is worse and decreases linearly with increase in capacity is estimated for various users within a cell which are
SIRT . Coverage probability for both cellular and device-to- then averaged. SIC offers 20% for success probability than
device users are calculated as provided in equation (22). The Zero Forcing at 10 number of users and 15% more success
Fig. 4. Success probability for multi-tier network with respect to maximum
SIR.
Fig. 5. Outage probability for multi-tier network with respect to maximum
SIR
probability at 100 number of users. Hence the increase in
number if users in a cell also increases the interference effect
which affect the capacity of the cell. However due to SIC
technique it is able to mitigate all the interference and provide
better overall average capacity.
VIII. C ONCLUSION AND D ISCUSSION
This work formulates the 5G framework and analyses the
interference in multi-tier heterogeneous network. Various types
of interference, such as source-to-relay interference, inter-
relay interference, self-relay interference, relay-to-destination
Fig. 6. Ergodic Capacity for multi-tier network with respect to maximum
SIR
Fig. 7. Success probability for multi-tier network with respect to number of
users.
interference is suffered by users in a high density heteroge-
neous communication network. In this paper we analyse the
interference mitigation techniques in a 5G framework using
SIC technique. The stochastic geometrical approach are used
to calculate the success probability, ergodic capacity, outage
probability and throughput gain. Finally, our simulations il-
lustrates that the SIC techniques offers noteworthy interfer-
ence mitigation and provides better system performance and
spectral efficiency as compared to the traditional mitigation
approaches. The users are connected to the cellular base
station that provides maximum received signal strength and the

Fig. 8. Outage probability for multi-tier network with respect to number of
users.
Fig. 9. Ergodic Capacity for multi-tier network with respect to number of
users.
performance diminishes with the number of cancellations for
realistic values of SIR. Yet several deployment scenarios are
presented for multi-tier network where SIC yields performance
gains for SIR threshold and user densities.
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