Budget: February 2022

FEBRUARY 2022
Budget
2022-23
22 Year Experienced Team

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National Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
India’s RANK IN
International Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Global Peace Index (GPI) 135th
World Happiness Report 2021 139th
Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Intellectual Property (IP) Index 2021
40th
Appointments/Resignations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Economic Freedom Index 121st
Economy Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Scienti ic Articles Published

3rd

Environment Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 The Global Climate Risk Index 2021
7th

Democracy Index 2020 53rd
Awards & Prizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
The Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
86th
Science & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 2020

Innovation Index 50th
Defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Ease of Doing Business 63rd

Ranking & Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Human Freedom Index
111st
Obituaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Human Development Index 131st
Receiving Spam Calls 9th
Conference, Committees & Summits . . . . . . . . . . 142
Global Hunger Index 2020 94th

Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Teacher Status Index (GTSI) 6th

Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Asia Power Index 2020 4th
Global Economic Freedom Index 105th
Days & Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Human Capital Index 116th
Books & Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Global Innovation Index 48th
World Risk Index (WRI) 89th
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Budget Transparency Index 53rd
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02
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National Issues February 2022
2027 to cover all the aspects of Adult Education to

New India Literacy align with National Education Policy 2020 and
Programme Budget Announcements 2021-22.
· The National Education Policy 2020 has
Government approved a new scheme “New India recommendations for Adult Education and
Literacy Programme” for the period FYs 2022- Lifelong Learning.
About New India Literacy Programme
· The scheme will cover non-literates of the age digitally for easy access to registered
of 15 years and above in all state/UTs in the volunteers through easily accessible digital
country. modes, viz, TV, radio, cell phone-based
free/open-source Apps/portals, etc.
· The scheme will be implemented through
volunteerism through online mode. · The target for Foundational Literacy and
Numeracy for FYs 2022-27 is 5 ( ive) crore
· The training, orientation, workshops of
volunteers, may be organized through face-to- learners @ 1.00 crore per year by using “Online
face mode. Teaching, Learning and Assessment System
(OTLAS)” in collaboration with National
· All material and resources shall be provided
03
Informatics Centre, NCERT and NIOS in which a for wider coverage of the scheme.
learner may register him/herself with essential
· Performance Grading Index (PGI) for State/UT
information like name, date of birth, gender,
and district level will show the performance of
Aadhaar number, mobile number etc.
States and UTs to implement the scheme and
· As a progressive step, it has also been decided achievements on yearly basis by weighing both
that from now onwards that the term the physical and inancial progress through
“Education For All” will be used in place of UDISE portal.
“Adult Education” by the Ministry in view of
· CSR/Philanthropic Support may be received by
the fact that the terminology “Adult Education”
hosting ICT support, providing volunteer
is not incorporating appropriately all non-
support, opening facilitation centres for
literates of 15 years and above age group.
learners and for providing IT access to
Objectives of the scheme economically weak learners in the form of cell
phones, etc
· To impart foundational literacy and numeracy
· There will be involvement of community,
· To impart critical life skills (including inancial
p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f p h i l a n t h r o p i c / C S R
literacy, digital literacy, commercial skills,
organizations through volunteerism and
health care and awareness, child care and
through Vidyanjali portal.
education, and family welfare);
· States/UTs will promote individual/ family/
· Vocational skills development (with a view
village/ district success stories through various
towards obtaining local employment);
platforms.
· Basic education (including preparatory, middle,
· It will utilize all types of media – Electronic,
and secondary stage equivalency);
Print, Folk & Inter-personal platforms
· Continuing education (including engaging including social media platforms like Facebook,
holistic adult education courses in arts, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, TV
sciences, technology, culture, sports, and channels, radio, etc.
recreation, as well as other topics of interest or
· Annual Achievement Survey of Learning
use to local learners, such as more advanced
Outcomes by samples of 500-1000 randomly
material on critical life skills).
selected learners from each state/UT and
Salient Features of the scheme Outcome-Output Monitoring Framework
(OOMF).
· School will be Unit for implementation of the
scheme. Need for this scheme
· Schools to be used for conducting survey of · As per Census 2011, the absolute number of
bene iciaries and Voluntary Teachers (VTs). non-literates of the country in 15 years and
above age group is 25.76 crore (Male 9.08 crore,
· Different strategies are to be adopted for Female 16.68 crore).
different age cohorts. Flexibility for States/UTs
will be provided to undertake innovative · Even after the Saakshar Bharat programme
activities. implemented during 2009-10 to 2017-18, it is
estimated that currently around 18.12 crore
· Use of Technologies to impart Adult Education adults are still non-literate in India.
04
out of Assam, a sub-committee headed by then

Assam-Arunachal Assam chief minister Gopinath Bordoloi made
Pradesh Border some recommendations in relation to the
administration of NEFA (under Assam) and
Dispute submitted a report in 1951.
· Based on the Bordoloi committee report,
Arunachal Pradesh, which was earlier a part of
around 3,648 sq km of the “plain” area of
Assam, shares a boundary of roughly 800 km with
Balipara and Sadiya foothills was transferred
the state—with frequent lare-ups reported along
from Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA) to
the border since the 1990s..
Assam's then Darrang and Lakhimpur districts.
· While the lashpoint this time was the ongoing
· Arunachal Pradesh has long held that the
construction of the Likabali-Durpai road being
transfer was done without the consultation of
built under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
its people.
Yojana (PMGSY), the boundary dispute
between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh dates · They said, It was arbitrary, defective, and no
back to colonial times. tribal leader from Arunachal Pradesh was
consulted before the land was transferred. They
Bone of contention: 1951
just decided to draw a line between the hills and
· Arunachal Pradesh, which was earlier a part of plains
Assam, shares a boundary of roughly 800 km
· Arunachal had customary rights over these
with the state—with frequent lare-ups
lands, considering the tribes living there would
reported along the border since the 1990s.
pay taxes to Ahom rulers.
· The dispute dates back to colonial times, when
· Assam, on the other hand, feels that this
the British in 1873 announced the “inner line”
demarcation as per 1951 noti ication is
regulation, demarcating an imaginary
constitutional and legal.
boundary between plains and the frontier hills,
which were later designated as
the North East Frontier Tracts
in 1915.
· The latter corresponds to the
area that makes up present-day
Arunachal Pradesh.
· After Independence, the Assam
g o v e r n m e n t a s s u m e d
administrative jurisdiction
over the North East Frontier
Tracts, which later became the
North East Frontier Agency
(NEFA) in 1954, and inally, the
U n i o n Te r r i t o r y ( U T ) o f
Arunachal Pradesh in 1972. It
gained statehood in 1987.
· However, before it was carved
05
Efforts at demarcation government alleged that people from Assam

were “building houses, markets and even
· The border issues came to the fore after
police stations on its territory”.
Arunachal Pradesh became a UT in 1972.
· Since then intermittent clashes have been
· Between 1971 and 1974, there were multiple
taking place, making the border tense.
efforts to demarcate the boundary but it did
not work out. · Another paper by the same institute in 2020
said that Assam had raised the issue of
· In April 1979, a high-powered tripartite
Arunachal Pradesh encroaching on its forest
committee was constituted to delineate the
land, and had periodically launched eviction
boundary on the basis of Survey of India maps,
drives, leading to tensions on the ground.
as well as discussions with both sides.
· One was in 2005 in Bhalukpong in Arunachal
· By 1983-84, out of the 800 km, 489 km, mostly
Pradesh's West Kameng district and the other
in the north bank of the Brahmaputra, were
in 2014 in the Behali Reserve Forest area, in the
demarcated. However, further demarcation
foothills between Assam's Sonitpur and
could not commence because Arunachal
Arunachal's Papumpare districts.
Pradesh did not accept the recommendations,
and claimed several kilometres out of the 3,648 Likabali- Durbai road:
sq km that was transferred as per the 1951
· The recent lashpoint is the ongoing Likabali-
noti ication.
Durpai PMGSY road project in Arunachal
· Assam objected and iled a case in the Supreme Pradesh's Lower Siang district—Assam claims
Court in 1989, highlighting an “encroachment” that some parts of the road, under construction
made by Arunachal Pradesh. since 2019, falls under its Dhemaji district.
· To resolve the dispute between the two states, · The road, about 65 km to 70 km, is meant to
the apex court-appointed a local boundary connect at least 24 villages between Arunachal
commission in 2006, headed by a retired SC Pradesh's Durpai and Likabali and has been
judge. granted after years of petitioning by local
residents.
· In September 2014, the local commission
s u b m i t t e d i t s r e p o r t . S e v e r a l · Likabali is one of the oldest towns in the
recommendations were made (some of which foothills and has long been a site of dispute.
suggested Arunachal Pradesh get back some of
· Recently, a culvert under construction close to
the territory which was transferred in 1951),
Hime, one of the villages through which the
and it was suggested that both states should
road runs, was burnt by “unidenti ied
arrive at a consensus through discussions. .
miscreants from the Assam side.
Flashpoints:
· Following that, there were uncon irmed
· According to a 2008 research paper from the reports of “ iring in the air” by local residents
Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies from the Arunachal Pradesh side as touching
and Analyses, clashes were irst reported in disputed territory.
1992 when the Arunachal Pradesh state
06
aggressively. A sessions court quickly

sentenced 172 of the 225 accused to death.
However, ultimately, only 19 of those convicted
were hanged.
· Mahatma Gandhi condemned the crime of the
policemen's killing. The volunteer groups in
nearby villages were disbanded, and a Chauri
C h a u r a S u p p o r t F u n d w a s s e t u p t o
demonstrate “genuine sympathy” and seek
atonement.
· Gandhi decided to stop the Non-Cooperation
Movement, which he saw as having been
tainted by unforgivable violence. He bent the
Congress Working Committee to his will, and
on 12th February, 1922, the satyagraha
(movement) was formally suspended.
· Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders leading the
Non-Cooperation movement were shocked
that Gandhiji had stopped the struggle when
C h a u r i C h a u r a the civil resistance had consolidated their
position in the freedom movement.
Incident · Other leaders like Motilal Nehru and CR Das
recorded their dismay at Gandhi's decision and
PM remembers heroes of freedom struggle on decided to establish the Swaraj Party.
completion of hundred years of Chauri Chaura
incident. Launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement
Chauri Chaura Incident · On 1st August, 1920, Gandhi had launched the
Non-Cooperation Movement against the
· On 4th February 1922, volunteers congregated government.
in the town, and after the meeting, proceeded
in a procession to the local police station, and to · It involved using swadeshi and boycott of
picket the nearby Mundera bazaar. foreign goods, especially machine made cloth,
and legal, educational and administrative
· The police ired into the crowd killing some institutions, “refusing to assist a ruler who
people and injuring many volunteers. misrules”.
· In retaliation, the crowd proceeded to set the · In the winter of 1921-22, volunteers of the
police station on ire. Congress and the Khilafat Movement were
· Some of the policemen who tried to escape organised into a national volunteer corps.
were caught and battered to death. A lot of · Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic force in
police property, including weapons, was India that arose in 1919 in an effort to salvage
destroyed. the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among
· The British Raj prosecuted the accused the Muslim community in India during the
British raj.
07
· The Congress supported the movement and inherent part of a strategy of political action
Mahatma Gandhi sought to conjoin it to the that is based on the masses.
Non-Cooperation Movement.
Immediate Result
Justi ication for the Suspension of the
· The disillusionment resulting from the
Movement
suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement
· Gandhi on his part, justi ied himself on n u d g e d m a n y o f t h e y o u n g e r I n d i a n
grounds of his unshakeable faith in non- nationalists towards the conclusion that India
violence. would not be able to throw off colonial rule
through non-violence.
· Historians such as Bipan Chandra have argued
that Gandhian strategy of non-violence was · It was from the ranks of these impatient
based on the premise that the use of repressive patriots that some of India's most of the
force against non-violent protesters would revolutionaries came into picture like Jogesh
expose the real character of the colonial state Chatterjee, Ramprasad Bismil, Sachin Sanyal,
and Ashfaqulla Khan, Jatin Das, Bhagat Singh,
Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Masterda Surya Sen,
· ultimately put moral pressure on them, but
and many others.
incidents such as Chauri Chaura defeated that
strategy. · Besides, sudden termination of the Non-
Cooperation Movement disillusioned the
· Besides, Bipin chandra opines that withdrawal
Khilafat movement leaders that created a rift
or shift to a phase of non-confrontation is an
between Congress and the muslim leaders.
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08
Ayodhya, Brindavan, Kumbakonam and others.

· The idols of deities and structures were
constructed in the shape at the existing
temples.
· The base building, which is 16.5 metres tall, has
a meditation hall where a 54-inch statue of Sri
Ramanuja made of 120 kg gold, representing
the years he lived, will be inaugurated by
President Ramnath Kovind by performing the
irst puja on February 13.
· The deity at the inner sanctorum is meant for
daily worship by people.
About Ramanuja (c. 1017 – 1137 CE)
· Ramanuja, reformer and Vaishnavite saint was
Sri Ramanujacharya born at Sriperumbudur near modern Chennai.
· He preached Vishista Advaitavada (quali ied
The Prime Minister will inaugurate the Statue of monism).
Equality, 216-ft tall statue of the 11th century
reformer and Vaishnavite saint, Sri Ramanuja, at · H i s p h i l o s o p h i c a l f o u n d a t i o n s f o r
the sprawling 40-acre ashram of Sri Tridandi devotionalism were in luential to the Bhakti
Chinna Jeer Swamy in Muchintal on the outskirts movement.
of Hyderabad .
· According to him, God is Saguna Brahman
· India is celebrating his 1,000th birth
anniversary as the 'Festival of Equality',
upholding the view that the world is one family,
'vasudhaiva kutumbakam',”
About Statue of Equality
· It is being installed to mark the 1,000th birth
anniversary of Sri Ramanuja.
· It is a 216-feet tall statue and was built of
panchaloha, a combination of gold, silver,
copper, brass and zinc, by the Aerospun
Corporation in China and shipped to India.
· It is the second largest in the world in sitting
position of the saint.
· The monument will be surrounded by 108
“Divya Desams” of Sri Vaishnavite tradition
(model temples) like Tirumala, Srirangam,
Kanchi, Ahobhilam, Badrinath, Muktinath,
09
(with attributes) and the creative process · Sri Bhashya (a review and commentary on the
including all the objects in creation are real and Brahma Sutras),
not illusory as was held by Shankaracharya.
· Bhagavad Gita Bhashya (a review and
Therefore, according to Ramanuja, God, soul,
commentary on the Bhagavad Gita), and
and matter are real. However, God is the inner
substance and the rest are his attributes. · T h e m i n o r wo rks t i t l e d Ve d a n t a p i d a ,
Vedantasara, Gadya Trayam (which is a
· In Vishista Advaitavada, the universe and
compilation of three texts called the Saranagati
Brahman are considered two equally real
Gadyam, Sriranga Gadyam and the Srivaikunta
entities, as in dualism, but here the universe is
Gadyam), and Nitya Grantham.
not separate from Brahman but is formed out
of Brahman. The Brahman is considered as a Bhakti Movement
personal god with omniscient qualities who
has created the world out of his own self. Thus, · Bhakti movement took place in Tamil Nadu
the world bears to Brahman the relation of the between the seventh and ninth centuries.
part to the whole, or the relation of a 'quali ied · Bhakti saints looked upon religion as love
effect' to the base (hence quali ied monism). between the worshipped and worshipper.
· The difference between Dualism and Vishista · Bhakti was re lected in the emotional poems of
Advaita is that “mankind enjoys higher status the Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) and Alvars
than in pure dualistic worship and is nearer to (devotees of Vishnu).
God”. In Vishista Advaita, both the world and
Brahman are considered equally real; they are · A more effective method for spreading the
not considered to be two separate entities as in Bhakti ideology was the use of local languages.
Dualism. The Bhakti saints composed their verses in
local languages.
· Ramanuja advocated prabattimarga or the
path of self-surrender to God. He invited · They also translated Sanskrit works to make
downtrodden people to Vaishnavism and them understandable to a wider audience.
advocated salvation by Bhakti. · Examples include Kabir, Surdas , Tulsidas,
Important writings include: Shankaradeva, Chaitanya Mirabai.
· Vedarthasangraha (literally, “Summary of the

Vedas meaning”),
st
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10
Vande Bharat Express

The Budget has announced 400 more of these
semi-high-speed trains in the next 3 years.
About Vande Bharat Express:
· The Train18, later named Vande Bharat
Express, is an Indian semi-high-speed,
intercity, EMU train which was designed and
manufactured by Integral Coach Factory (ICF)
at Perambur, Chennai under the Indian
government's Make in India initiative, over a
span of 18 months.
· The train was launched on 15 February 2019.
· It is a semi-high speed trainset, each of 16
coaches, and self-propelled — they do not
require an engine.
· This is called a distributed traction power
system, which is increasingly becoming the
norm the world over for passenger operations.
· Distributed power gives the train higher
acceleration and deceleration compared to
loco-hauled trains, which take a much longer
time to reach top speed or to gradually come to
a halt.
· It is capable of running at a maximum speed of
200 km/h (120 mph), but the tracks on which
the train operates are not capable of
supporting such high speeds, hence the train is divyang friendly toilet and automatic sliding
operated at a maximum speed of 130 km/h cabin doors.
(81 mph).
· It is energy-ef icient as its coaches will be
· This made it the fastest train to run in India itted with LED lights. Coaches will have
and the second fastest operating train in India, automatic doors and retractable footsteps.
behind the Gatimaan Express which operates
The economics
at 160 km/h (99 mph).
· Going by the cost of the current trainsets, the
· Some of its passenger friendly features
400 announced by the minister carry a
include; European-style seats, diffused LED
potential investment of Rs 50,000 crore over
lighting, GPS-based infotainment systems,
the next three years.
modular bio-toilets, fully sealed gangways for
dust-free environment, centrally controlled · The current Vande Bharats are being made at
entry/exit doors with sliding footsteps, Rs 106 crore per trainset of 16 cars, at 2018
11
pricing. The future ones will cost slightly more, of making 400 trainsets will be met in three
because of different speci ications and also years.
in lation.
· Railways will have to pool in all resources and
· There will be additional employment multiple players to deliver the propulsion
generation to the tune of 10,000-15,000. system and also carry out the assembling.
· The Budget has announced that the 400 new · T h e i n d u s t r y p l a y e r s a n d R a i l w a y s
trains will have “better ef iciency”. manufacturing units, both shall need close
coordination and timely allocation of
· In Railways, that has translated into being
resources and regular monitoring to ensure
more energy-ef icient than the present stock,
the induction of these trains in the shortest
along with other upgrades internally.
time possible
Way forward
· The Railway Board has formed a committee to
· In Railways, there is con idence that the target recommend how best to go forward.
12
Background on Bru resettlement and their

Bru Refugees concern
Recently Union Minister of State for Social

Empowerment said that all the internally
displaced Bru tribal people who are living in relief
camps in Tripura for years will be rehabilitated
permanently within the State by March 31,
· Thousands of the Bru people have been living
in relief camps in Kanchanpur and Panisagar
sub-divisions since 1997.
About Bru Tribe
· Bru (aka Reang) are one of the 21 scheduled
tribes of the Indian state of Tripura.
· The Bru community is present in the state of
Tripura, and they also have presence in
Mizoram and Assam.
· They speak the Reang dialect of Kokborok
language which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin
and is locally referred to as Kau Bru. Background on Bru resettlement and their
concern
· In 2018, the Union Home Ministry decided to
give voting rights to around 30,000 people of · Three organisations representing the Bru
the Bru community who had led from community displaced from Mizoram have
Mizoram to Tripura in 1997 in the wake of rejected the sites proposed by the Joint
inter-community violence. Movement Committee (JMC).
· In 2020, a quadripartite agreement was signed · The Joint Movement Committee (JMC) is an
among the Centre, state governments of umbrella group of non-Brus in Tripura, for
Tripura and Mizoram and Bru-Reang their resettlement.
representatives to facilitate permanent
· The demand for inclusion of four JMC
settlement of Bru refugees from Mizoram in
members in the monitoring team for the
Tripura.
resettlement of the Brus has been rejected by
· The Tripura government resettled 493 o r g a n i z a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e B r u
members of 426 Bru families, who spent 24 community.
years in relief camps in Mizoram, in two forest
· The JMC comprising the Bengali, Mizo,
locations of Dhalai district in April 2020.
Buddhist Barua and other communities,
· The government has cleaned jungles to make submitted a memorandum to the Tripura
dwelling sheds for their temporary stay and government specifying places for the
provided funds for construction of pucca resettlement of the Brus who led ethnic
houses, according to the quadripartite violence in Mizoram since 1997.
agreement signed last year in New Delhi.
· A quadrilateral agreement was signed among
13
the Bru groups, the Centre and the State

governments of Mizoram and Tripura. Insurgency Threat in
Why did the Bru reject the JMC resettlement
site proposals?
Manipur
· The organisations representing the Bru Defence Minister, while addressing an election
Community rejected the sites suggested rally in Imphal West, called upon insurgency
because inclusion of four JMC members in the groups operating in Manipur to shun violence and
monitoring team for the settlement of Bru come to the negotiating table. He said the Centre is
internally-displaced people is not applicable ready to hold dialogue with them to bring lasting
since they are not having any connection or peace to the region.
involvement in the issue of either repatriation
to Mizoram or resettlement in Tripura.
· According to the Bru, the interference of the
Kanchanpur Nagarik Suraksha Mancha and
Mizo Convention, prime constituents of JMC, in
site selection is unjusti ied as they are not a
part of either the quadrilateral agreement or
signatory.
What are the requests of the Bru?
· The three refugee groups insisted on resettling
some 6,500 families in clusters of at least 500
families at each of the sites of their choice.
· They want to be relocated to sites of their
choice because the sites proposed by the JMC,
they said, are unconnected by road and
electricity and too far from hospitals, schools
and other facilities.
· The Bru groups also demanded the arrest of
the JMC leaders for “abusive, derogatory and
in lammatory statements” against the Bru
community.
14
Rise of insurgency in Manipur · In 1980, the Centre declared the entire

Manipur as a “disturbed area” and imposed the
· The emergence of insurgency in Manipur
controversial Armed Forces Special Powers
dates back to 1964 with the formation of the
Act (AFSPA) to suppress the insurgency
United National Liberation Front (UNLF),
movement, which remains in force till date.
which still remains one of the formidable
militant out its. · In the early 1990s, the ethnic clashes between
Nagas and Kukis led to the formation of several
· The rise of separatist insurgency in Manipur
Kuki insurgent groups, which have now scaled
mainly attributed to perceived discontent over
down their demand from a separate Kuki state
alleged “forced” merger of Manipur with the
to a Territorial Council.
Union of India and the subsequent delay in
granting it full- ledged statehood. · The further continuance of insurgency led to
the formation of smaller out its like the
· While the erstwhile Kingdom of Manipur was
Zeliangrong United Front (ZUF), People's
merged with India on October 15, 1949, it
United Liberation Front (PULF) and other
became a state only in 1972.
splinter groups.
· The later years saw a slew of militant out its
Cease ire agreement
being formed, including the People's
L i b e r a t i o n A r m y ( P L A ) , P e o p l e ' s · The NSCN-IM entered a cease ire agreement
Revo l u t i o n a r y Pa r t y o f K a n gl e i p a k with the Government of India (GoI) in 1997,
(PREPAK), Kangleipak Communist Party even as peace talks between them have still
(KCP), and Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup been continuing.
(KYKL), among others.
· Similarly, the Kuki out its under two umbrella
· These valley-based out its have been groups, the Kuki National Organisation
demanding an independent Manipur. (KNO) and United People's Front (UPF), also
signed the tripartite Suspension of Operation
· The Naga movement in neighbouring
(SoO) pacts with the GoI and Manipur on
Nagaland spilled over into Manipur's hill
August 22, 2008.
districts with the NSCN-IM controlling most of
it while pressing for “Nagalim” (Greater · Of the total 25 armed Kuki groups operating in
Nagaland), which is perceived in the valley as a the state, 17 are under the KNO and 8 under the
“threat” to Manipur's “territorial integrity”. United Peoples' Front (UPF).
· In subsequent years, Manipur had been caught · However, major valley-based militant out its
in a spiral of violence as various militant out its (Meitei groups) such as the UNLF, PLA, KYKL
carried out deadly attacks on security forces or etc. are yet to come to the negotiating table.
engaged in factional clashes.
· Many of their smaller out its have however
· While the hills account for nine-tenths of entered the SoO agreement with the state
Manipur's geographical area, they are sparsely g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h h a s l a u n c h e d
populated, with most of the state's population rehabilitation programmes for such groups.
concentrated in the valley. The Meitei
community forms a majority in Imphal valley,
while the surrounding hill districts are
inhabited by Nagas and Kukis.
15
POINTERS
16
International Issues February 2022
· FTAs typically cover trades in (a) merchandise

— such as agricultural or industrial products
(b) services — such as banking, construction,
trading and so forth (c) intellectual property
rights (IPRs) (d) investment (e) government
procurement (f) competition policy and so on.
· FTAs additionally, for the most part, provide
criterion called the 'Rules of Origin (RoO)',
required for the determination of product's
country of origin for the imposition of the
preferential tariff on International trade.
Note: Rules of Origin (RoO) are enforced with
the issuance of a Certi icate of Origin (CoO) by
India and UK Launch authorized agencies of the trading partner.
· FTAs act as an exception to the Most Favoured
Free Trade Nation principle adopted by WTO (World
Trade Organization).
Agreement Bene its of India-UK FTA:
Negotiations · The FTA negotiations with the UK is expected
to increase our exports in Leather, Textile,
The Minister of Commerce and Industry, Jewellery and processed Agri products.
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
and Textiles launched the Free Trade Agreement · It also expected to register a quantum jump in
negotiations with the United Kingdom. the export of Marine Products through the
recognition of 56 marine units of India.
· The FTA is expected to facilitate the target of
doubling bilateral trade between India and · The Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs)
United Kingdom by 2030, set by the Prime on Pharma could provide additional market
Ministers of both the nations, in May 2021. access.
What are Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)? · There is also great potential for increasing
exports in service sectors like IT/ITES,
Fr e e Tr a d e A g r e e m e n t s ( F TA s ) a r e t h e Nursing, education, healthcare, including
arrangements between two or more trading AYUSH and audio-visual services.
alliances that primarily agree to lessen or dispose
of customs tariff and non-tariff barriers on · Observing that UK was a major trade partner of
substantial trade between them. India with substantial bilateral volume of trade
in goods and services, the cooperation
Key features of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) extended across areas like tourism, tech,
are as follows: startups, education, climate change, etc.
· The member nations of FTAs explicitly identify · The two nations were looking forward to a
the duties and tariffs that are to be imposed on mutually bene icial trade deal with balanced
member countries when it comes to imports concessions and market access package in a
and exports.
17
wide range of sectors. 2 0 , 0 0 0 I n d i a n s t u d e n t s p u r s u i n g

Undergraduate and Postgraduate courses in
· It will also contribute in integrating value
the UK.
chains and help augment our mutual efforts to
strengthen the resilience of supply chains. · Cultural Linkages: Cultural linkages between
India and UK are deep and extensive, arising
Areas of cooperation between India and UK:
out of shared history between the two
· Institutionalised dialogues: India and UK c o u n t r i e s . T h e re h a s b e e n a g ra d u a l
h ave a n u m b e r o f b i l a t e ra l d i a l o g u e ma in st rea min g of I n dia n cu lt u re a n d
mechanisms in place, covering a wide absorption of Indian cuisine, cinema,
spectrum of areas including political, trade, languages, religion, philosophy, performing
education, science & technology, defence etc. arts, etc.
· Trade: UK is among India's major trading · Indian Diaspora: The India Diaspora in UK is
partners and during the year 2014-15, UK one of the largest ethnic minority communities
ranked 18th in the list of India's top 25 trading in the country, with the 2011 census recording
partners. India's main exports to the UK are approximately 1.5 million people of Indian
garments and textiles, machinery and origin in the UK equating to almost 1.8 percent
instruments, petroleum products, footwear of the population and contributing 6% of the
and leather. country's GDP.
· Services: As per UK's Of ice for National · Geopolitical Signi icance – The Indian Ocean
Statistics, India-UK bilateral trade in services is identi ied as a vital arena for closer defence
in the year 2014 amounted to approx. £2.5 and security cooperation between the two
billion. countries. Further, India needs UK's support on
international fora for its aim to have a
· Investment: UK is the 3rd largest inward permanent seat in UNSC and full membership
investor in India, after Mauritius, and of NSG.
S i n g a p o r e w i t h a c u m u l a t i v e e q u i t y
investment of US $22.56 billion. Issues in India-UK relations
· Economic Dialogue: Bilateral mechanisms · The UK does not have a government-to-

like India-UK Economic & Financial Dialogue government framework for arms sales to India,
(EFD) and India-UK Joint Economic and Trade r e l y i n g i n s t e a d o n c o m m e r c i a l - l e d
Committee ( JETCO) form the basis of transactions.
institutional engagements between the two
· UK is an active participant in Belt and Road
countries.
Initiative of China for which India raised
· Education: Education is an important plank of sovereignty issues.
the India-UK bilateral relationship. Over the
· Colonial hangover in public is affecting the
last 10 years, the relationship has grown
policy makers of India to take decisions for
substantially with the introduction of bilateral
close relations with UK.
mechanisms such as the India-UK Education
Forum UK-India Education and Research · Brexit raises major issues for Indian business:
Initiative (UKIERI). o Political uncertainty and oscillating business
policy along with luctuating market share and
· Indian Students: UK has traditionally been a
prospect. o Restructuring to set up EU
favourite destination for international
subsidiaries of Indian companies.
students. At present, there are approximately
18
Way forward skill development . There is scope for

collaboration in areas of education, science,
· Two sides should reinvigorate the crucial
and creative industries etc.
bilateral relationship, with Britain supporting
India's greater international role, and its global · For India, post-Brexit cover a range of highly
aspirations for a permanent seat in the UN desirable scenarios such more employment
Security Council and membership in the opportunities in Britain for skilled Indian
Nuclear Suppliers Group. workers. Also, India can conclude an FTA
directly with UK as India-EU FTA talks are
· Britain looks at Commonwealth (group of 53
stalled over the years.
states, with majority part of the former British
Empire) as a sort of post-Brexit lifeboat. · E n h a n c i n g C o o p e r a t i o n : S t r a t e g i c
B r i t a i n a n d I n d i a c o u l d w o r k t h e Partnership to a “Comprehensive” Strategic
Commonwealth in concert and to mutual Partnership, which will envision closer
bene it. military ties, cooperation in Indo-Paci ic
strategies, counter-terrorism and ighting
· UK and India can engage with the Indian
climate change.
ambitions for urbanization, digitization and
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On the east and south Central Asia is bounded

India's 'return' to ·
by the western Altai and other high mountain
ranges extending into Iran, Afghanistan, and
Central Asia western China.
The inaugural India-Central Asia Summit, the · Central Asia's landscape can be divided into the
India-Central Asia Dialogue, and the Regional vast grassy steppes of Kazakhstan in the north
Security Dialogue on Afghanistan in New Delhi — and the Aral Sea drainage basin in the south.
all held over the past four months — collectively About 60 percent of the region consists of
indicate a renewed enthusiasm in New Delhi to desert land, the principal deserts being the
engage the Central Asian region. Karakum, occupying most of Turkmenistan,
and the Kyzylkum, covering much of western
About Central Asia Uzbekistan.
· Central Asia is the central region of Asia, · The scarcity of water has led to a very uneven
extending from the Caspian Sea in the west to population distribution, with most people
the border of western China in the east. living along the fertile banks of the rivers or in
· It is bounded on the north by Russia and on the fertile mountain foothills in the southeast;
south by Iran, Afghanistan, and China. comparatively few live in the vast arid
expanses of central and western Kazakhstan
· The region consists of the former Soviet and western Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
re p u b l i c s o f K a z a k h s t a n , U z b e k i s t a n ,
Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. · The ive largest ethnic groups in Central Asia
are, in descending order of size, the Uzbek,
· All of these nations became independent in Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, and Kyrgyz.
1991 after the collapse of the USSR.
20
What is the genesis of India-Central Asia · Central Asia sits at the heart of Eurasia, making
relations? it strategically vital for countries like the US,
China, Russia, Europe and India.
· India's relations with the Central Asian
countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk · This is because it serves as a pivot for
Road, along which people, goods and ideas geopolitical transformations within the
lowed. international arena.
· During the period of the Kushan Empire, which · Many countries are currently competing to
spanned across the territories of modern increase in luence and power over the region.
Central Asia and India, the people-to-people
· Through this region, countries like India and
contact, cultural and economic ties were
China can expand their markets throughout
lourishing.
Eurasia.
· The dissolution of the ancient Silk Road, the
· Apart from its geostrategic position, Central
invasion of Central Asia by Russia and China
Asia has been rich with natural resources –
and the Anglo-Russian rivalry has limited the
Turkmenistan with gas, Kazakhstan with gas
exchanges between India and Central Asia.
and uranium, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan with
· Immediately after independence, India hydropower.
maintained limited ties with Central Asian
· With a population of 33 million in the 1990s,
countries because of the former's excessive
this region is potentially a large market.
focus on the immediate neighbourhood, major
powers in the international arena and other Recent ties between India and Central Asian
Afro-Asian countries. countries
· This may be because of the lack of shared · In Kyrgyzstan, the External Affairs Minister
boundaries. extended a credit line of $200 million for the
support of development projects and signed a
· Following the USSR dissolution, the ive Central
memorandum of understanding (MoU) on
Asian countries gained independence and India
High-Impact Community Development
started to improve ties with them.
Projects (HICDP).
· India was the only non-communist country
· In Kazakhstan, the External Affairs Minister
with a diplomatic presence in the region.
attended the 6th Foreign Ministers' Conference
· It was also one of the irst to accord diplomatic on Interaction and Con idence-Building
recognition to the newly independent Measures in Asia (CICA). At CICA, he targeted
countries. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Admonishing China's methods in promoting
· Immediately after the formation of the Central
the BRI, he said while greater connectivity was
Asian states, New Delhi signed agreements
essential for the promotion of regional stability,
focusing on expanding Indian trade, investment
it must not be pursued for parochial interests.
and developmental assistance.
He also confronted Pakistan for its support
· At present, Central Asia is considered to be a towards cross-border terrorism.
part of India's extended neighbourhood.
· New Delhi signed the Strategic Partnership
What are India's strategic interests in Central Agreements (SPA) with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan
Asia? a n d U z b e k i s t a n t o s t i m u l a t e d e f e n c e
cooperation and deepen trade relations.
21
· In 2012, New Delhi's 'Connect Central Asia' umbrella in the Indian Ocean.
policy aimed at furthering India's political,
· Both India and Sri Lanka are republics within
economic, historical and cultural connections
the Commonwealth of Nations.
with the region. However, India's efforts were
stonewalled by Pakistan's lack of willingness to · In recent years, the relationship has been
allow India passage through its territory. China marked by close contacts at all levels. Trade and
took advantage of the situation and unveiled the i n v e s t m e n t h a v e g r o w n a n d t h e r e i s
much-hyped BRI in Kazakhstan. cooperation in the ields of infrastructure
development, education, culture and defence.
· Mr. Jaishankar has become the irst Indian
External Affairs Minister to visit Armenia. The · In recent years, signi icant progress in
two countries agreed to enhance trade and implementation of developmental assistance
cultural exchanges to boost bilateral relations. projects has further cemented the bonds of
India also supported efforts for a peaceful friendship between the two countries.
solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh con lict
between Azerbaijan and Armenia under the · The nearly three-decade long armed con lict
Organization for Security and Cooperation in between the Sri Lankan forces and the LTTE
Europe's (OSCE) Minsk group. came to an end in 2009. During the course of the
con lict, India supported the right of the Sri
Lankan Government to act against terrorist
India – Sri Lanka forces.
India's consistent position has been in favour of
Relations ·
a negotiated political settlement, which is
acceptable to all communities within the
India's support has made a “world of difference” to framework of a united Sri Lanka and is
Sri Lanka's economic situation, said Sri Lankan consistent with democracy, pluralism and
Foreign Minister G.L. Peiris, on his irst visit to respect for human rights.
India, making it clear that the lurry of agreements
announced in recent weeks have allowed the
neighbours to move on
from the problems of the
“immediate past”.
India – Sri Lanka
Relations
· India and Sri Lanka
s h a r e a m a r i t i m e
border and India is the
only neighbour of Sri
Lanka, separated by
the Palk Strait.
· Both nations occupy a
strategic position in
South Asia and have
s o u g h t t o b u i l d a
c o m m o n s e c u r i t y
22
History of India-Sri Lanka relations · The result was that the LTTE now found itself
engaged in military con lict with the Indian
· India-Sri Lanka relations date back to over
Army.
2,500 years, with the Kingdoms in Sri Lanka
engaging in continuous wars with occupying · The government of India then decided that the
South Indian Kingdoms. IPKF should disarm the LTTE by force, and the
Indian Army launched a number of assaults on
· According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles
the LTTE, including a month-long campaign
(such as the Dipavamsa), Buddhism was
dubbed Operation Pawan to wrest control of
introduced into Sri Lanka in the 4th century
the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE.
BCE by Venerable Mahinda, the son of Indian
Emperor Ashoka. Sri Lanka has the longest · The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, which had been
continuous history of Buddhism of any unpopular amongst Sri Lankans for giving India
Buddhist nation. a major in luence, now became a source of
nationalist anger and resentment as the IPKF
· Tamils in Sri Lanka, had established Hinduism
was drawn fully into the con lict.
and Tamil language links with South India.
Geopolitical Signi icance of Sri Lanka
Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war
· Sri Lanka's location in the Indian Ocean region
· In the 1970s–1980s, private entities and
as an island State has been of strategic
elements in the Research and Analysis Wing
geopolitical relevance to several major powers.
(RAW) and the state government of Tamil Nadu
were believed to be encouraging the funding · Some examples that highlight Western interests
and training for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil in Sri Lanka's strategic location are the British
Eelam, a separatist insurgent force. Defence and External Affairs Agreement of
1948, and the Maritime Agreement with USSR
· In 1987, faced with growing anger amongst its
of 1962.
own Tamils, and a lood of refugees, India
intervened directly in the con lict for the irst · Even during the J.R Jayewardene (1978-1989)
time. and Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989-1993)
tenures, Sri Lanka was chosen to build the Voice
· After subsequent negotiations, India and Sri
of America transmitting station (suspected of
Lanka entered into an agreement (13th
being used for intelligence gathering purposes
amendment.)
and electronic surveillance of the Indian
· The peace accord assigned a certain degree of Ocean).
regional autonomy in the Tamil areas with
· It was the massive Chinese involvement during
Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
the Rajapaksa tenure that garnered the deepest
(EPRLF) controlling the regional council and
controversy in recent years.
called for the Tamil militant groups to lay down
their arms. · China is building state of the art gigantic
modern ports all along the Indian Ocean to the
· Further India was to send a peacekeeping force,
south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong
named the IPKF to Sri Lanka to enforce the
(Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and
disarmament and to watch over the regional
Hambantota (Sri Lanka).
council.
· China's string of pearl's strategy is aimed at
· Most Tamil militant groups accepted this
encircling India to establish dominance in the
agreement, however, the LTTE rejected the
Indian Ocean.
accord because they opposed a candidate.
23
· Post 2015, Sri Lanka still relies heavily on China land in Beijing
for Port city project and for continuation of
· The visit took place in the midst of the
Chinese funded infrastructure projects in Sri
Tiananmen Square student protests, but
Lanka.
Gorbachev held off from saying anything that
· A l t h o u g h t h e H a m b a n t o t a h a r b o u r i s would anger his hosts.
reportedly making losses, it too has potential
· Gorbachev and paramount leader Deng
for development due to its strategic location.
Xiaoping declared “mutual respect for
· Sri Lanka has a list of highly strategic ports sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual
l o c a t e d a m o n g b u s i e s t s e a l a n e s o f nonaggression, non-interference in each
communication. other's internal affairs, equality and mutual
bene it, and peaceful coexistence” as the basis
· Sri Lanka's Colombo Port is the 25th busiest
of their bilateral relations.
container port in the world and the natural
deep-water harbor at Trincomalee is the ifth · A decade after the Soviet Union broke up,
largest natural harbour in the world. disappointed and humiliated by the way the
West had downgraded it, and deep in economic
· Port city of Trincomalee was the main base for
crisis, Russia under Putin's irst presidency
Eastern Fleet and British Royal Navy during the
turned to China under President Jiang Zemin.
Second World War.
Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly
· Sri Lanka's location can thus serve both
Cooperation
commercial and industrial purposes and be
used as a military base. · In 2001, the two countries signed the treaty ,
paving the way for expanding economic and
trade ties, including sales of defence
The China-Russia equipment and energy by Russia to China,
and Russia's backing for China's position on
Relationship Taiwan.
President Vladimir Putin's show of strength with · Recently, the two countries extended the treaty
President Xi Jinping in Beijing amid the standoff at a virtual meeting between Putin and Xi.
w i t h NATO o n U k ra i n e wa s i n te n d e d to · Putin told Xi that the “Russian-Chinese
demonstrate that Russia and China were on the coordination plays a stabilizing role in world
same page on the “core interests” of upholding affairs”, and China's President said their
“international equity and justice” in the face of US countries had “set an example for the formation
“unilateralism”, and supported each other against of a new type of international relations”.
“external interference and regional security
threats”. China-Russia against US
History of China-Russia relationship · Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea in Ukraine

led to a sharp downturn in Moscow's ties with
· Relations between China and the former Soviet the US, NATO, and Europe.
Union were frosty, marked by mistrust and
doctrinal differences for most of the Cold War · This was also the turning point in Russia's ties
decades. with China, which revealed the possibilities,
potential, and the limits of the relationship.
· The change came in 1989, when Mikhail
Gorbachev became the irst Soviet leader to · When the US, EU, and Australia imposed
24
sanctions on Russia, Putin turned re lexively to · China's main security interests lie in Asia;
Beijing. Russia's are in Europe.
· Over the next year, Russia opened its doors wide · As the smaller economy — its GDP is a tenth of
for Chinese investments, and struck a $400 China's — but with a strong memory of its lost
billion deal for Gazprom, the Russian state superpower status, Russia is loath to become
monopoly gas exporter, to supply 38 billion China's junior partner.
cubic metres (bcm) annually to China for 30
· Its experience with China in 2014 had brought
years from 2025.
home the reality that friend or not, Beijing
· The Power of Siberia pipeline began operations drives a hard bargain. The negotiations on the
in 2019, and sent 16.5 bcm of gas to China last pipeline and gas prices were fraught, and
year. Russia is acutely conscious that its gas exports
to Germany and the rest of Europe gets much
· During Putin's visit to Beijing off late, the two
more revenue — and that China anyway has
countries signed a deal for another pipeline,
other pipelines to tap.
Power of Siberia 2, which will add 10 bcm of gas
to the annual supply for 30 years. · Also, despite talk of Russia-China co-operation
in Central Asia, Moscow still sees the region as
· Since 2016, trade between the two countries
part of its sphere of in luence.
has gone from $ 50 bn to over $147 bn.
· For Beijing, war in Ukraine is the least suitable
· China is now Russia's largest trading partner.
of options. It would take US military energies
Towards a modus vivendi in Central Asia, the
away from the South China Sea, but might also
two countries agreed to work towards speeding
stall talks to resolve trade issues.
up the linking of the Russia-led Eurasian
Economic Union and the Chinese Belt and Road · China and the EU are each other's biggest
Initiative. trading partners — China's trade with Russia is
small by comparison.
· With their ties closer than ever before, the crisis
in Ukraine has been an opportunity for each · Beijing will not ight the war if it breaks out, but
country to express solidarity with the other's i t w i l l n o n e t h e l e s s i n d i t m e s sy a n d
grievance against the US. complicated to negotiate.
Different interests of China and Russia · As for Ukraine, it is a crucial link in Xi's BRI
project. China is also Ukraine's biggest trading
· And yet, as several observers have pointed out,
partner — and its agricultural exports,
the China-Russia compact is not yet a formal
particularly corn, have sustained China during
security alliance against the West, nor is it an
its trade war with the US.
ideological partnership.
Russia-India-China Grouping (RIC)
· The joint statement referred to NATO's
expansion, but did not mention Ukraine. Back in · Russia-India-China (RIC) is a strategic grouping
March 2014, in the vote on UN Security Council that irst took shape in the late 1990s under the
resolutions on the referendum in Crimea that leadership of Russia as “a counterbalance to the
was used by Putin as an excuse to annex the Western alliance.”
Black Sea peninsula, China had abstained —
· The group was founded on the basis of ending
and despite the recent bonhomie, has not
its subservient foreign policy guided by the USA
recognised Crimea's accession to Russia.
and renewing old ties with India and fostering
25
the newly discovered friendship with China. the region and China extends economic
support.
· Together, the RIC countries occupy over 19% of
the global landmass and contribute to over 33% · The ongoing India-Iran-Russia project for a
of global GDP. sea/road/rail link from western India through
Iran to Afghanistan and Central Asia, is an
· Even though India, China and Russia may
important initiative for achieving an effective
disagree on a number of security issues in
Indian presence in Central Asia, alongside
Eurasia, there are areas where their interests
Russia and China.
converge, like, for instance, on Afghanistan. RIC
can ensure stable peace in Afghanistan and by · Access to Russia's abundant natural resources
extension, in Central Asia. can enhance our materials security — the
importance of which has been highlighted by
Signi icance of Russia-China ties and RIC to
COVID-19.
India
· I n d i a i s i n t h e S h a n g h a i C o o p e ra t i o n
Organization (SCO), which is driven by Russia Quad Meet Focuses
and China and includes four Central Asian
countries. on Indo-Paci ic Ties
· Pakistan's membership of SCO and the potential Calling for justice for the 26/11 terror attacks in
admission of Iran and Afghanistan (as member Mumbai (2008) and the Pathankot airbase
states) heighten the signi icance of the SCO for attack (2016) for the irst time since the group
India. was formed, the Foreign Ministers of Australia,
· Growing Chinese in luence is testing the India, Japan and the U.S. said the Quad was already
informal Russia-China understanding that cooperating on sharing intelligence on threats in
Russia handles the politico-security issues in the Indo-Paci ic region.
26
· The Quad is an informal strategic forum information sharing on a diverse set of issue
comprising four nations, namely –India, areas, including Maritime Security”.
United States of America, Australia and
Signi icance of Quad:
Japan.
Quad is becoming a powerful mechanism and
· One of the primary objectives of the Quad is, to
its signi icance is given below:
work for a free, open, prosperous and
inclusive Indo-Paci ic region. · Helping to vaccinate a big part of the world and
getting a lot of vaccines out there,
· The group for the irst time met in 2007 on the
side lines of the Association of Southeast Asian · Strengthening maritime security to push back
Nations (ASEAN). against aggression and coercion in the Indo-
Paci ic region,
· It is considered an alliance of maritime
democracies. · Working together on emerging technologies
and making sure that they can be used in
· The forum is maintained through meetings,
positive ways and an increasingly broad and
s e m i - r e g u l a r s u m m i t s , i n f o r m a t i o n
deep agenda.
exchanges, and military drills of all the
member countries. · It also supports many activities/platforms as
part of its shared approach to the Indo-
· The motive behind the Quad is, to keep the
Paci ic.
strategic sea routes in the Indo-Paci ic, free of
any military or political in luence. What will be Quad's Agenda?
· The core objective of the Quad is, to secure a · China's challenges to the “rules based order”
rules-based global order, freedom of and democratic values will feature in the
navigation and, a liberal trading system. Quad's agenda.
· The coalition also aims to offer, alternative · Chinese expansion in South China Sea when
debt inancing for nations in the Indo-Paci ic the world aims to stop the pandemic.
region.
· The meet is also important as tensions rise
Purpose of Quad: between the US and its allies and Russia rises
due to the Ukraine issue.
· Recently the U.S. has clari ied that Quad is not
a security or military partnership. Indo-Paci ic strategy
· Its purpose is to advance cooperation on key · The Biden administration announced its long-
priorities in speci ic sectors that is consistent awaited Indo-Paci ic strategy.
with international law
· The document focuses on building collective
· It promotes shared values of its members and capacity to deal with challenges in the region
underpins peace and stability in the Indo- — China's assertiveness, the pandemic and
Paci ic region. climate change, among others.
· A U.S. State Department spokesperson said · The policies set out in the document have
that “We work to support the rule of law, continuity with previous administrations'
freedom of navigation and over light, peaceful strategies.
resolution of disputes, democratic values, and
territorial integrity through open dialogue and · These include a focus on challenges from
China, advancing the U.S. relationship, a major
27
defence partnership with India and supporting its role as a net security provider in the region.
· There is an emphasis on working with other countries not just from the region, but also from
beyond.
The Palk Bay Fisheries Con lict

The Sri Lankan Navy arrested 12 Indian ishermen from Rameswaram district, Tamil Nadu, and seized
two of their ishing boats on charges of engaging in illegal ishing activity. This is the third such arrest in a
fortnight, prompting Tamil Nadu Chief Minister to, yet again, write to Prime Minister, seeking the Centre's
immediate intervention to secure their release.
Background: the Strait with an imaginary boundary line in

the 1970s —the International Maritime
· For well over a decade now, ishermen of India
Boundary Line (IMBL) – Indian ishermen,
and Sri Lanka have been unable to agree on how
from the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, and
to share the ishes in the narrow Palk Strait
from Puducherry, are frequently arrested by the
separating the two countries.
Sri Lankan Navy for “poaching” or engaging in
· The Strait begins just north of Sri Lanka's Jaffna “illegal” ishing activity in Sri Lankan waters.
peninsula and spans about 100 km at its widest
· Several rounds of bilateral negotiations
point. It is known to be a breeding ground for
between the two governments and talks
rich marine resources, especially shrimp.
between ishing community leaders from both
· Although India and Sri Lanka agreed to divide sides have been held over the years, but a
28
solution remains elusive. bottom trawling, they lock to the Sri Lankan
side, with relatively less damage and therefore,
What is the con lict, and between whom?
more marine resources.
· The main contention between the ishermen on
Why is it yet to be resolved?
either side is not so much about territorial
rights, as historically both sides have amicably · One reason is the growing human cost of the
shared marine resources in the stretch. con lict — ive Indian ishermen returned
home dead last year after the Sri Lankan Navy
· It is more to do with the use of “bottom
allegedly attacked them mid-sea.
trawling”, the ishing method used by
ishermen from Tamil Nadu. · More recently, the death of the two Jaffna
ishermen has aggravated the anger on the Sri
· A group of daily-wage ishermen set out on
Lankan side as well.
mechanised boats, owned by other af luent
ishermen, and drag large ishing nets through · For years now, India has urged Sri Lanka to
the seabed. While they primarily target ish adopt a humanitarian approach when it deters
species and shrimps, the practice of bottom Indian ishermen. However, when ishermen
trawling scoops out eggs, young ishes, and d e a t h s o c c u r, a p a r t f r o m c u s t o m a r y
other marine organisms that eventually die and condemnations and denials, there is little effort
are thrown back into the sea. from authorities on either side to ensure
investigations are completed and perpetrators
· The primary con lict here is between the Tamil
brought to book.
Nadu trawler owners and the northern Sri
Lankan ishermen, who are trying to rebuild · Secondly, New Delhi tried diverting Tamil Nadu
their livelihoods after Sri Lanka's civil war ishermen to deep sea ishing methods to wean
ended in 2009. them away from bottom trawling in the Palk
Strait. But the initiative did not take off as
· Until then, they were denied access to the sea at
planned , and the ishermen still resort to
different points and displaced from their
trawling, and often get caught by Sri Lankan
homes.
authorities.
· It is in the post-war decade that the Sri Lankan
· Thirdly, Tamil Nadu is yet to agree to the chief
ishermen started voicing concern about
demand of northern Tamil ishermen — to stop
depleting catches, owing to incessant trawling
bottom trawling to restore trust between the
by the Indian ishermen.
ishermen on both sides, and provide a real
· With the Indian side of the IMBL already opportunity to re-commence talks, which they
ravaged by decades of high pro it-yielding prefer over confrontation.
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Nations General Assembly (UNGA) with its

headquarters in Rome, Italy.
· It is also a member of the United Nations
Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG), a
coalition of UN agencies and organisations
aimed at ful illing the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).
· WFP was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
2020.
· For its efforts to combat hunger,
· For its contribution to bettering conditions for
peace in con lict-affected areas
· For acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent
the use of hunger as a weapon of war and
con lict,
United Nations World · In 2020, WFP assisted 115.5 million people –
Food Programme the largest number since 2012 – in 84
countries.
(WFP) · On any given day, WFP has 5,600 trucks, 30
ships and nearly 100 planes on the move,
Recently, India signed an agreement with the delivering food and other assistance to those in
United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) for most need.
the distribution of 50,000 MT of wheat that it has
committed to sending to Afghanistan as part of a · WFP's efforts focus on emergency assistance,
humanitarian assistance. relief and rehabilitation, development aid
and special operations.
About United Nations World Food Programme
· Two-thirds of work is in con lict-affected
· The World Food Programme (WFP) is the countries where people are three times more
leading humanitarian organization saving lives likely to be undernourished than those living in
and changing lives, delivering food assistance in countries without con lict.
emergencies and working with communities to
improve nutrition and build resilience. Major Concern for the distribution of wheat
· As the international community has committed · The route via Pakistan, which has been closed
to end hunger, achieve food security and for all exports from India since 2019, and
improved nutrition by 2030, one in nine opened only as an exception, is likely to require
people worldwide still do not have enough to several weeks for the transport of the current
eat. Food and food-related assistance lie at the consignment, as infrastructure and labour
heart of the struggle to break the cycle of hunger required to load and reload the wheat has to be
and poverty. organised.
· It was founded in 1961 by the Food and · Pakistan had shut down all trade with India to
Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and United protest the government's changes in Jammu
30
and Kashmir and Article 370 in August 2019. · Key imports from Australia
· Subsequently, the Pakistan government had · coal,
allowed Afghan exports to India to pass through
· gold and
the Wagah border, making an exception also for
medicines from India during the pandemic. · LNG
· India has also lown several consignments of · Key exports to Australia
medicines and medical equipment to hospitals
in Afghanistan on board lights. · diesel,
· petrol
India-Australia · gems and jewellery.

The agreement with Australia was set to bring
Interim Trade ·
opportunities across sectors including mining,
p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n ,
Agreement and FTA renewables, railways, gems and jewellery,
tourism, defence and textiles.
India and Australia have announced that they are
set to conclude an interim trade agreement in · India is also likely to seek easier visa access for
M a r c h a n d a C o m p r e h e n s ive E c o n o m i c both students and professionals visiting
Cooperation Agreement (CECA) 12-18 months Australia.
thereafter.
· Australia is likely to seek market access for
What is the interim trade agreement likely to wines and agricultural products which are not
cover? produced on a large scale in India.
· An interim or early harvest trade agreement is · India and Australia have also signed an MoU to
used to liberalise tariffs on the trade of boost tourism between the two countries.
certain goods between two countries or
· Australia has also emphasised that the
trading blocs before a comprehensive FTA (Free
agreement would lead to deeper cooperation
Trade Agreement) is concluded.
between the two countries in critical minerals
· The interim agreement set to be announced will and rare earth elements which are critical to
cover “most areas of interest for both future industries including renewable energy
countries” including goods, services, rules of and electric vehicles.
origin, sanitary and phytosanitary measures
and customs procedures.
· Bilateral trade between the two
countries stood at about $12.5 billion in
FY21 and has already surpassed $17.7
billion in the irst 10 months of FY22.
· India has imported merchandise worth
about $12.1 billion from Australia in the
irst 10 months of the iscal and has
exported merchandise worth $5.6
billion in the same period.
31
How has the Quad impacted trade relations opted for Non-Alignment.
between India and Australia?
· Then there was the Pakistan factor. Australia's
· India and Australia are both members of the attempts to act as the mediator between India
Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) along and Pakistan in the 1940s and 1950s were not
with the US and Japan. taken well by New Delhi.
· Both countries have noted that the coalition has · Over time, during the Cold War era, Australia
given impetus to increasing trade relations opted for close ties with Pakistan – a close ally of
between all members of the Quad. the US – instead of India.
· Australia noted that it already had FTAs with · Following the above – India-Australia relations
both the US and Japan and that all four countries touched a historic low when the Australian
could start building a framework for economic Government condemned India's 1998 nuclear
cooperation within the countries of the Quad tests.
after they announced a deal with India.
· Another issue that plagued the bilateral ties
What other Free Trade Agreements is India was the lack of people-to-people ties due to the
currently negotiating? “White Australia” policy that banned
immigration from Asia and the Paci ic Islands.
· India is currently in the process of negotiating
FTAs with the UAE, the UK, Canada, the EU and Improvements began when:
Israel, besides Australia.
· In 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group had
· India is also looking to complete an early granted a waiver to India, leading to Australia
harvest agreement with the UAE and the UK in lifting its uranium ban against the NPT non-
the irst half of 2022. signatories
India – Australia Relations, Issues in the past · In 2014 Australia signed a uranium supply deal
with India, the irst of its kind with a country
· The historical ties between India and Australia
that is a non-signatory to the Nuclear Non-
initiated following the European settlement in
Proliferation Treaty, in recognition of India's
Australia from 1788.
“impeccable” non-proliferation record it
· Australia and India for the irst time established became evident what type of relation Australia
diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence wanted with India.
period, when the Consulate General of India
· The end of the Cold War and India's decision to
was irst opened as a Trade Of ice in Sydney in
launch major economic reforms in 1991
1941.
ensured the development of closer ties between
· Following India's independence, the Australian the two nations.
leaders advocated the British counterparts to
· India is among the largest contributors to
retain the strategically important Andaman and
Australia's population growth. There is a
the Nicobar Islands within the British Empire.
massive in lux of Indian students and tourists to
· During the Cold War, Australia had decided to Australia.
be a close ally of the US, while India initially
32
the regulatory aspect of trade and encompasses

an agreement covering the regulatory issues.
Difference between CECA and CEPA
· CECA – Comprehensive Economic Cooperation
Agreement
· CEPA – Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement
· The major “technical” difference between a
CECA and CEPA is that CECA involve only “tariff
reduction/elimination in a phased manner on
India-UAE to Sign listed/all items except the negative list and
tariff rate quota (TRQ) items. CEPA also covers
Comprehensive the trade in services and investment and other
areas of economic partnership”.
Economic · Comprehensive Economic Cooperation
Agreement is a wider term than Comprehensive
Partnership Economic Partnership Agreement and has the
widest coverage.
Agreement (CEPA) India-UAE Relations
India and the United Arab Emirates will sign the · The UAE and India had enjoyed close and
irst-ever bilateral Free Trade Agreement between friendly ties based on historic and cultural ties.
the two countries. People-to-people contacts and barter trade for
About India's CEPA agreements clothes and spices from India in exchange for
dates and pearls from the region have existed
· India has signed CEPAs with South Korea and for centuries.
Japan and the one with UAE is expected to
increase bilateral trade in goods to USD 100 · India–United Arab Emirates (UAE) relations
billion within ive years of the signed agreement have a strong basis on the fact that Indians make
and increase trade in services to USD 15 billion, up the largest minority ethnic group in the UAE
leading to wider social and economic making up roughly 38% of UAE's total
opportunities in both nations. residents.
· CEPAs are a kind of free trade pacts but these · The UAE is India's top trading partner in the
agreements or cooperation agreements are entire West Asia and North Africa region.
m o re c o m p re h e n s ive t h a n Fre e Tra d e · Indian exports to the UAE account for 6% of
Agreements. India's global exports.
· CEPA usually covers negotiation on the trade in · UAE has been one of India's leading sources of
services and investment, and other areas of FDIs – UAE is the eighth-largest investor in
economic partnership. It may even consider India. Also, investment by Indian companies in
negotiation on areas such as trade facilitation the UAE is valued at around $85 billion.
and customs cooperation, competition, and
Intellectual Property Rights. It also looks into · UAE is India's third largest trade partner after
33
China and the United States. machinery products.

· The UAE accounts for 8 percent of India's oil · India imports crude petroleum and petroleum
imports and was ifth largest supplier of crude products, precious metals, minerals, stones,
oil to India. gems & jewellery, chemicals & wood and wood
products from UAE.
· Major exports to the UAE comprise of stones,
petroleum products, precious metals, gems and · Another signi icant pillar of India-UAE ties is
jewellery, minerals, food items like sugar, re lected in their growing cooperation in
cereals, fruits & vegetables, meat, tea, meat & security and defense sector.
seafood, textiles, chemicals and engineering &
Other Recent Developments in India-UAE humanitarian support for those affected by the
relations Kerala loods that year as “[re lecting] the
special ties between governments and people
· Since 2014, India has worked with UAE on
of India and UAE”.
various counter-terrorism issues.
· 2021, UAE and India signed an agreement
· In 2018, a Memorandum of Understanding
under which faculty members from Indian
(MoU) was signed between India and the UAE
universities will spend six to 10 months every
on Technical Cooperation in the Rail Sector. It
year for undertaking research and teaching
provided a platform for Indian Railways to
social sciences in Abu Dhabi. This agreement
interact and share their latest developments
was aimed at deepening the academic and
and knowledge in the railway sector.
cultural ties between the two nations.
· In 2018, Indian PM Modi described UAE's
34
· India-UAE relations has become a pivot of treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered
India's Extended Neighborhood and Look by the World Bank, to use the water available
West Policy in the region. in the Indus River and its tributaries.
· The recent signing of The Abraham Accords · The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in
have created a fresh opportunity for even Karachi in 1960.
g r e a t e r I n d i a - UA E c o o r d i n a t i o n a n d
· The Treaty gives control over the waters of the
cooperation.
three “eastern rivers” — the Beas, Ravi and
Permanent Indus Commission Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of
the three “western rivers” — the Indus, Chenab
and Jhelum to Pakistan.
A 10-member Indian delegation will visit Pakistan
· India was allocated about 16% of the total
for the annual meeting of the Permanent Indus
water carried by the Indus system while
Commission (PIC) from March 1-3.
Pakistan was allocated the remainder.
What is the Permanent Indus Commission?
· The treaty allows India to use the Western River
· The Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) is a waters (the ones in Pakistan's control) for
bilateral commission consisting of of icials limited irrigation use and unlimited non-
from India and Pakistan, created to implement consumptive use for such applications as power
and manage the goals and objectives and generation, navigation, loating of property, ish
outlines of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). culture, etc.
· The PIC has experts who look into issues and · It lays down detailed regulations for India in
disputes on the ground over the utilisation of building projects over the western rivers.
the waters of six rivers of the Indus system.
· The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights
About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) and obligations of each country in the optimum
use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of
· The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution goodwill, friendship and cooperation.
35
Indus River Basin and the Sutlej.

· The Indus River (also called the Sindhū ) is one · Its principal right bank tributaries are the
of the longest rivers in Asia and the longest Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the
river of Pakistan. Kurram.
· It lows through China (western Tibet), India
(Ladakh) and Pakistan. Russian Aggression
· Its estimated annual low is estimated to be
twice that of the Nile River making it one of the
on Ukraine and
largest rivers in the world in terms of annual
low.
International Law
Russia launched an all-out invasion of Ukraine by
· The Zanskar river is its left bank tributary in
land, air and sea, the biggest attack by one state
Ladakh.
against another in Europe since the Second World
· In the plains, its left bank tributary is the War and con irmation of the worst fears of the
Panjnad which itself has ive major tributaries, West.
namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas,
36
Background: the territory of another state, even if it is for

temporary or limited operations such as an 'in
Annexation of Crimea:
and out' operation.
· The annexation of Crimea in 2014 by Russia,
· The Russian attack on Ukraine is violative of
following the removal of Victor Yanukovych as
the non-intervention principle, and amounts
the President, was the irst major military lare-
to aggression under international law.
up in the Russo-Ukrainian relations.
· Russia's desire to keep Ukraine out of NATO is
· The Crimean annexation by Russia was met
a prime reason for its use of force against
with imposition of sanctions.
Ukraine.
· However, Russia is still in occupation of Crimea,
· This is violative of Ukraine's political
and post 2014 its activities have centred around
independence under article 2(4) as Ukraine
fomenting separatists in eastern Ukraine.
being a sovereign state is free to decide which
Ukraine to join NATO: organisations it wants to join.
· In January 2021, the Ukrainian President · Also, by resorting to use of force, Russia has
Volodymyr Zelensky appealed the U.S. to let it violated article 2(3) which requires the states
join NATO, following which Russia started to settle their dispute by peaceful means in
amassing troops near the borders of eastern order to preserve international peace and
Ukraine. security.
· Tensions escalated quickly from December The UN General Assembly Resolution 3314
2021 when Russia demanded NATO to give up (1974)
its military activities in eastern Europe and
· It de ines aggression as the use of armed force
Ukraine, followed by a Russian cyberattack on
by a state against the sovereignty, territorial
the Ukrainian government website.
integrity or political independence of
· On 22 February, Russia recognised the self- another state. Additionally, allowing one's
declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics in territory to be used by another state for
the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine, and sent aggression against a third state, also quali ies as
Russian troops to these territories. an act of aggression.
· Finally, Russia launched a full-scale invasion on · Accordingly, Belarus can also be held
Ukraine. responsible for aggression as it has allowed its
territory to be used by Russia for attacking
How is Russia violating the UN Charter? Ukraine.
Principle of Non-intervention: · Aggression is also considered an international
· The principle of non-intervention in crime under customary international law and
domestic affairs is the foundational principle on the Rome statute establishing the International
which existing international order is based. Criminal Court.
· It is enshrined in article 2(4) of the UN Principle of self-defence

Charter requiring states to refrain from using · In face of the use of force by Russia, Ukraine has
force or threat of using force against territorial the right to self-defence under international
integrity or political independence of any state. law.
· It prohibits any kind of forcible trespassing in
· The UN Charter under article 51 authorises a
37
state to resort to individual or collective self-

defence, until the Security Council take steps to SWIFT
ensure international peace and security.
The U.S., Europe and several other western
· In this case, it seems implausible for the UNSC to nations are moving to exclude Russia from the
arrive at a decision as Russia is a permanent Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
member and has veto power. Telecommunication (SWIFT), an international
network for banks to facilitate smooth money
· H o w e v e r, U k r a i n e h a s a r i g h t u n d e r
transactions globally. This could be the strongest
international law to request assistance from
economic sanction against Russia over its military
other states in form of military assistance,
moves in Ukraine, as it will potentially cut off the
supply of weapons etc.
country from receiving international payments.
Russia's Claim:
What is SWIFT?
· Russia has also claimed that it is acting in self-
· SWIFT is a messaging network used by banks
defence. This claim is questionable, as there has
and inancial institutions globally for quick and
been no use of force, or such threats against
faultless exchange of information pertaining to
Russia by Ukraine.
inancial transactions.
· It has been claimed by Russia that Ukraine may
· The Belgium-headquartered SWIFT connects
acquire nuclear weapons with the help of
more than 11,000 banking and securities
western allies.
organisations in over 200 countries and
· However, the International Court of Justice territories.
(ICJ) in the Legality of Threat of Nuclear
· Each participant on the platform is assigned a
Weapons case held that mere possession of
unique eight-digit SWIFT code or a bank
nuclear weapons does not necessarily
identi ication code (BIC).
constitute a threat.
· Example: If a person, say, in New York with a
Conclusion:
Citibank account, wants to send money to
· Thus, even if Ukraine has, or were to acquire someone with an HSBC account in London, the
nuclear weapons in the future, it does not payee would have to submit to his bank, the
become a ground for invoking self defence by London-based bene iciary's account number
Russia. along with the eight-digit SWIFT code of the
latter's bank.
· Further, mere membership in a defence alliance
such as NATO cannot necessarily be considered · Citi would then send a SWIFT message to HSBC.
as a threat of aggression against Russia. Thus,
· Once that is received and approved, the money
here too Russia cannot invoke self-defence.
would be credited to the required account.
· Russia can also not invoke anticipatory self
· SWIFT is merely a platform that sends
defence as such invocation according to the
messages and does not hold any securities or
Caroline test would require that the necessity of
money.
self defence was instant, overwhelming, leaving
no choice of means, and no moment for · I t p rov i d e s s t a n d a rd i s e d a n d re l i a b l e
deliberation. However, this is not the case with communication to facilitate the transaction.
Russia.
38
Exclusion from SWIFT the 25-member board, which is responsible

for oversight and management of the company.
· If a country is excluded from the most
participatory inancial facilitating platform, its · It is regulated by G-10 central banks of
foreign funding would take a hit, making it Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
entirely reliant on domestic investors. The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the
United States, Switzerland, and Sweden,
· This is particularly troublesome when
alongside the European Central Bank.
institutional investors are constantly seeking
new markets in newer territories. · Its lead overseer is the National Bank of
Belgium.
· An alternative system would be cumbersome to
build and even more dif icult to integrate with · The SWIFT oversight forum was established in
an already expansive system. 2012.
· SWIFT, irst used in 1973, went live in 1977 with · The G-10 participants were joined by the
518 institutions from 22 countries, its website central banks of India, Australia, Russia, South
states. Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa,
the Republic of Turkey, and the People's
· SWIFT itself had replaced the much slower and
Republic of China.
far less dynamic Telex.
· In 2021, the SWIFT inancial messaging
· Certain Iranian banks were ousted from the
platform had recorded an average of 42 million
system in 2018 despite resistance from several
FIN messages per day, as per the data on its
countries in Europe.
website.
· “This step, while regrettable, was taken in the
· The full-year igure was an 11.4% growth on a
interest of the stability and integrity of the
year-over-year basis.
wider global inancial system, and based on an
assessment of the economic situation,” SWIFT · Europe, West Asia, and Africa, combined sent
states on its website. approximately 4.66 billion messages.
How is the organisation governed? · The Americas and the United Kingdom stood
second with 4.42 billion interactions, with the
· SWIFT claims to be neutral. Its shareholders,
Asia Paci ic on third with an approximate 1.50
consisting of 3,500 irms across the globe, elect
billion messages.
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Legal Issues February 2022
Prior to August 5, 2019, carving out of J&K's

J&K Delimitation ·
Assembly seats was carried out under the J&K
Commission Likely to Constitution and Jammu and Kashmir
Representation of the People Act, 1957.
Get Another · Until then, the delimitation of Lok Sabha seats
Extension in J&K was governed by the Constitution of
India.
The J&K Delimitation Commission is likely to get a · However, the delimitation of the state's
second extension of its term this month. A s s e m b l y w a s g o v e r n e d b y t h e J & K
Details Constitution and J&K Representation of the
People Act, 1957.
· The unique provision for J&K was enabled
through an amendment introduced in the J&K · There was no census in the state in 1991 and
Reorganisation Act, 2019. hence no Delimitation Commission was set up
by the state until 2001 census.
· The Act passed by Parliament bifurcated the
State of J&K into the Union Territories of J&K Concerns raised over Delimitation in J&K
(with a legislature) and Ladakh (without · Concerns had been expressed over how the
legislature). delimitation process may end up favoring the
· The J&K Assembly was dissolved in November Jammu region over Kashmir in terms of the
2018 and the region has been under Central seats.
rule since June 2018. · Arguments have been made on how Ladakh
· Section 63 was introduced in the J&K has been underrepresented, with demands for
Reorganisation Act so that the delimitation statehood/sixth schedule.
exercise can be conducted smoothly without · It is argued that seats for STs should've been
overlapping with other provisions of the divided in both Jammu province & Kashmir
Delimitation Commission Act, 2002. province, as the ST population is almost equal.
· The provision did not require any separate Delimitation Commission Act, 2002
legislation as it was incorporated in the
primary Act. An Act to provide for the readjustment of:
· The full Delimitation Commission is yet to be · The allocation of seats in the House of the
appointed. People to the States
· The delimitation will be done for 90 seats as 24 · The total number of seats in the Legislative
seats fall in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). Assembly of each State
· The exercise will take at least a year to · The division of each State and each Union
complete. Till then, no Elections can be held territory having a Legislative Assembly into
territorial constituencies for elections to the
Delimitation in J&K House of the People and Legislative Assemblies
· Assembly seats in J&K were delimited in 1963, of the States and Union territories
1973 and 1995. · and for matters connected therewith.
42
· Delimitation literally means the act or process control could end up with a greater number of
of ixing limits or boundaries of territorial seats in Parliament. The southern states that
constituencies in a country to represent promoted family planning faced the possibility
changes in population. of having their seats reduced.
Delimitation is done in order to: · In 2008, Delimitation was done based on the
2001 census, but the total number of seats in
· Provide equal representation to equal
the Assemblies and Parliament decided as per
segments of a population.
the 1971 Census was not changed.
· Fair division of geographical areas so that one
· The constitution has also capped the number
political party doesn't have an advantage over
of Lok Shaba & Rajya Sabha seats to a maximum
others in an election.
of 550 & 250 respectively and increasing
· Follow the principle of “One Vote One Value”. populations are being represented by a single
representative.
The problems with delimitation are:
Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
· States that take little interest in population
43
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill,

·
2019 was introduced in Rajya Sabha on August Freedom of religion
5, 2019 by the Minister of Home Affairs, Mr.
Amit Shah.
and attire
· The Bill provides for reorganisation of the state
of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union Territory
of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of
Ladakh.
· The Bill reorganises the state of Jammu and

Kashmir into: (i) the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir with a legislature, and (ii) the
Union Territory of Ladakh without a legislature.
After six students were banned from entering a
· The Union Territory of Ladakh will comprise college in Karnataka's Udupi district for wearing a
Kargil and Leh districts, and the Union Territory hijab last month, the row over whether
of Jammu and Kashmir will comprise the educational institutions can impose a strict dress
remaining territories of the existing state of code that could interfere with rights of students
Jammu and Kashmir. has spilled to other colleges in the state. The issue
throws up legal questions on reading the freedom
· The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will
of religion and whether the right to wear a hijab is
be administered by the President, through an
constitutionally protected.
administrator appointed by him known as the
Lieutenant Governor. How is religious freedom protected under the
Constitution?
· The Union Territory of Ladakh will be
administered by the President, through a · Article 25(1) of the Constitution guarantees the
Lieutenant Governor appointed by him. “freedom of conscience and the right freely to
profess, practise and propagate religion”.
· The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir will be
the common High Court for the Union · It is a right that guarantees a negative liberty —
Territories of Ladakh, and Jammu and Kashmir. which means that the state shall ensure that
Further, the Union Territory of Jammu and there is no interference or obstacle to exercise
Kashmir will have an Advocate General to this freedom.
provide legal advice to the government of the
· However, like all fundamental rights, the state
Union Territory.
can restrict the right for grounds of public
· The Legislative Council of the state of Jammu order, decency, morality, health and other state
and Kashmir will be abolished. Upon interests.
dissolution, all Bills pending in the Council will
· Over the years, the Supreme Court has evolved a
lapse. practical test of sorts to determine what
44
religious practices can be constitutionally · The Kerala HC examined the issue more closely.
protected and what can be ignored. Justice P B Suresh Kumar, who allowed the plea
by the student, held that the practice of wearing
· In 1954, the Supreme Court held in the Shirur
a hijab constitutes an essential religious
Mutt case that the term “religion” will cover all
practice but did not quash the CBSE rule.
rituals and practices “integral” to a religion.
· The court once again allowed for the “additional
How have courts ruled so far on the issue of a
measures” and safeguards put in place the
hijab?
previous year.
· In 2015, at least two petitions were iled before
· But both these cases involve restrictions placed
the Kerala High Court challenging the
on the freedom of religion for a speci ic purpose
prescription of dress code for All India Pre-
— to ensure a fair examination process — and
Medical Entrance which prescribed wearing
the CBSE had cited a resource crunch to check
“light clothes with half sleeves not having big
every candidate if they allowed autonomy in
buttons, brooch/badge, lower, etc. with
choosing their dress.
Salwar/Trouser” and “slippers and not shoes”.
Fathima Tasneem v State of Kerala (2018)
· Admitting the argument of the Central Board of
School Education (CBSE) that the rule was only · A single Bench of the Kerala HC held that
to ensure that candidates would not use unfair collective rights of an institution would be given
methods by concealing objects within clothes, primacy over individual rights of the petitioner.
the Kerala HC directed the CBSE to put in place
· The case involved two girls, aged 12 and 8,
additional measures for checking students who
represented by their father who wanted his
“intend to wear a dress according to their
daughters to wear the headscarf as well as a
religious custom, but contrary to the dress
full-sleeved shirt.
code”.
· The school that refused to allow the headscarf is
· “If the Invigilator requires the head scarf or the
owned and managed by the Congregation of the
full sleeve garments to be removed and
Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) under
examined, then the petitioners shall also
CMI St Joseph Province.
subject themselves to that, by the authorised
person. It is also desirable that the C.B.S.E issue · The father appealed before a division Bench of
general instructions to its Invigilators to ensure the High Court. The division Bench headed by
that religious sentiments be not hurt and at the Justice Vinod Chandran dismissed the appeals
same time discipline be not compromised,” as it was “submitted that the appellants-
Justice Vinod Chandran ruled. petitioners are not now attending the School
and are no more in the rolls of the respondent-
Amna Bint Basheer v Central Board of
School.”
Secondary Education (2016),
45
· The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is

responsible for investigating offences under
the PMLA.
· The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-
IND) is the national agency that receives,
p ro c e s s e s , a n a lys e s a n d d i s s e m i n a te s
information related to suspect inancial
transactions.
· After hearing the application, a special court
(designated under the Prevention of Money
Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an
SC Examines individual as a fugitive economic offender and
also con iscate properties which are proceeds
Allegations of of crime, Benami properties and any other
property, in India or abroad.
Rampant Misuse of · The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will
exercise powers given to them under the
PMLA Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.
The Supreme Court is looking into allegations of · These powers will be similar to those of a civil
metamorphosis of an anti-money laundering law, court, including the search of persons in
brought to sniff out drug money, into a potent possession of records or proceeds of crime, the
weapon to raid rivals and deny rights. search of premises on the belief that a person is
an FEO and seizure of documents.
· A three-judge Bench is holding back-to-back
hearings on petitions iled by people from all Enforcement Directorate
wa l k s o f l i f e a n d a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y · The Directorate of Enforcement (ED) is a law
complaining of the alleged subversion of the enforcement agency and economic intelligence
Prevention of Money Laundering Act agency responsible for enforcing economic
( P M L A ) b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e laws and ighting economic crime in India.
Enforcement Directorate (ED).
· It is part of the Department of Revenue,
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), Ministry of Finance, Government Of India.
2002
· It is composed of of icers from the Indian
· According to the Prevention of Money Revenue Service, Indian Corporate Law
L a u n d e r i n g Ac t ( P M L A ) 2 0 0 2 , M o n ey Service, Indian Police Service and the Indian
laundering is concealing or disguising the Administrative Service.
identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that
they appear to have originated from legitimate · The origin of this Directorate goes back to 1 May
sources. 1956, when an 'Enforcement Unit' was formed,
in Department of Economic Affairs, for
· It is frequently a component of other, much handling Exchange Control Laws violations
more serious, crimes such as drug traf icking, under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.
robbery or extortion.
· In the year 1957, this Unit was renamed as
· Money laundering is punishable with rigorous 'Enforcement Directorate'.
imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a
maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA. Functions of Enforcement Directorate
46
· The prime objective of the Enforcement transfer of accused persons under Money
Directorate is the enforcement of two key Acts Laundering Act.
of the Government of India namely, the
· To settle cases of violations of the erstwhile
· Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 FERA, 1973 and FEMA, 1999 and to decide
(FEMA) penalties imposed on conclusion of settlement
proceedings.
· the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002
(PMLA).
· The ED's (Enforcement Directorate) of icial Karnataka HC: Ban on
website enlists its other objectives which are
primarily linked to checking money laundering Online Gaming
in India.
· In fact this is an investigation agency so
Unconstitutional
providing the complete details on public Recently, a division bench of the Karnataka High
domain is against the rules of GOI. Court delivered a judgment striking down major
· ED; investigates suspected violations of the portions of the Karnataka Police (Amendment)
provisions of the FEMA. Act, 2021, a new law that was introduced by the
State government to ban online gambling and
· S u s p e c te d v i o l a t i o n s i n c l u d e s ; n o n - skill-based gaming platforms like rummy, poker
realization of export proceeds, “hawala and fantasy sports that involved any wagering or
transactions”, purchase of assets abroad, risking of money on an uncertain event.
possession of foreign currency in huge amount,
non-repatriation of foreign exchange, foreign Why are States resorting to banning online
exchange violations and other forms of gaming?
violations under FEMA. · Online games like rummy and poker are
· ED collects, develops and disseminates addictive in nature;
intelligence information related to violations of · When played with monetary stakes leads to
FEMA, 1999. The ED receives the intelligence depression, mounting debts and suicides.
inputs from Central and State Intelligence
agencies, complaints etc. · Reportedly, there have been a few instances
where youngsters, faced with mounting debts
· ED has the power to attach the asset of the due to losses in online games have committed
culprits found guilty of violation of FEMA. other crimes like theft and murder.
· “Attachment of the assets” means prohibition
of transfer, conversion, disposition or
movement of property by an order
issued under Chapter III of the Money
Laundering Act [Section 2(1) (d)].
· To undertake, search, seizure, arrest,
prosecution action and survey etc.
against offender of PMLA offence.
· To provide and seek mutual legal
assistance to/from respective states in
respect of attachment/con iscation of
proceeds of crime and handed over the
47
· Some experts also believe that online games are · T h e j u d g m e n t a l s o n o t e d t h a t S t a t e

susceptible to manipulation by the websites governments have been granted powers under
operating such games and that there is a the constitution to make laws for 'gambling and
possibility that users are not playing such betting' but interpreted the word 'betting' for
games against other players, but against this purpose to mean betting on gambling
automatic machines or 'bots', wherein there is games, i.e. betting on games of chance and
no fair opportunity for an ordinary user to win not games of skill.
the game.
Other States :
On what grounds did the Karnataka High Court
· Apart from Karnataka, a similar law introduced
strike down the online gaming law?
by the Tamil Nadu government was struck
· The Karnataka High Court struck down the down by the Madras High Court in August 2021.
amendments to the Karnataka Police Act on
· In September 2021, the Kerala High Court had
three major grounds:
also quashed a noti ication issued by the State
· Violation of fundamental rights of trade and government speci ically banning the game of
commerce online rummy when played for stakes.
· liberty and privacy Way Forward
· Speech and expression; · An outright ban may not entirely curtail the
playing of such online games, with or without
· The law being manifestly arbitrary and
stakes.
irrational insofar as it did not distinguish
between two different categories of games, i.e. · Telangana, which was the irst State to ban
online games for stakes in 2017 has seen a spurt
· Games of skill
of illegal or underground online gambling apps,
· Chance most of which originate from China or other
foreign countries, and except payments from
· Lack of legislative competence of State
players through dummy companies or hawala
legislatures to enact laws on online skill-based
channels.
games.
· Both the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and
· The court held that games where substantial
local cybercrime authorities have tried to
effort, knowledge and skill is required are
crack down on such apps but with limited
different from games of mere luck or chance.
success.
· Relying upon previous judgments of the
· Shifting of users to grey or illegal offshore
Supreme Court which had held rummy, fantasy
online gaming apps not only results in loss of
sports and betting on horse-racing to be games
tax revenue for the State and job opportunities
of skill, the High Court ruled that online games
for locals, but results in users being unable to
involving skill, regardless of whether money is
avail remedies for any unfair behaviour or
staked on them or not enjoy protection of right
refusal to pay out winnings.
to trade and commerce, unlike gambling or
betting. · Experts believe that instead of a complete ban,
· The court also held that playing online games · One could look at licensing and regulating the
could help in building the character of an industry with various checks and balances
individual and enjoying online gaming could s u c h a s d i l i g e n t K YC a n d a n t i - m o n ey
also fall within the contours of freedom of laundering processes,
expression and right to liberty and privacy
· Barring minors from accessing real money
guaranteed under the constitution.
games,
48
· Placing weekly or monthly limits on the · Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka,

money that can be staked or time that can be Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
spent,
· Together with its tributaries, it forms a vast
· Counselling for addictive players and allowing basin that covers 33% of the total area of the
self-exclusion of such players etc. four states.
· The principal tributaries joining Krishna are
Krishna Water Dispute the Ghataprabha, the Malaprabha, the Bhima,
the Tungabhadra and the Musi.
The Supreme Court asked if the States of
· Most of this basin comprises a rolling and
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka could
undulating country, except for the western
amicably settle their quarrel over the allocation of
border, which is formed by an unbroken line of
the Krishna river water.
the Western Ghats.
Krishna River
· The important soil types found in the basin are
· The Krishna is an east- lowing river. black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils,
alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and
· O r i g i n a t e s a t M a h a b a l e s h w a r i n
saline and alkaline soils
Maharashtra and merges with the Bay of
Bengal
49
Krishna Water dispute · At the same time, the two States should instead
focus on water and energy conservation and
· The States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
improving the ef iciency of irrigation schemes
have been locked in a battle of sorts over the
and hydel reservoirs.
utilisation of Krishna water, with Andhra
Pradesh proposing a few projects and in turn, · Telangana had held the view that the
Telangana coming up with half-a-dozen noti ication should low from inalisation by a
projects of its own. tribunal on Krishna water sharing by the two
States that would enlarge the scope of
· Both States have their own justi ication to
reference of the existing Krishna Water
pursue new water and power projects as
Dispute Tribunal (KWDT)-II. Telangana had
several areas await economic development.
even moved the Supreme Court but the Centre
· Rayalaseema is a dry region and it was said it would consider Telangana's request
grievances over poor utilisation of the two only if it withdrew its petition which it did.
rivers in then undivided Andhra Pradesh that
Major Inter-State River Disputes in India
was a factor that led to the bifurcation.
Active River Water Dispute Tribunals in India · Article 262(1) provides that Parliament may
by law provide for the adjudication of any
· Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal II (2004) –
dispute or complaint with respect to the use,
Karnataka, Telangana, Andra Pradesh,
distribution or control of the waters of, or in,
Maharashtra
any inter State river or river valley.
· Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal (2018) –
· Article 262(2) empowers Parliament with the
Odisha & Chattisgarh
power to provide by law that neither the
· Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (2010) – Supreme Court nor any other court shall
Goa,Karnataka, Maharashtra exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such
dispute or complaint.
· Ravi & Beas Water Tribunal (1986) – Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan · Under Article 262, two acts were enacted:
· Vansadhara Water Disputes Tribunal (2010) – · River Boards Act 1956: It was enacted with a
Andra Pradesh & Odisha. declaration that centre should take control of
regulation and development of Inter-state
Constitutional and legal provisions related to rivers and river valleys in public interest.
water disputes However, not a single river board has been
50
constituted so far. multidisciplinary and it consists of persons

only from the judiciary.
· The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956
(IRWD Act) confers a power upon union · No provision for an adequate machinery to
government to constitute tribunals to resolve enforce the award of the Tribunal.
such disputes. It also excludes jurisdiction of
· Lack of uniform standards- which could be
Supreme Court over such disputes.
applied in resolving such disputes.
· Despite Article 262, the Supreme Court does
· Lack of adequate resources- both physical and
have jurisdiction to adjudicate water disputes,
human, to objectively assess the facts of the
provided that the parties irst go to water
case.
tribunal and then if they feel that the order is
not satisfactory only then they can approach · Lack of retirement or term- mentioned for the
supreme Court under article 136. chairman of the tribunals.
· The article 136 gives discretion to allow leave · The absence of authoritative water data that is
to appeal against order, decree, judgment acceptable to all parties currently makes it
passed by any Court or tribunal in India. dif icult to even set up a baseline for
adjudication.
Issues with Interstate Water Dispute Tribunals
· The shift in tribunals' approach, from
· Interstate Water Dispute Tribunals are riddled
deliberative to adversarial, aids extended
with Protracted proceedings and extreme
litigation and politicisation of water-sharing
delays in dispute resolution.
disputes.
· For example, the Cauvery Water Disputes
· The growing nexus between water and politics
Tribunal, constituted in 1990, gave its inal
have transformed the disputes into turfs of
award in 2007.
vote bank politics.
· Interstate Water dispute tribunals also have
opacity in the institutional framework and
guidelines that de ine these proceedings and Armed Forces Special
ensure compliance.
· There is no time limit for adjudication. In fact,
Powers Act (AFSPA)
delay happens at the stage of constitution of A committee constituted by the Union Home
tribunals as well. Ministry in December to study the withdrawal of
· Though award is inal and beyond the the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, or AFSPA,
jurisdiction of Courts, either States can from Nagaland, slated to submit a report within 45
approach Supreme Court under Article 136 days as claimed by Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio, is
(Special Leave Petition) under Article 32 yet to conclude its indings.
linking issue with the violation of Article 21 · The panel was formed in the wake of growing
(Right to Life). In the event the Tribunal civilian anger against the botched ambush by
holding against any Party, that Party is quick to an elite unit of the Army that led to the killing of
seek redressal in the Supreme Court. Only 13 civilians at Oting in Nagaland's Mon district
three out of eight Tribunals have given awards on December 4.
accepted by the States.
· The composition of the tribunal is not
51
Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) immunity for their actions in disturbed areas.
· Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), · While the armed forces and the government
1958 is an act of the Parliament of India that justify its need in order to combat militancy
grant special powers to the Indian Armed and insurgency, critics have pointed out cases
Forces the power to maintain public order in of possible human rights violations linked to
“disturbed areas”. the act.
· AFSPA is invoked when a case of militancy or · According to The Disturbed Areas (Special
insurgency takes place and the territorial Courts) Act, 1976 once declared 'disturbed',
integrity of India is at risk. the area has to maintain status quo for a
minimum of 3 months.
· Security forces can “arrest a person without
warrant”, who has committed or even “about · The Acts have received criticism from several
to commit a cognizable offence” even based on sections for alleged concerns about human
“reasonable suspicion”. rights violations in the regions of its
enforcement alleged to have happened.
· It also provides security forces with legal
52
AFSPA Acts in force in a “disturbed” area under AFSPA

It is effective in the whole of Jammu and 1. After giving such due warning, Fire upon or use
K a s h m i r, N a g a l a n d , A s s a m , M a n i p u r other kinds of force even if it causes death,
(excluding seven assembly constituencies of against the person who is acting against law or
Imphal) and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. order in the disturbed area for the maintenance
of public order,
History of AFSPA Acts
2. Destroy any arms dump, hide-outs, prepared or
· An AFSPA Act passed in 1958 was applicable to
forti ied position or shelter or training camp
the Naga Hills, then part of Assam.
from which armed attacks are made by the
· In the following decades it spread, one by one, to a r m e d vo l u n t e e r s o r a r m e d g a n g s o r
the other Seven Sister States in India's absconders wanted for any offence.
northeast (at present, it is in force in the States
3. To arrest without a warrant anyone who has
of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Changlang,
committed cognizable offences or is reasonably
Longding and Tirap districts of Arunachal
suspected of having done so and may use force if
P ra d e s h , a n d a re a s fa l l i n g w i t h i n t h e
needed for the arrest.
jurisdiction of the eight police stations of
districts in Arunachal Pradesh bordering the 4. To enter and search any premise in order to
State of Assam). make such arrests, or to recover any person
wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammunition
· Another one passed in 1983 and applicable to
or explosive substances and seize it.
Punjab and Chandigarh was withdrawn in
1997, roughly 14 years after it came to force. 5. Stop and search any vehicle or vessel
reasonably suspected to be carrying such
· An Act passed in 1990 was applied to Jammu
person or weapons.
and Kashmir and has been in force since.
6. Any person arrested and taken into custody
Powers Given to an of icer of the Armed Forces
53
under this Act shall be made present over to the raped and killed by a group of Assam Ri les
of icer in charge of the nearest police station troops in 2004 sparked outrage across the state.
with least possible delay, together with a report Irom Sharmila, often known as the Iron Lady of
of the circumstances occasioning the arrest. Manipur, is a towering igure who is well-
known for her 16-year hunger strike in protest
7. Army of icers have legal immunity for their
of AFSPA atrocities.
actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any
other legal proceeding against anyone acting Arguments in Favour of AFSPA
under that law. Nor is the government's
· The AFSPA is described as a law that takes a
judgment on why an area is found to be
straightforward approach to control criminal
disturbed subject to judicial review.
activity in disturbed areas.
8. Protection of persons acting in good faith under
· Fascist techniques and all groups, private and
this Act from prosecution, suit or other legal
public, that engage in violence and attempt to
proceedings, except with the sanction of the
pressure the government by organised violence
Central Government, in exercise of the powers
must be controlled. As a result, the AFSPA is
conferred by this Act.
vital.
Arguments Against AFSPA
I m p o r t a n t C r i t i c i s m s o f A F S PA a n d
· Symbol of Hatred: The Jeevan Reddy commissions regarding AFSPA
Committee, which was founded in 2004,
· When India presented its second periodic
criticised AFSPA as a symbol of hatred,
report to the United Nations Human Rights
persecution, and a tool of oppression.
Committee in 1991, members of the UNHRC
· Immunity to Security Forces: AFSPA has been asked numerous questions about the validity of
dubbed a “draconian Act” for the unrestricted the AFSPA.
authority it grants the military forces and the
· They questioned the constitutionality of the
impunity that security of icers have for their
AFSPA under Indian law and asked how it could
acts performed under the law. Under AFSPA, the
be justi ied in light of Article 4 of the
“armed forces” have the authority to shoot to
International Covenant on Civil and Political
kill or demolish a structure based solely on
Rights, ICCPR.
suspicion.
· In 2012, the UN asked India to revoke AFSPA
· Human Rights Issue: The AFSPA's activities
saying it had no place in Indian democracy.
have been criticised because people have died
as a result of them. It's been a contentious issue, · The Act has been criticized by Human Rights
with human rights organisations condemning it Watch as a “tool of state abuse, oppression and
as being too forceful. discrimination”.
· Prolonged continuation: Despite a nearly 25- Justice Jeevan Reddy Commission
year cease ire accord, the Union Government
· The commission recommended to repeal
has been chastised for renewing the “disturbed
AFSPA as “the Act is a symbol of hate,
region” tag on Nagaland every year to keep the
o p p r e s s i o n a n d i n s t r u m e n t o f h i g h
AFSPA alive.
handedness”.
· Concerns of AFSPA in Manipur: Many protests
Second Administrative Reforms Commission
over suspected extrajudicial executions by the
security forces have taken place in Manipur · T h e s e c o n d Ad m i n i s t ra t ive ly Re fo r m s
throughout the years. The bullet-riddled body Commission (ARC) in its ifth report on “Public
of Thangjam Manorama, who was reportedly Order,” recommended to repeal of Armed
54
Forces Special Powers Act, 1958. the authorised of icial should use the least
amount of force necessary for successful action.
· It commented that its scrapping would remove
sentiments of discrimination and alienation Supreme Court judgment on AFSPA
among the people of the North East India.
1997 judgment on AFSPA
· The commission recommended to amend the
· In Naga People's Movement for Human Rights
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967
vs Union of India 1997, a Constitution Bench
inserting a new chapter to deploy the armed
ruled that the ability to use deadly force under
forces of the Union in the North eastern States.
Section 4(a) of the AFSPA should only be used in
· It supported a new doctrine of policing and “certain circumstances.”
criminal justice inherent in an inclusive
· A 1997 Supreme Court judgment advocated
approach to governance.
“caution and use of minimum force against our
Supreme Court of India own people” in AFSPA regions.
· Supreme Court said that any encounter carried Extra-Judicial Execution Victim Families
out by armed forces in the garb of AFSPA should Association (EEVFAM) case 2017
be subjected to thorough inquiry.
· The Supreme Court addressed the extrajudicial
· According to the Supreme Court – it does not executions in 2016, clarifying that the bar
matter whether the victim was a common under Section 6 of the AFSPA does not offer
person or a militant or a terrorist, nor does it of icers “complete immunity” from any
matter whether the aggressor was a common investigation into their alleged misconduct.
person or the state. The law is the same for both
· The government received severe criticism from
and is equally applicable to both.
the Supreme Court in 2016 for the continuance
Constitutionality of AFSPA of AFSPA.
· The Act's constitutionality has been challenged Reactions to the killing of 14 civilians by
on the grounds that it violates the right to security forces in Nagaland
equality and the federal framework of the
· Lok Sabha members condemned the killing of
Constitution because law and order is a state
14 civilians by security forces in Nagaland with
responsibility.
some Opposition MPs calling for the repeal of
· The Supreme Court af irmed the validity of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)
AFSPA in Naga People's Movement of Human as well.
Rights v Union of India in a majority ruling in
· Nagaland Chief Minister has also called for
1998, inding that the Act does not provide
scrapping the Armed Forces (Special Powers)
arbitrary powers to label a region a “disturbed
Act.
area.”
· Human rights bodies in India and beyond are
· T h e C o u r t c o n c l u d e d t h a t , w h i l e t h e
debating the contentious AFSPA that gives
Constitution permitted the deployment of
unbridled powers to the security forces.
military troops to assist civil authorities, such
deployment could only be temporary until · Nagaland Chief Minister also criticised the
normalcy was restored. Centre for extending the “disturbed area” tag on
Nagaland every year to prolong the AFSPA
· It further said that the Central government
despite a cease ire agreement for almost 25
should contact state governments before
years.
declaring an area a “disturbed area,” and that
55
· In the northeast, the AFSPA is in force in Assam, Naga territory initially remained a part of
Nagaland, Manipur, the Tirap, Changlang and Assam.
Longding districts of Arunachal Pradesh and
· In 1957, after an agreement was reached
areas falling within the jurisdiction of eight
between Naga leaders and the Indian
police stations of the State bordering Assam.
government, the Naga Hills region of Assam and
· For Jammu and Kashmir, the Armed Forces the Tuensang frontier division to the northeast
(Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, were brought together under a single unit
1990, is in force. d i r e c t l y a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e I n d i a n
government.
Who are the Nagas?
· Nagaland achieved statehood in 1963, however,
· The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an ethnic
rebel activity continued.
community, belonging to Indo-Mongoloid
Family, that comprises several tribes who live in · The key demand of Naga groups has been a
the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood. Greater Nagalim (sovereign statehood) i.e.,
redrawing of boundaries to bring all Naga-
· There are nineteen major Naga tribes, namely,
inhabited areas in the Northeast under one
Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis,
administrative umbrella.
Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis,
Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, · The Naga inhabited areas include various parts
Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Assam and
Yamchumgar and Zeeliang. Myanmar.
What is the Naga Issue? · The demand also includes the separate Naga
Yezabo (Constitution) and Naga national lag.
· After India became independent in 1947, the
56
Appointments/
Resignationals February 2022
57
Appointments / Resignationals February 2022
58
Economy Issues February 2022
measures, and rising energy prices to detail the

What the Economic risks for the economy going ahead.
Survey says · It has also taken stock of growing revenues to
indicate the availability of iscal space, should
Putting the spotlight on the way forward after the the government see the need to provide
pandemic, the Economic Survey of 2021-22 has additional support.
analysed aspects such as in lation, global liquidity
59
Fiscal space · Elevated in lationary pressures could

potentially lead to unwinding of liquidity
· The Survey notes that buoyant tax revenues and
measures by systemically important central
government policies have created “headroom
banks, including the US Federal Reserve.
fo r t a k i n g u p a d d i t i o n a l i s c a l p o l i c y
interventions”. Global uncertainty
· Stressing the need to continue the focus on · While the sizeable accretion of foreign
capital expenditure, it has indicated that the exchange reserves — $633.6 billion as of
government is on course to achieve the iscal December 31, 2021 — makes India's external
de icit target of 6.8% of GDP for the current sector resilient for the withdrawal of liquidity
year. measures, the Survey points out that the overall
balance of risks for global trade is tilted to the
· Revenue receipts of the Centre during April-
downside.
November 2021 have gone up by 67.2% (YoY)
as against an estimated growth of 9.6% in the · The biggest downside risk comes from the
2021-22 Budget Estimates. pandemic, it says, along with longer port delays,
higher freight rates, and the shortage of
· The Survey also argues that the banking sector
shipping containers and inputs such as
is well placed to support the economy, as it is
semiconductors.
now “well capitalised and the overhang of Non-
Performing Assets seems to have structurally · Supply-side disruptions, exacerbated by
declined”. recovery in demand, pose signi icant risks for
global trade.
Vaccine economics
Energy risks
· The Survey says the progress of vaccination
should be seen not just as a health response · The report calls for a “diversi ied mix of sources
indicator, but also as a buffer against economic of energy of which fossil fuels are an important
disruptions caused by repeated pandemic part”, but simultaneously calls for focus on
waves. building storage for intermittent electricity
generation from solar PV and wind farms to
· This is based in part on the assumption that
ensure on-demand energy supply.
private consumption “is poised to see stronger
recovery with rapid coverage in vaccination and · It asks the government to focus on the pace of
faster normalisation of economic activity”, and the shift from conventional fossil fuel-based
the importance of vaccination in the re-opening sources; and encourage R&D to ensure an
of contact-intensive sectors. effortless switch to renewable sources of
energy.
In lation pressures
Supply side reforms
· The Survey lags in lation as an issue. It has
noted in particular that while India's CPI · The Survey says the post-Covid economy will
in lation — 5.2% in 2021-22 (April-December) not merely be a “re-in lation” of the pre-Covid
— is within the targeted tolerance band, WPI economy and, therefore, simply building it back
in lation has been running in double digits. with demand measures “is not a solution”.
· This is partly due to base effects; however, · It calls for emphasis on developing a supply-
“India does need to be wary of imported side strategy to deal with the long-term
in lation, especially from elevated global energy unpredictability of the post-Covid world,
prices”. emanating mainly from factors such as changes
60
i n c o n s u m e r b e h av i o u r, te c h n o l o g i c a l expenditure grew by 13.5% (YoY), with focus in

developments, geopolitics, climate change, and infrastructure-intensive sectors like roads and
their potentially unpredictable interactions. highways, railways, and housing and urban
affairs.
Industrial growth
· This increase, the Survey says, was particularly
· The industrial sector, which suffered due to
substantial given the high YoY growth in capital
pandemic disruptions, is likely to record a
e x p e n d i t u r e r e g i s t e r e d d u r i n g t h e
growth of 11.8% in 2021-22, the Survey says.
corresponding period of the previous year as
· Although performance slowed during the year, well.
the gradual unlocking of the economy and
Way forward
measures such as the PLI scheme for various
sectors, along with policy initiatives such as the · Basis the macro-economic stability indicators,
emergency credit line guarantee to micro, the Survey believes that the Indian economy is
small, and medium enterprises will help aid the “well placed” to take on the challenges of 2022-
pace of recovery, the Survey noted. 23.
· “The pace of this recovery and further growth is · The government's strategy has been to not pre-
likely to continue due to consistent efforts of the commit to a “rigid response” while using safety
government to bring in various structural, iscal nets for vulnerable sections, and responding
and infrastructural reforms in addition to a iteratively based on Bayesian-updating of
slew of measures/schemes like the production information.
linked incentive scheme (PLI) to support
· The Survey proposes use of the Agile approach
industries,” it said.
to policymaking with 80 high-frequency
Public spending indicators in an environment of “extreme
uncertainty”.
· After a slowdown in the irst half of the ongoing
inancial year, capital expenditure by the Centre · The approach, used in project management and
revived during October-December, the Survey technology development, assesses outcomes in
notes. short iterations while constantly making
incremental adjustments.
· The irst-half slowdown was mainly on account
of Covid-19-led restrictions. · The suggestion is based on the availability of a
“wealth of real-time data” to take feedback-
· D u r i n g A p r i l - N ove m b e r 2 0 2 1 , c a p i t a l
based decisions, the Survey says.
61
p ro c e e d i n g s a s “ n o n - m a i n i n s o lve n c y
Cross border proceedings” recognising India as the Centre Of
Main Interests (COMI) for the company.
insolvency: UN model · However, current provisions under the IBC do
UNCITRAL not allow Indian courts to address the issue of
foreign assets of a company being subjected to
The Economic Survey 2021-22 has called for a parallel insolvency proceedings in other
standardised framework for cross-border jurisdictions.
insolvency as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code About UNCITRAL
(IBC) at present does not have an instrument to
restructure irms involving cross-border · T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s C o m m i s s i o n o n
jurisdictions. International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is a
subsidiary body of the U.N. General Assembly
W h a t a r e C r o s s b o r d e r i n s o l v e n c y (UNGA) responsible for helping to facilitate
proceedings? international trade and investment.
· Cross border insolvency proceedings are · Established by the UNGA in 1966, UNCITRAL's
relevant for the resolution of distressed of icial mandate is “to promote the progressive
companies with assets and liabilities across harmonization and uni ication of international
multiple jurisdictions. trade law” through conventions, model laws,
· A framework for cross border insolvency and other instruments that address key areas of
proceedings allows for the location of such a commerce, from dispute resolution to the
company's foreign assets, the identi ication of procurement and sale of goods.
creditors and their claims and establishing · UNCITRAL carries out its work at annual
payment towards claims as well as a process for sessions held alternately in New York City and
coordination between courts in different Vienna, where it is headquartered.
countries.
The UNCITRAL model
Current status of foreign stakeholders in other
jurisdictions under IBC · The UNCITRAL model is the most widely
accepted legal framework to deal with cross-
· While foreign creditors can make claims against border insolvency issues. It has been adopted
a domestic company, the IBC currently does not by 49 countries, including the UK, the US, South
allow for automatic recognition of any Africa, South Korea and Singapore.
insolvency proceedings in other countries.
· The law allows automatic recognition of foreign
· In the case of Jet Airways, when one of the proceedings and rulings given by courts in
c o m p a n y ' s a i r c r a f t w a s g r o u n d e d i n cases where the foreign jurisdiction is adjudged
Amsterdam over non-payment of dues to a as the COMI for the distressed company.
European cargo irm, the National Company Recognition of foreign proceedings and reliefs
Law Tribunal had declined to “take on record” is left to the discretion of domestic courts when
any orders of a foreign court regarding foreign proceedings are non-main proceedings.
domestic insolvency proceedings in the
absence of enabling provision in the IBC. · The COMI for a company is determined based
on where the company conducts its business on
· The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, a regular basis and the location of its registered
however, permitted the recognition of Dutch of ice.
62
· The framework for cross border insolvency · The report has also recommended that
adopted in India may like in the case of some companies undergoing the Pre-packaged
other countries require reciprocity from any Insolvency Resolution Process be exempted
country which seeks to have its insolvency from cross border insolvency proceedings as
proceedings recognised by Indian courts. This the provisions for PIRP have been introduced
would allow Indian proceedings for foreign recently, and the “jurisprudence and practice
corporate debtors to be recognised in foreign under the pre-pack mechanism are at a nascent
jurisdictions. stage”.
Indian framework's difference with the model
law Summary of Union
· Many countries that adopt the UNCITRAL
model law do make certain changes to suit their Budget 2022-23
domestic requirements.
India's economic growth in the current year is
· A report by the MCA has recommended that the estimated to be 9.2 per cent, highest among all
Indian cross border insolvency framework large economies. The overall, sharp rebound and
exclude inancial service providers from being recovery of the economy from the adverse effects
s u b j e c t e d t o c ro s s b o rd e r i n s o lve n c y of the pandemic is re lective of our country's
proceedings, noting that many countries strong resilience. This was stated by Union
“exempt businesses providing critical inancial Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs while
services, such as banks and insurance presenting the Union Budget in Parliament.
companies, from the provisions of cross- border
insolvency frameworks.” Budget at a glance:
63
· The Finance Minister said, India is celebrating Focus Areas of Budget 2022
Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav and it has entered
· PM Gati Shakti
into Amrit Kaal, the 25-year-long leadup to
India@100, the government aims to attain the · Inclusive Development
vision of Prime Minister outlined in his
Independence Day address and they are: · Productivity Enhancement and Investment
· Complementing the macro-economic level · Financing of Investment

growth focus with a micro-economic level all- Productivity Linked Incentive Schemes:
inclusive welfare focus,
The Finance Minister informed that the
· Promoting digital economy & intech, Productivity Linked Incentive in 14 sectors for
technology enabled development, energy achieving the vision of AtmaNirbhar Bharat has
transition, and climate action, and received excellent response, with potential to
· Relying on virtuous cycle starting from private create 60 lakh new jobs, and an additional
investment with public capital investment production of Rs 30 lakh crore during next 5
helping to crowd-in private investment. years.
· Since 2014, the government's focus has been Dwelling on the issue of implementation of the
on empowerment of citizens, especially the new Public Sector Enterprise policy,
poor and the marginalized and measures have · the strategic transfer of ownership of Air India
been taken to provided housing, electricity, has been completed,
cooking gas, and access to water.
· the strategic partner for NINL (Neelanchal
· The government also have programmes for Ispat Nigam Limited) has been selected,
ensuring inancial inclusion and direct bene it
transfers and a commitment to strengthen the · the public issue of the LIC is expected shortly
abilities of poor to tap all opportunities. and others too are in the process for 2022-23.
PM GatiShakti complementary roles of Energy Transmission,

IT Communication, Bulk Water & Sewerage,
· It is a transformative approach for economic
and Social Infrastructure.
growth and sustainable development.
· Finally, the approach is powered by Clean
· The approach is driven by seven engines,
Energy and Sabka Prayas – the efforts of the
namely, Roads, Railways, Airports, Ports, Mass
Central Government, the state governments,
Tra n s p o r t , Wa t e r way s , a n d L o g i s t i c s
and the private sector together – leading to
Infrastructure. All seven engines will pull
huge job and entrepreneurial opportunities for
forward the economy in unison.
all, especially the youth.
· T h e s e e n g i n e s a r e s u p p o r t e d b y t h e
65
· Similarly, PM GatiShakti Master Plan for

Expressways will be formulated in 2022-23 to
facilitate faster movement of people and goods.
· The National Highways network will be
expanded by 25,000 km in 2022-23 and Rs
20,000 crore will be mobilized through
innovative ways of inancing to complement
the public resources.
· She added that contracts for implementation of
Multimodal Logistics Parks at four locations
through PPP mode will be awarded in 2022-23.
· In Railways,'One Station-One Product' concept
will be popularized to help local businesses &
supply chains. Moreover, as a part of
Atmanirbhar Bharat, 2,000 km of network will
be brought under Kavach, the indigenous
world-class technology for safety and capacity
augmentation in 2022-23.
· Four hundred new-generation Vande Bharat
Trains with better energy ef iciency and
passenger riding experience will be developed
and manufactured
· One hundred PM GatiShakti Cargo Terminals
for multimodal logistics facilities will be set up
during the next three years.
Agriculture and Food Processing
assessment, digitization of land records,
· Chemical-free Natural Farming will be spraying of insecticides, and nutrients.
promoted throughout the country, with a focus
on farmers' lands in 5-km wide corridors along · To reduce dependence on import of oilseeds, a
river Ganga, at the irst stage. rationalised and comprehensive scheme to
increase domestic production of oilseeds will
· Use of 'Kisan Drones' will be promoted for crop be implemented.
66
· A s 2 0 2 3 h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d a s t h e consensus is reached among the bene iciary

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ye a r o f M i l l e t s , t h e states, the Centre will provide support for
government announced full support for post- implementation.
harvest value addition, enhancing domestic
Accelerating growth of MSME
consumption, and for branding millet products
nationally and internationally. · The Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme
(ECLGS) has provided much-needed additional
· Implementation of the Ken-Betwa Link Project,
credit to more than 130 lakh MSMEs to help
at an estimated cost of Rs 44,605 crore will be
them mitigate the adverse impact of the
taken up aimed at providing irrigation bene its
pandemic.
to 9.08 lakh hectare of farmers' lands, drinking
water supply for 62 lakh people, 103 MW of · The hospitality and related services, especially
Hydro, and 27 MW of solar power. those by micro and small enterprises, are yet to
regain their pre-pandemic level of business
· Allocations of Rs 4,300 crore in RE 2021-22
and after considering these aspects, the ECLGS
and Rs 1,400 crore in 2022-23 have been made
will be extended up to March 2023.
for this project.
· Its guarantee cover will be expanded by Rs
· Draft DPRs of ive river links, namely
50,000 crore to total cover of Rs 5 lakh crore,
Damanganga-Pinjal, Par-TapiNarmada,
with the additional amount being earmarked
Godavari-Krishna, Krishna-Pennar and
exclusively for the hospitality and related
Pennar-Cauvery have been inalized and once a
enterprises.
67
· Similarly, Credit Guarantee Trust for Micro and · A Digital University will be established to
Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme will be provide access to students across the country
revamped with required infusion of funds. for world-class quality universal education
with personalised learning experience at their
· This will facilitate additional credit of Rs 2 lakh
doorsteps.
crore for Micro and Small Enterprises and
expand employment opportunities. · This will be made available in different Indian
languages and ICT formats.
· T h e R a i s i n g a n d A c c e l e r a t i n g M S M E
Performance (RAMP) programme with outlay · The University will be built on a networked
of Rs 6,000 crore over 5 years will be rolled out hub-spoke model, with the hub building
to make the MSME sector more resilient, cutting edge ICT expertise. The best public
competitive and ef icient. universities and institutions in the country will
collaborate as a network of hub-spokes.
· Udyam, e-Shram, NCS and ASEEM portals will
be interlinked and their scope will be
widened.
Education:
· D w e l l i n g o n t h e s u b j e c t o f S k i l l
development and Quality Education,
Startups will be promoted to facilitate
'Drone Shakti' through varied applications
and for Drone-As-A-Service (DrAAS).
· In select ITIs, in all states, the required
courses for skilling will be started.
· In vocational courses, to promote crucial
critical thinking skills, to give space for
creativity, 750 virtual labs in science and
mathematics, and 75 skilling e-labs for
simulated learning environment, will be
set-up in 2022-23.
· To impart supplementary teaching and to
build a resilient mechanism for education
delivery,'one class-one TV channel'
p ro g ra m m e o f P M e V I DYA w i l l b e
expanded from 12 to 200 TV channels and
this will enable all states to provide
supplementary education in regional
languages for classes 1-12.
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Health: · National Tele Mental Health Programme'

will be launched for better access to quality
· Under Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, an
mental health counselling and care services.
open platform for the National Digital Health
Ecosystem will be rolled out and it will consist · This will include a network of 23 tele-mental
of digital registries of health providers and health centres of excellence, with NIMHANS
health facilities, unique health identity, being the nodal centre and International
consent framework, and universal access to Institute of Information Technology-Bangalore
health facilities. (IIITB) providing technology support.
70
Prime Minister's Development Initiative for central or state Schemes.

NorthEast, PM-DevINE
· While the central ministries may also pose
· PM-DevINE will be implemented through the their candidate projects, priority will be given
North-Eastern Council. to those posed by the states.
· An initial allocation of Rs. 1,500 crore will be Objectives:
made for the new scheme.
· This will enable livelihood activities for youth
· It will fund infrastructure, in the spirit of PM and women
GatiShakti, and social development projects
· This will also ill the gaps in various sectors.
based on felt needs of the North-East.
· However, it will not be a substitute for existing
71
Productivity Enhancement and Investment · To mark 75 years of independence, the

government has proposed to set up 75 Digital
· In 2022, 100 per cent of 1.5 lakh post of ices will
Banking Units (DBUs) in 75 districts of the
come on the core banking system enabling
country by Scheduled Commercial Banks to
inancial inclusion and access to accounts
ensure that the bene its of digital banking reach
through 11 net banking, mobile banking, ATMs,
every nook and corner of the country in a
and also provide online transfer of funds
consumer-friendly manner.
between post of ice accounts and bank
accounts. · The issuance of e-Passports using embedded
chip and futuristic technology will be rolled out
· This will be helpful, especially for farmers and
in 2022-23 to enhance convenience for the
senior citizens in rural areas, enabling
citizens in their overseas travel.
interoperability and inancial inclusion.
72
· The Finance Minister announced that for · The animation, visual effects, gaming, and
developing India speci ic knowledge in urban comic (AVGC) sector offers immense potential
planning and design, and to deliver certi ied to employ youth and therefore an AVGC
training in these areas, up to ive existing promotion task force with all stakeholders
academic institutions in different regions will will be set-up to recommend ways to realize
be designated as centres of excellence. These this and build domestic capacity for serving
centres will be provided endowment funds of our markets and the global demand.
Rs 250 crore each.
73
· Telecommunication in general, and 5G · Referring to Sunrise Opportunities, Arti icial

technology in particular, can enable growth Intelligence, Geospatial Systems and Drones,
and offer job opportunities. The required Semiconductor and its eco-system, Space
spectrum auctions will be conducted in 2022 to Economy, Genomics and Pharmaceuticals,
facilitate rollout of 5G mobile services within Green Energy, and Clean Mobility Systems have
2022- 23 by private telecom providers. immense potential to assist sustainable
development at scale and modernize the
· A scheme for design-led manufacturing will be
country.
launched to build a strong ecosystem for 5G as
part of the Production Linked Incentive · They provide employment opportunities for
Scheme. youth, and make Indian industry more ef icient
and competitive.
· The Government reiterates committed to
r e d u c i n g i m p o r t s a n d p r o m o t i n g · To facilitate domestic manufacturing for the
AtmaNirbharta in equipment for the Armed ambitious goal of 280 GW of installed solar
Forces. capacity by 2030, an additional allocation of
RS 19,500 crore for Production Linked
· 68 per cent of the capital procurement budget
Incentive for manufacture of high ef iciency
will be earmarked for domestic industry in
modules, with priority to fully integrated
2022-23, up from 58 per cent in 2021-22.
manufacturing units from polysilicon to solar
· Defence R&D will be opened up for industry, PV modules, will be made.
startups and academia with 25 per cent of
defence R&D budget earmarked.
Transition to Carbon neutral economy:

· The Public investment must continue to take · As a part of the government's overall market
t h e l e a d a n d p u m p - p r i m e t h e p r iva te borrowings in 2022-23, sovereign Green Bonds
investment and demand in 2022-23 will be issued for mobilizing resources for
green infrastructure.
· The outlay for capital expenditure in the Union
Budget is once again being stepped up sharply · The proceeds will be deployed in public sector
by 35.4 per cent from Rs 5.54 lakh crore in the projects which help in reducing the carbon
current year to Rs 7.50 lakh crore in 2022-23. intensity of the economy.
· This has increased to more than 2.2 times the Central Bank Digital Currency
expenditure of 2019-20 and this outlay in 2022-
· The Government proposed to introduce Digital
23 will be 2.9 per cent of GDP.
R u p e e , u s i n g b l o c k c h a i n a n d o t h e r
· With this investment taken together with the technologies, to be issued by the Reserve Bank
provision made for creation of capital assets of India starting 2022-23 for more ef icient and
through Grants-in-Aid to States, the 'Effective cheaper currency management system.
Capital Expenditure' of the Central Government
is estimated at Rs 10.68 lakh crore in 2022-23,
which will be about 4.1 per cent of GDP.
75
Financing of Investment:
76
· Re lecting the true spirit of cooperative and above the normal borrowings allowed to
fe d e ra l i s m , t h e C e n t ra l G ove r n m e n t the states.
enhanced the outlay for the 'Scheme for
· This allocation will be used for PM GatiShakti
Financial Assistance to States for Capital
related and other productive capital
Investment' from Rs 10,000 crore in the
investment of the states.
Budget Estimates to Rs 15,000 crore in the
Revised Estimates for the current year. · In accordance with the recommendations of
the 15th Finance Commission, the states will
· Moreover, for 2022-23, the allocation is Rs 1
be allowed a iscal de icit of 4 per cent of GSDP
lakh crore to assist the states in catalysing
of which 0.5 per cent will be tied to power
overall investments in the economy.
sector reforms, for which the conditions have
· These ifty-year interest free loans are over already been communicated in 2021-22.
Trends in De icit:
77
· The revised Fiscal De icit in the current year is · The budget proposes to increase tax deduction
estimated at 6.9 per cent of GDP as against 6.8 limit on employer's contribution to NPS
per cent projected in the Budget Estimates. account of state government employees to
bring parity with central government
· The Fiscal De icit in 2022-23 is estimated at 6.4
employees.
per cent of GDP, which is consistent with the
broad path of iscal consolidation announced by · Newly incorporated manufacturing entities
her last year to reach a iscal de icit level below will be incentivized under concessional tax
4.5 per cent by 2025-26. regime.
· The Union Budget 2022-23, while continuing · Income from transfer of virtual assets will be
with the declared policy of stable and taxed at 30%.
predictable tax regime, intends to bring more
· The budget proposes better litigation
reforms that will take ahead the vision to
management to avoid repetitive appeals.
establish a trustworthy tax regime.
· The proposals relating
to taxes and duties will
further simplify the tax
s y s t e m , p r o m o t e
voluntary compliance
b y t a x p a y e r s , a n d
reduce litigation.
Tax Proposals:
On the Direct Tax side,
· T h e b u d g e t a l l o w s
t a x p a y e r s t o i l e
updated income tax
return within 2 years
for correcting errors.
· It also provides tax
relief to persons with
disability.
· T h e b u d g e t a l s o
r e d u c e s A l t e r n a t e
minimum tax rate and
s u r c h a r g e f o r
cooperatives.
· As an incentive for
s t a r t u p s , p e r i o d o f
i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f
eligible startups has
been extended by one
more year.
78
On the Indirect tax side, · It proposes that customs duty rates will be
calibrated to provide a graded structure to
· The Customs administration in Special
facilitate domestic electronics manufacturing.
Economic Zones will be fully IT driven.
· Rationalization of exemptions on implements
· It provides for phasing out of concessional
and tools for agri sector manufactured in India
rates in capital goods and project imports
will be undertaken.
gradually and apply a moderate tariff of 7.5%.
· Customs duty exemption to steel scrap will be
· The budget underlines review of customs
extended.
exemptions and tariff simpli ication, with
more than 350 exemptions proposed to be · Unblended fuel will attract additional
gradually phased out. differential excise duty.
79
80
81
Electronics: · Duty on umbrellas is being raised to 20 per cent.

· In the ield of electronics, Customs duty rates · Exemption to parts of umbrellas is being
are being calibrated to provide a graded rate withdrawn.
structure to facilitate domestic manufacturing
· Exemption is also being rationalised on
of wearable devices, hearable devices and
implements and tools for agri-sector which are
electronic smart meters.
manufactured in India.
· Duty concessions are also being given to parts
· Customs duty exemption given to steel scrap
of transformer of mobile phone chargers and
last year is being extended for another year.
camera lens of mobile camera module and
certain other items. · Certain Anti- dumping and CVD on stainless
steel and coated steel lat products, bars of alloy
Gems and Jewellery sector:
steel and high-speed steel are being revoked.
· To give a boost to the Gems and Jewellery sector,
· To incentivise exports, exemptions are being
Customs duty on cut and polished diamonds
provided on items such as embellishment,
and gemstones is being reduced to 5 per cent.
trimming, fasteners, buttons, zipper, lining
· To facilitate export of jewellery through e- material, speci ied leather, furniture ittings
commerce, a simpli ied regulatory framework and packaging boxes that may be needed by
shall be implemented by June this year. bona ide exporters of handicrafts, textiles and
leather garments, leather footwear and other
· To disincentivise import of undervalued
goods.
imitation jewellery, the customs duty on
imitation jewellery is being prescribed in a · Duty is being reduced on certain inputs
manner that a duty of at least Rs 400 per Kg is required for shrimp aquaculture so as to
paid on its import. promote its exports.
Miscellaneous · Blending of fuel is a priority of this Government.
To encourage the efforts for blending of fuel,
· Customs duty on certain critical chemicals
unblended fuel shall attract an additional
namely methanol, acetic acid and heavy feed
differential excise duty of Rs 2/ litre from the
stocks for petroleum re ining are being
1st day of October 2022.
reduced, while duty is being raised on sodium
cyanide for which adequate domestic capacity
exists.
82
convert their bank deposits into the new digital

rupee.
Why are central banks issuing digital
currencies?
· To bring down the use of physical cash.
· The cost of issuing digital currencies is far
lower than the cost of printing and distributing
physical cash.
· The RBI can create and distribute the digital
rupee at virtually zero cost since the creation
and the distribution of the digital rupee will
happen electronically.
· Unlike physical cash, which is hard to trace, a
digital currency that is monitored by the RBI
can be more easily tracked and controlled by
RBI's digital currency the Central bank.
· Central bank digital currencies are promised as
plans reliable, sovereign-backed alternatives to
private currencies which are volatile and
In the Budget presented for 2022-23, Finance unregulated.
Minister had announced the introduction of
India's Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and · This feature of digital currencies, however, has
that the digital rupee would give a 'big boost' to raised various concerns regarding their privacy
digital economy. and could slow down their adoption.
Central Bank Digital Currency · In fact, it is worth noting that the need for
privacy has been one of the primary reasons
· A CBDC is no different from the cash that we behind the switch to private digital currencies.
hold in our wallets, except that it exists in a
digital form. Risks in adopting digital currencies issued by
Central bank
· It will be held in a digital wallet that is
supervised by the Central bank. · People may begin withdrawing money from
their bank accounts as digital currencies issued
· In India, it will be the RBI that supervises the by Central banks become more popular.
digital rupee although it may delegate some
power to banks. · Many people currently use bank accounts to
safely store their cash.
· It should be noted that the RBI's digital rupee
will not directly replace demand deposits held · When the digital wallet offered by the RBI can
in banks. serve the same purpose, people could very well
begin converting their bank deposits into
· Physical cash will continue to be used by banks, digital cash.
and people who wish to withdraw cash from
banks can still do so. But they can also opt to · One thing that could prevent any large light of
83
capital from bank accounts to digital currencies fewer loans is that when customers convert
is the fact that bank accounts, unlike digital their bank money into CBDCs, banks will be
currencies, offer interest on deposits. forced to surrender at least some cash and will
thus possess an even smaller base on which to
· But in developed economies, where interest
create loans.
rates are near zero or even negative, the risk of
people rushing their money out of bank · Also, when bank customers convert their
accounts and into digital currencies is real. deposits into digital rupee, the RBI will have to
take these liabilities from the books of banks
· This may not be an immediate concern for
and onto its own balance sheet.
banks in India which still offer returns that are
positive, at least in nominal terms, to their Way forward:
depositors.
· Central banks may cap the amount of money
· The withdrawal of bank deposits can also affect that an individual can hold in the form of CBDCs.
the amount of loans created by banks. However,
· This can prevent the mass withdrawal of
this could happen not simply because banks
deposits from banks.
will have fewer cash deposits to lend to
borrowers. · Some even believe that some Central banks,
such as the European Central Bank, may impose
· Contrary to popular belief, banks do not loan
a negative penalty on their digital currencies.
out actual cash deposits. Instead, they use cash
This could be done to force people to spend
deposits as a base on which they create a
their digital currencies and to discourage the
pyramid of electronic loans far in excess of the
withdrawal of deposits from banks that impose
cash deposits.
negative interest rates.
· So banks hold lower amounts of cash in their
· Central banks may also have to inject fresh
vaults than what their depositors and
money into banks to ensure that the ability of
borrowers could demand from them anyway.
banks to create loans is not affected by
· The real reason banks will be able to create depositors' rush to digital currencies.
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84
said an analyst.
· It also retained the marginal standing facility
(MSF) rate, and kept the Bank Rate unchanged
at 4.25 per cent.
Reverse repo rate
· Contrary to expectations of a hike, the RBI has
retained the reverse repo rate – the rate at
which the RBI borrows money from banks –
at 3.35 per cent.
· Bond yields had spiked after the government
Why Has RBI Opted announced higher market borrowing of Rs
14.95 lakh crore in the next iscal.
for Status Quo Again? Accommodative policy stance to continue
Signalling that the country is not yet ready for a · The policy panel, by a 5 to 1 majority, decided to
monetary tightening or a hike in interest rates, the continue with the accommodative stance “as
six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of long as necessary to revive and sustain growth
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) kept key policy on a durable basis and continue to mitigate the
rates – Repo rate, Reverse repo rate and the impact of Covid-19 on the economy, while
Bank rate – unchanged for the 10th time in a ensuring that in lation remains within the
row, and retained the accommodative policy target going forward”.
stance.
· While the current stance of 'accommodative
Repo rate policy for as long as necessary to revive growth'
· The central bank has retained the repo rate – was up for a review, analysts said the RBI is
the rate at which the RBI lends funds to likely to wait for some more time as the
banks – at 4 per cent to boost growth. economic recovery is uneven and the Omicron
variant has dented the sentiment.
· This means banks won't hike lending and
deposit rates and EMIs on loans will remain In lation to moderate
unchanged. Consumer price (retail) in lation:
· The RBI has reduced key policy repo rate by 115 · The RBI has projected a 5.3 per cent for the
bps to 4.0 per cent and reverse repo rates by current inancial year 2021-22 (FY22) despite
155 bps to 3.35 per cent since February 2020. rising crude oil prices.
· Banks had since then reduced their interest · Retail in lation for the next iscal (FY23) is
rates (both deposits and lending) signi icantly. projected at 4.5 per cent, below the earlier
· The large size of the FY23 market borrowings, projections.
and with no progress on the inclusion of Indian Growth forecast
debt market in the global bond indices, might
have prompted the RBI to delay the liquidity · The central bank has projected the real GDP
normalisation in an effort to keep the cost of growth at 7.8 per cent for the next inancial year
large borrowings programme under control, (2022-23) while real GDP growth at 9.2 per cent
85
for 2021-22 takes it modestly above the level of cum-selection committee which is to be headed
GDP in 2019-20. by the Cabinet Secretary.
· With the Covid pandemic impacting recovery, Objectives of the MPC
analysts were expecting a slight downward
Monetary Policy was implemented with an
revision in the GDP growth rate for FY22.
initiative to provide reasonable price stability,
· Even as the economy has shown a revival, the high employment, and a faster economic growth
irst advanced estimate of GDP for the current rate.
iscal shows that it has barely reached the pre-
The major four objectives of the Monetary
pandemic level.
Policy are mentioned below:
· In some contact-intensive sectors, the revival
· To stabilize the business cycle.
has been slow and is yet to reach the 2019-20
level. · To provide reasonable price stability.
· These are the sectors that are employment- · To provide faster economic growth.
intensive, and two years of the continuous drag
has created a huge burden of unemployment. · Exchange Rate Stability.
· Virtually all the growth engines, except public

investment and exports, have been stuttering; IIP Growth Slowed to
both private consumption and investment are
yet to revive, Brickwork Ratings said. 0.4% in December
About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
India's industrial recovery slowed sharply in
· The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the December, with output growing just 0.4% year-
body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, o n - y e a r, a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a c t i v i t y
responsible for taking the important monetary contracting 0.1%, as per of icial estimates for the
policy decisions about setting the repo rate. Index of Industrial Production (IIP). Electricity
output grew 2.8%, while mining activity rose
· Repo rate is 'the policy instrument' in monetary 2.6%.
policy that helps to realize the set in lation
target by the RBI (at present 4%). · Data shows capital goods, consumer durables
output shrank signalling poor investment,
Membership of the MPC consumption
· The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is Relevance:
formed under the RBI with six members.
What is Index of Industrial Production (IIP)?
· Three of the members are from the RBI while
the other three members are appointed by the · The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an
government. index that shows the growth rates in different
industry groups of the economy in a ixed
· Members from the RBI are the Governor who is period of time.
the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor
and one of icer of the RBI. · It is compiled and published MONTHLY by the
National Statistical Of ice (NSO), Ministry of
· The government members are appointed by the Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Centre on the recommendations of a search-
86
· Base Year for IIP is 2011-2012. · The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27% of
the weight of items included in the Index of
· IIP is a composite indicator that measures the
Industrial Production (IIP).
growth rate of industry groups classi ied under:
Released by: The Of ice of the Economic
· Broad sectors, namely, Mining, Manufacturing,
Adviser, Department for Promotion of
and Electricity.
Industry and Internal Trade
· Use-based sectors, namely Basic Goods, Capital
Base year: 2011-12
Goods, and Intermediate Goods
Below image attached Eight Core Industries
About Index of Eight Core Industries:
based on their weightage.
Signi icance of IIP: price in lation for the irst time since June 2021.
Retail in lation was 5.66% in December 2021.
· IIP is the only measure on the physical volume
of production. What is In lation?
· It is used by government agencies including the · In lation refers to the consistent rise in the
Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, prices of most goods and services of daily or
etc., for policy-making purposes. common use, such as food, clothing, housing,
recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc.
· IIP remains extremely relevant for the
In lation measures the average price change in
calculation of the quarterly and advance GDP
a basket of commodities and services over
estimates.
time.
In lation Edges Past 6% in January
· A moderate level of in lation is required in the
India's retail in lation accelerated past the 6% economy to ensure that production is
mark in January to hit 6.01%, breaching the promoted. Excess In lation is indicative of the
central bank's tolerance threshold for consumer decrease in the purchasing power of a unit of a
87
country's currency. This could ultimately lead · Money loses value so fast that business and
to a deceleration in economic growth. employee income can't keep up with costs and
prices.
· In India, in lation is primarily measured by two
main indices — WPI (Wholesale Price Index) · Foreign investors avoid the country, depriving
and CPI (Consumer Price Index) which it of needed capital. The economy becomes
measure wholesale and retail-level price unstable, and government leaders lose
changes, respectively. credibility.
Types of In lation based on rate of Increase IV. Hyperin lation
There are four main types of in lation, categorized · Hyperin lation refers to a situation where the
by their speed. They are creeping, walking, prices rise at an alarming high rate – i.e., more
galloping, and hyperin lation. than 50% a month.
I. Creeping In lation · The prices rise so fast that it becomes very
dif icult to measure its magnitude. However, in
· Creeping or mild in lation is when prices rise
quantitative terms, when prices rise above
3% a year or less. According to the Federal
1000% per annum (quadruple or four-digit
Reserve, when prices increase 2% or less, it
in lation rate), it is termed as Hyperin lation.
bene its economic growth.
· Most examples of hyperin lation occur when
· This kind of mild in lation makes consumers
governments print money to pay for wars.
expect that prices will keep going up. That
boosts demand. Consumers buy now to beat · Examples of hyperin lation include Germany in
higher future prices. That's how mild in lation the 1920s, Zimbabwe in the 2000s, and
drives economic expansion. Venezuela in the 2010s.
II. Walking In lation · During a worst-case scenario of hyperin lation,
value of national currency (money) of an
· When prices rise by more than 3% but less than
affected country reduces almost to zero. Paper
10% per annum (i.e., between 3% and 10% per
money becomes worthless and people start
annum), it is called as Walking In lation.
trading either in gold and silver or sometimes
· It is harmful to the economy because it heats- even use the old barter system of commerce.
up economic growth too fast.
V. Chronic In lation
· People start to buy more than they need to
· If creeping in lation persist (continues to
avoid tomorrow's much higher prices. This
increase) for a longer period of time then it is
increased buying drives demand even further
often called as Chronic or Secular In lation.
so that suppliers can't keep up and neither can
the wages. As a result, common goods and · Chronic Creeping In lation can be either
services are priced out of the reach of most Continuous (which remains consistent without
people. any downward movement) or Intermittent
(which occurs at regular intervals).
III. Galloping In lation
· It is called chronic because if an in lation rate
· When in lation rises to 10% or more (i.e., prices
continues to grow for a longer period without
rise by double- or triple-digit in lation rates
any downturn, then it possibly leads to
like 30% or 400% or 999% per annum), it
Hyperin lation.
wreaks absolute havoc on the economy. It is
also referred as jumping in lation. VI. Moderate In lation
88
· Concept of Creeping and Walking in lation Policy Committee (MPC) uses CPI data to
clubbed together are called Moderate In lation. control in lation.
· When prices rise by less than 10% per annum · The CPI calculates the difference in the price of
(single digit in lation rate), it is known as commodities and services such as food,
Moderate In lation. medical care, education, electronics etc, which
Indian consumers buy for use.
· It is a stable in lation and not a serious
economic problem. · The CPI has several sub-groups including food
and beverages, fuel and light, housing and
VII. Running In lation
clothing, bedding and footwear.
· A rapid acceleration in the rate of rising prices
· Four types of CPI are as follows:
is referred as Running In lation.
1. CPI for Industrial Workers (IW).
· When prices rise by more than 10% per annum,
running in lation occurs. 2. CPI for Agricultural Labourer (AL).
· Though economists have not suggested a ixed 3. CPI for Rural Labourer (RL).
range for measuring running in lation, we may
4. CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined).
consider price rise between 10% to 20% per
annum (double digit in lation rate) as a · Of these, CPI for Industrial Workers (IW), CPI
running in lation. for Agricultural Labourer (AL) and CPI for
Rural Labourer (RL) are compiled by the
What is Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and
· Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures price Employment.
changes from the perspective of a retail buyer.
· CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined) is compiled by
· CPI is released by the National Statistical Of ice the National Statistical Of ice (NSO) in the
(NSO). Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation.
· Base Year for CPI is 2012 and the Monetary
About the Latest in lation data
89
· Rural India bore the brunt of the in lation spike, In order to protect investors, SEBI has laid down
with the pace of price rise touching 6.12% from rules that require companies to meet certain
5.36% in December. criteria before they can go to the public to raise
funds.
· In lation in urban India was virtually
unchanged at 5.91% in January, from 5.9% a · The company must have net tangible assets of
month earlier. at least Rs 3 crore, and net worth of Rs 1 crore
in each of the preceding three full years, and it
· The Consumer Food Price Index spiked
must have a minimum average pre-tax pro it of
signi icantly from 4.05% in December to
Rs 15 crore in at least three of the immediately
5.43% in January, with rural India again
preceding ive years.
reporting a sharper rise.
Proceeds of the IPO:
· Food in lation is high mainly due to the higher
edible oils component, but the overall basket is · If the issue raises fresh capital, the proceeds of
below the headline number at 5.6%. the IPO go to the company, and can be utilised
for future growth, expansion, debt reduction,
etc.
Initial Public Offering · If the issue involves offer for sale by promoters
Recently, the government-owned Life Insurance or existing investors, then the money goes to
Corporation of India (LIC) iled its Draft Red them and not to the company.
Herring Prospectus (DRHP) for its mega Initial · In the case of LIC, the issue is an offer for sale by
Public Offering (IPO) with the Securities and the government, and the IPO proceeds will go
Exchange Board of India (SEBI). to the Government of India.
· LIC is fully owned by the government. It was Who ixes the price of securities in an issue?
set up in 1956. It has the biggest share in
India's insurance business. · The per-share price of the public issue is ixed
by the issuer in consultation with the merchant
What is Initial public offering (IPO)? banker.
· An IPO or initial public offering is the process · They arrive at the total valuation of the
by which a privately held company, or a company based on parameters such as assets,
company owned by the government such as revenues, pro its, and future cash low
LIC, raises funds by offering shares to the projections, and the total value of the company
public or to new investors. Following the IPO, is then divided by the post-offer shares
the company is listed on the stock exchange. outstanding to arrive at the price of each share.
· While coming with an IPO, the company has to Note: The regulator, SEBI, does not play a role
ile its offer document with the market in price ixation.
regulator Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI). Advantages of listing a company:
· The offer document contains all relevant · It may help a company raise capital, and
information about the company, its promoters, diversify and broaden its shareholder base.
its projects, inancial details, the object of
· Listing provides an exit to existing investors of
raising the money, terms of the issue, etc.
the company.
Criteria for companies can come out with an
· A listed company can raise share capital for
IPO:
90
growth and expansion in the future through a top consideration.

follow-on public offering or FPO.
· But investors must also do a inancial analysis
Who can invest in an IPO? of the company, and compare it with peers in
the same sector before investing in the IPO.
· There are various categories of investors who
can invest in an IPO. · If there is a company in the same sector that is
already listed, and if it has strong fundamentals
· Quali ied institutional buyers (QIBs) is a
and its shares are available at a competitive
category of investors that includes foreign
price, investors should consider that as well,
portfolio investors (FPIs), mutual funds,
rather than going for the public issue of a
commercial banks, insurance companies,
company that is proposing to list.
pension funds, etc.
· Investors must follow QIBs, who are perceived
· All individuals who invest up to Rs 2 lakh in an
to have the expertise for assessment and
issue are classi ied as retail investors. Retail
evaluation, and a greater ability to do due
investors investing above Rs 2 lakh are
diligence.
classi ied as high net worth individuals.
· These institutional investors invest in the irst
· You have to be 18 years of age to become an
few days of the issue opening, and retail
investor.
investors, who have a wider window for
· A brokerage account is needed to invest, and investing, can assess the demand from the
you have to be at least 18 years old to have interest shown by the QIBs, and can simply
one. follow them. If QIBs show a lot of interest, retail
investors can go for the issue. If the QIBs are
What should you look for before investing? cold, it is better to avoid.
· The credibility of the promoter should be the
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Environment Issues February 2022
Water puri ication

World Wetlands Day ·
· Reservoirs of biodiversity
2022 · Pollination
World Wetlands Day celebrated at Sultanpur · Wetland products

National Park .
· Cultural values
· Two new Ramsar sites, Khijadia Wildlife
· Recreation and tourism
Sanctuary in Gujarat and Bakhira Wildlife
Sanctuary in U.P were announced on the · Climate change mitigation and adaptation
occasion of World Wetlands day 2022.
We t l a n d s a re a l s o c o n s i d e re d t h e m o s t
· On the occasion, “National Wetland Decadal biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as
C h a n g e At l a s ” p re p a re d by t h e S p a c e home to a wide range of plant and animal life.
Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad was
Wetland disturbances
also released highlighting the changes which
have happened in Wetlands across the country Wetlands, the functions and services they provide
in the past decade. as well as their lora and fauna, can be affected
by several types of disturbances – the
What are wetlands?
predominant ones include the following:
· A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is looded
· Enrichment/eutrophication
by water, either permanently or seasonally,
where oxygen-free processes prevail. · Organic loading and reduced dissolved oxygen
· The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands · Contaminant toxicity
from other land forms or water bodies is the
characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, · Acidi ication
adapted to the unique hydric soil. · Salinization
· The main wetland types are swamp, marsh, bog, · Sedimentation
and fen; sub-types include mangrove forest,
carr, pocosin, loodplains, mire, vernal pool, · Altered solar input (turbidity/shade)
sink, and many others. · Vegetation removal
· The largest wetlands include the Amazon River · Thermal alteration
basin, the West Siberian Plain, the Pantanal in
South America, and the Sundarbans in the · Dehydration/aridi ication
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. · Inundation/ looding
Importance of Wetlands · Habitat fragmentation
Wetlands play a number of functions such as: · Other human presence
· Water storage ( lood control) Human Activities that affect Wetlands:
· Groundwater replenishment · Drainage
· Shoreline stabilisation and storm protection
93
· Development wetlands of international importance.

· Over-grazing · The Ramsar Classi ication System for Wetland
Type is a wetland classi ication developed
· Mining
within the Ramsar Convention intended as a
· Unsustainable water use means for fast identi ication of the main types of
wetlands for the purposes of the Convention.
Wetlands have historically been the victim of large
draining efforts for real estate development, or · The countries with most sites are the United
looding for use as recreational lakes or Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142.
hydropower generation.
· The country with the greatest area of listed
World Wetlands Day wetlands is Bolivia.
· World Wetlands Day is celebrated every year on Ramsar Convention

the 2nd of February as it marks the date of the
· The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of
adoption of the Convention on Wetlands on 2
International Importance especially as
February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar
Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for
(Popularly known as Ramsar Convention).
the conservation and sustainable use of
· The theme for World Wetlands Day 2022 wetlands.
“Wetlands Action for People and Nature”,
· It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran,
which highlights the importance of actions to
where the Convention was signed in 1971.
ensure the conservation and sustainable use of
wetlands for humans and planetary health. · The 2nd of February each year is World
Wetlands Day, marking the date of the adoption
· This day serves to recognize the in luence and
of the Convention on Wetlands.
positive production that Wetlands have had on
the world and in terms brings communities · The Convention's mission is “the conservation
together for the bene it of Mother Nature. and wise use of all wetlands through local and
national actions and international cooperation,
What is a Ramsar Site?
as a contribution towards achieving sustainable
· A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be development throughout the world”.
of international importance under the Ramsar
· Every three years, representatives of the
Convention.
Contracting Parties meet as the Conference of
· India now has a network of 49 Ramsar sites the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-
covering an area of 10,93,636 hectares, the making organ of the Convention which adopts
highest in South Asia. decisions (Resolutions and Recommendations)
to administer the work of the Convention and
· Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary in UP provides a improve the way in which the Parties are able to
safe wintering and staging ground for a large implement its objectives.
number of species of the Central Asian Flyway
Sultanpur National Park
· Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary is a coastal
wetland with rich avifaunal diversity providing · It is from Haryana supports more than 220
a safe habitat to endangered and vulnerable species of resident, winter migratory and local
species. migratory water birds at critical stages of their
life cycles.
· Ramsar sites are recorded on the List of Ramsar
94
· More than ten of these are globally threatened, · Minister for New and Renewable Energy
including the critically endangered sociable (MNRE) said a committee had been constituted
lapwing, and the endangered Egyptian Vulture, under the chairmanship of the Ministry's
Saker Falcon, Pallas's Fish Eagle and Black- Secretary to propose an action plan to evolve a
bellied Tern. “circular economy” in solar panel, through
reuse/recycling of waste generated.
· It is a bird paradise for bird watchers. It is
famous for its migratory as well as resident · There was no commercial raw material
birds. recovery facility for solar e-waste operational in
India, but a pilot facility for solar panel recycling
· The status of the park was upgraded to National
and material recovery had been set up by a
Park under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
private company in Gummidipoondi in Tamil
in July 1991.
Nadu.
· India has set a target of producing 100 GW of
solar energy by 2022.
· The cumulative capacity of grid-connected
solar photovoltaic (PV) installations is around
40 GW and of the current capacity, about 35.6
GW, is generated from ground-mounted plants
and 4.4 GW from rooftop solar.
What is solar waste?
· It is the electronic waste (e-waste) generated by
discarded solar panels and Photo-voltaic
India Lacks Solar (PV) devices.

· P h o t o v o l t a i c ( P V ) d e v i c e s c o n t a i n
Waste Handling semiconducting materials that convert sunlight
into electrical energy.
Policy · A single PV device is known as a cell, and these
cells are connected together in chains to form
The International Renewable Energy Agency
larger units known as modules or panels.
(IRENA) estimated that the global photovoltaic
waste will touch 78 million tonnes by 2050, with · Although up to 90% of the components are
India expected to be one of the top ive generators recyclable, many PV modules contain heavy
of such waste. metals such as cadmium, copper, lead,
antimony or selenium, and when they are
Details:
taken out of service or broken, they may be
· While India ramps up its solar power capacity, classi ied as hazardous waste.
the nation does not yet have a irm policy on
· Solar panels have a life of 20-25 years, and it is
managing waste that results from used solar
likely that India will be faced with solar waste
panels or from the manufacturing process.
problems by the end of this decade.
· India currently considers solar waste a part of
Solar waste management by other countries-
electronic waste and does not account for it
separately. · In Europe, the Waste Electrical and
95
Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive of the

EU imposes responsibility for the disposal of
waste on the manufacturers or distributors
who introduce or install such equipment for the
irst time.
· The UK also has an industry-managed “take-
back and recycling scheme”, where all PV
producers will need to register and submit data
related to products used for the residential
solar market (B2C) and non-residential market.
Green Hydrogen/
· While there are no federal statutes or
regulations in the United States that talk about Green Ammonia
recycling, there are some states who have
proactively de ined policies to address end-of-
Policy
life PV module management.
Ministry of Power noti ied Green Hydrogen/
· The federal government in Australia has Green Ammonia Policy.
acknowledged the concern and announced a $2
About the Green Hydrogen/ Green Ammonia
million grant as part of the National Product
Policy:
Stewardship Investment Fund to develop and
i m p l e m e n t a n i n d u s t r y - l e d p r o d u c t · Hydrogen and Ammonia are envisaged to be the
stewardship scheme for PV systems. future fuels to replace fossil fuels.
About IRENA · Production of these fuels by using power from

renewable energy, termed as green hydrogen
· I R E NA h a s 1 5 0 m e m b e r n a t i o n s w i t h
and green ammonia.
Headquarters in Abu Dhabi.
· It is one of the major requirements towards
· The International Renewable Energy Agency
environmentally sustainable energy security of
(IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation
the nation.
that supports countries in their transition to a
sustainable energy future, and serves as the · Aim: To emerge as an export Hub for Green
p r i n c i p a l p l a t f o r m f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l Hydrogen and Green Ammonia.
cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a
The policy provides as follows:
repository of policy, technology, resource and
inancial knowledge on renewable energy. · Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturers
may purchase renewable power from the
· IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and
power exchange or set up renewable energy
sustainable use of all forms of renewable
capacity themselves or through any other,
energy, including bioenergy, geothermal,
developer, anywhere.
hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy in
the pursuit of sustainable development, energy · Open access will be granted within 15 days of
access, energy security and low-carbon receipt of application.
economic growth and prosperity.
· The Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturer
· IRENA is an of icial United Nations observer. can bank his unconsumed renewable power,
up to 30 days, with distribution company and
96
take it back when required. · To ensure ease of doing business a single portal
for carrying out all the activities including
· Distribution licensees can also procure and
statutory clearances in a time bound manner
supply Renewable Energy to the manufacturers
will be set up by MNRE.
of Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia in their
States at concessional prices which will only · Manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / Green
include the cost of procurement, wheeling Ammonia shall be allowed to set up bunkers
charges and a small margin as determined by near Ports for storage of Green Ammonia for
the State Commission. export / use by shipping. The land for the
storage for this purpose shall be provided by
· Waiver of inter-state transmission charges
the respective Port Authorities at applicable
for a period of 25 years will be allowed to the
charges.
manufacturers of Green Hydrogen and Green
Ammonia for the projects commissioned before Bene its under policy
30th June 2025.
· The implementation of this Policy will provide
· The manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / clean fuel to the common people of the country.
Ammonia and the renewable energy plant shall
· This will reduce dependence on fossil fuel and
be given connectivity to the grid on priority
also reduce crude oil imports.
basis to avoid any procedural delays.
· The policy promotes Renewable Energy (RE)
· T h e b e n e i t o f Re n e wa b l e P u r c h a s e
generation as RE will be the basic ingredient in
Obligation (RPO) will be granted incentive to
making green hydrogen.
the hydrogen/Ammonia manufacturer and the
Distribution licensee for consumption of · This in t u rn w ill help in m eet in g t he
renewable power. international commitments for clean energy.
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Complete combustion would turn all carbon in

Black Carbon ·
the fuel into carbon dioxide (CO2), but
combustion is never complete and CO2, carbon
Black carbon (BC) concentration in Antarctica is
monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and
considerably higher around research stations and
organic carbon and black carbon particles are
popular tourist destinations than other parts of
all formed in the process.
the continent, according to a new report
published in Nature Communications. · The complex mixture of particulate matter
resulting from incomplete combustion is often
What is Black Carbon?
referred to as soot.
· Black carbon is a potent climate-warming
· It reduces the surface albedo and can lead to
component of particulate matter formed by the
earlier and more rapid snow melt.
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood
and other fuels.
98
Adverse Effects of Black Carbon Brown Carbon:

· Black carbon is a short-lived climate pollutant · Brown carbon is a carbonaceous aerosol
with a lifetime of only days to weeks after which absorbs solar radiation over a broad
release in the atmosphere. range of wavelengths which is beginning to be
seen as an important contributor to global
· During this short period of time, black carbon
warming.
can have signi icant direct and indirect
impacts on the climate, glacial regions, · Brown Carbon absorbs both inorganic and
agriculture and human health. organic pollutants, leading to serious effects
on human health. Hence, Brown carbon (light-
· Several studies have demonstrated that
absorbing organic carbon) has attracted
measures to prevent black carbon emissions
interest as a possible cause of climate change.
can reduce near-term warming of the climate,
increase crop yields and prevent premature · Brown Carbon is a class of organic carbon,
deaths. known for its light brownish colour, absorbs
strongly in the ultraviolet wavelengths and less
· Black carbon absorbs solar energy and warms
signi icantly going into the visible.
the atmosphere.
· Types of brown carbon include tar materials
· When it falls to earth with precipitation, it
from smouldering ires or coal combustion,
darkens the surface of snow and ice, reducing
breakdown products from biomass burning, a
their albedo (the re lecting power of a surface),
mixture of organic compounds emitted from
warming the snow, and hastening melting.
soil, and volatile organic compounds given off
by vegetation.
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99
About Fire Ready Formula

UNEP's Fire Ready The new formula envisages that 66 per cent of
Formula spending be devoted to planning, prevention,
preparedness and recovery. The remaining 34 per
The United Nations Environment Programme cent can be spent on response.
(UNEP) called on global governments to adopt a
new 'Fire Ready Formula,' as it warned that New “Fire Ready Formula” focuses on planning
incidences of wild ires would rise in the future. and prevention
Need of such Formula: SDGs that impact human health and well-being.
These include the SDG goals to end hunger,
· The UNEP report also projected that the
poverty and the goal on climate action too.
number of wild ires is likely to increase by up to
14 per cent by 2030. · The Fire Ready Formula could help in achieving
these goals, according to the UNEP.
· It is projected to spike by 33 per cent by 2050. It
would rise by 52 per cent by 2100. United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP)
· The prevalence and behaviour of wild ires is
changing due to numerous factors including, · The United Nations Environment Programme
but not limited to, climate change. The UNEP (UNEP) is a leading global environmental
report said this citing the most recent a u t h o r i t y e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 7 2 a n d
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.
report.
· It sets the global environmental agenda,
· Change in land-use and land management promotes the sustainable development within
practices are also responsible for the increasing the United Nations system, and serves as an
risks of wild ires. authoritative advocate for global environment
protection.
· An increase in damaging wild ires may reverse
or delay progress towards achieving the United The UNEP Publishes:
Nations Sustainable Development Goals
· Emission Gap Report,
(SDGs), Paris Agreement and Sendai targets.
· Global Environment Outlook,
· The changing scale and intensity of wild ires
may especially impact achievements in · Frontiers,
developing countries, across several of the
· Invest into Healthy Planet.
100
Awards & Prizes February 2022
10. Best Actor in Comic Role: Kunal Kemmu,

Dadasaheb Phalke Lootcase
International Film 11. Best Actor (Web Series): Bobby Deol,
Aashram
Festival Awards
12. Best Actress (Web Series): Sushmita
2021 announced Sen, Aarya
The prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke 13. Best Web Series: Scam (1992)
International Film Festival awards 14. Album of the Year: Titliyaan
2021 were announced, to honour the
best in Indian cinema, television, 15. Best Television Series: Kundali Bhagya
music, and OTT. Late actor Sushant
16. Photographer of the Year: Daboo
Singh Rajput was posthumously
Ratnani
awarded 'Critics Best Actor' for his
performance in Dil Bechara. 17. Style Diva of the Year: Divya Khosla
Kumar
The winner of the Award for 2021 are
as follows: 18. Best Actress in Television Series:
Surbhi Chandna
1. Best Actor (Female): Deepika
Padukone, Chhapaak 19. Best Actor in Television Series:
Dheeraj Dhoopar
2. Best Actor (Male): Akshay
Kumar, Laxmii 20. Performer of the Year: Nora Fatehi
3. Critic's Best Actress: Kiara 21. Outstanding Contribution to Film
Advani, Guilty Industry: Dharmendra
4. Critic's Best Actor: Late 22. Outstanding Contribution to
Sushant Singh Rajput, Dil Literature in Indian Cinema: Chetan
Bechara Bhagat
5. Best Film: Tanhaji: The About the Dadasaheb Phalke
Unsung Warrior International Film Festival:
6. Best International Feature The Dadasaheb Phalke International Film
Film: Parasite Most Festival is a unique platform to honour
Versatile Actor – Kay and encourage the most creative Artists,
Kay Menon Creators, filmmakers, and to infuse life
into their career. DPIFF hosts the Most
7. Best Director: Anurag
Prestigious Award Function to honour
Basu, Ludo
and appreciate the Entertainment &
8. Best Actor in a Film Industry and commemorate those
Supporting Role: deserving storyteller, creative writers,
Vikrant Massey, passionate filmmakers, and maverick
Chhapaak artists who are part of great Indian
cinema.
9. Best Actress in
Supporting Role:
Radhika Madan, Angrezi Medium
101
Awards & Prizes February 2022
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Science & Technology February 2022
(Independent Charge) Earth Sciences; MoS PMO,

Mission Chandrayaan Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic
Energy and Space said that Chandrayaan-3 is
Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) scheduled for launch in August 2022.
Science & Technology; Minister of State
Key Findings of Chandrayaan-1
103
About Chandrayaan-2
· Chandrayaan-2 is an integrated 3-in-1 making observations and collecting data.

spacecraft of around 3,877 kg comprising of an
· It will study the composition of the surface near
Orbiter of the Moon, Vikram (after Vikram
the lunar landing site, and determine the
Sarabhai) the lander and Pragyan (wisdom) the
abundance of various elements.
rover, all equipped with scienti ic instruments
to study the moon. · Orbiter: While the Lander and Rover are
designed to work for only 14 days (1 lunar day),
· The Orbiter will orbit from 100 km away, while
the Orbiter, a 2,379-kg spacecraft with seven
the Lander and Rover modules will separate
instruments on board, would remain in orbit
and make a soft-landing on the surface.
for a year.
· Lander (Vikram) will remain stationary after
· It is equipped with different kinds of cameras to
touching down, will mainly study the moon's
create high-resolution three-dimensional maps
atmosphere.
of the surface.
· It will also look out for seismic activity.
· It will study the mineral composition on the
· Rover (Pragyan): Once on the Moon, the Rover, moon and the lunar atmosphere, and also to
a six-wheeled solar-powered vehicle, will assess the abundance of water.
detach itself and slowly crawl on the surface,
104
· The mission sequence involves meticulous · Try and build on the evidence of water
planning of series of Earthbound manoeuvres, molecules shown by Chandrayaan-I and study
trans-lunar injections, series of lunar burns, the extent and distribution of water on the
lander separation, lander descent, and Moon
touchdown and subsequent rover rolling out of
· Study topography, seismography, composition
the lander on the Moon surface.
of lunar surface and the lunar atmosphere
GSLV Mk-III:
· The study of ancient rocks and craters can offer
· Developed by ISRO, the Geosynchronous indications of origin and evolution of the Moon.
Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III is a three-
· The South Pole region of the Moon also contains
stage vehicle.
clues to the fossil records of early solar system.
· Primarily designed to launch communication Thus, it will improve our understanding of the
satellites into geostationary orbit. early solar system as well.
· I t h a s a m a s s o f 6 4 0 to n n e s t h a t c a n ISRO to Launch New Satellite
accommodate up to 8,000 kg payload to LEO
The Indian Space Research Organisation
and 4000 kg payload to GTO.
(ISRO) is all set for its irst launch of 2022 on
· GSLV Mk-III vehicle is powered by two solid next week.
motor strap-ons (S200), a liquid propellant
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04):
core stage (L110) and a cryogenic stage (C25),
that has been designed for carrying the four- · The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
tonne class satellites. plans to place an Earth Observation Satellite
(EOS-04) into orbit on February 14.
· The C25 is powered by CE-20, India's largest
cryogenic engine, designed and developed by · Launch Vehicle: It will be launched by PSLV C-
the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. 52 launch vehicle from the irst launch pad of
the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota.
About Chandrayaan-3:
· Weight: Its weight is around 1,170 kg.
· As the name suggests, the Chandrayaan-3 is the
successor to the Chandrayaan-2 mission and it · Orbit: It will be placed in a sun synchronous
will likely attempt another soft-landing on the polar orbit of 529 km away from earth.
lunar surface.
· Feature: It is a radar-imaging satellite,
· It will be almost a repetition of the July 2019 designed to provide high-quality images under
Chandrayaan-2 mission in the con iguration of all weather conditions.
spacecraft, the landing spot on the moon and
the experiments to be conducted on the lunar · Applications: It includes:
surface. · Agriculture,
· Although scores of landers sent by Russia, the · Forestry & plantations,
U.S. and the Chinese have explored the moon's
surface, so far, no other agency has landed in the · Soil moisture and hydrology, and
southern hemisphere of the moon. ISRO hopes · Flood mapping
to be the irst to do so.
· PSLV-C52 mission: The mission will also carry
Mission Objectives two small satellites as co-passengers namely:
105
· INSPIREsat-1: It is a student satellite from the the radiation levels/space weather and
Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology demonstrate long range communication
in association with the Laboratory of technologies.
Atmospheric & Space Physics at the University
· CMS-01 Mission:
of Colorado, Boulder and
· It is India's communication satellite was
· INS-2TD: It is a technology demonstrator
launched by PSLV-C50 in 2020.
satellite from ISRO.
· It was injected into an elliptical sub-
Recent Achievements of ISRO:
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.
· Amazonia-1:
· It is envisaged for providing services in
· It is the irst dedicated commercial mission of extended C Band frequency spectrum.
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), a Government
About Indian Space Research Organisation
of India company under Department of Space.
(ISRO):
· It was launched by PSLV-C51 in 2021.
· Indian National Committee for Space Research
· It is a optical earth observation satellite of (INCOSPAR) was set up by the Government of
National Institute for Space Research (INPE), India in 1962.
would provide remote sensing data to users for
· Indian Space Research Organisation, formed in
monitoring deforestation in the Amazon region
1969, superseded the erstwhile INCOSPAR.
and analysis of diversi ied agriculture across
the Brazilian territory. · Vikram Sarabhai played a signi icant role in
identifying the role and importance of space
· UNITYsat and Satish Dhawan SAT (SDSAT):
technology in a Nation's development.
· The PSLV-C51 launch vehicle successfully
· It aims to Harness space technology for national
launched Indian student satellites UNITYsat
development, while pursuing space science
and Satish Dhawan SAT (SDSAT) on February
research and planetary exploration.
28, 2021.
· Recently, S. Somanath, an eminent rocket
· UNITYsat: It is intended for providing Radio
scientist has been appointed as the Chairman of
relay services
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
· SDSAT: It is a nano satellite intended to study and the Space Secretary.
106
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04)

PM congratulated Indian space scientists on successful launch of PSLV C52 mission.
About Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-04)
Launch Vehicle: It was launched by PSLV C-52 Feature: It is a radar-imaging satellite, designed to
launch vehicle from the irst launch pad of the provide high-quality images under all weather
Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. conditions.
Weight: Its weight is around 1,170 kg. Applications: It includes:
Orbit: It will be placed in a sun synchronous polar · Agriculture,
orbit of 529 km away from earth.
· Forestry & plantations,
107
· Soil moisture and hydrology, and · It was injected into an elliptical sub-
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.
· Flood mapping
· It is envisaged for providing services in
PSLV-C52 mission: Two small satellites as co-
extended C Band frequency spectrum.
passengers namely:
About Indian Space Research Organisation
· INSPIREsat-1: It is a student satellite from the
(ISRO):
Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology
in association with the Laboratory of · Indian National Committee for Space Research
Atmospheric & Space Physics at the University (INCOSPAR) was set up by the Government of
of Colorado, Boulder and India in 1962.
· INS-2TD: It is a technology demonstrator · Indian Space Research Organisation, formed in
satellite from ISRO. 1969, superseded the erstwhile INCOSPAR.
Recent Achievements of ISRO: · Vikram Sarabhai played a signi icant role in
identifying the role and importance of space
Amazonia-1:
technology in a Nation's development.
· It is the irst dedicated commercial mission of
· It aims to Harness space technology for
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), a Government
national development, while pursuing space
of India company under Department of Space.
science research and planetary exploration.
· It was launched by PSLV-C51 in 2021.
· Recently, S. Somanath, an eminent rocket
· It is a optical earth observation satellite of scientist has been appointed as the Chairman
National Institute for Space Research (INPE), of the Indian Space Research Organisation
would provide remote sensing data to users for (ISRO) and the Space Secretary.
monitoring deforestation in the Amazon
region and analysis of diversi ied agriculture
across the Brazilian territory. Synthetic Biology
UNITYsat and Satish Dhawan SAT (SDSAT): The Centre is working on a national policy on
· The PSLV-C51 launch vehicle successfully synthetic biology, an emerging science that deals
launched Indian student satellites UNITYsat with engineering life forms for a wide range of
and Satish Dhawan SAT (SDSAT) on February applications from making designer medicines to
28, 2021. foods.
· UNITYsat: It is intended for providing Radio What is Synthetic Biology?

relay services · Synthetic biology is a ield of science that
· SDSAT: It is a nano satellite intended to study involves redesigning organisms for useful
the radiation levels/space weather and purposes by engineering them to have new
demonstrate long range communication abilities.
technologies. · Synthetic biology researchers and companies
CMS-01 Mission: around the world are harnessing the power of
nature to solve problems in medicine,
· It is India's communication satellite was manufacturing and agriculture.
launched by PSLV-C50 in 2020.
108
What can synthetic biology do? another approach called “genome editing”
because both involve changing an organism's
Redesigning organisms so that they produce a
genetic code; however, some people draw a
substance, such as a medicine or fuel, or gain a
distinction between these two approaches
new ability, such as sensing something in the
based on how that change is made.
environment, are common goals of synthetic
biology projects. Some examples of what Synthetic biology:
scientists are producing with synthetic biology
· In synthetic biology, scientists typically stitch
are:
together long stretches of DNA and insert them
· M i c r o o r g a n i s m s h a r n e s s e d f o r into an organism's genome.
bioremediation to clean pollutants from our
· These synthesized pieces of DNA could be
water, soil and air.
genes that are found in other organisms or they
· Rice modi ied to produce beta-carotene, a could be entirely novel.
nutrient usually associated with carrots, that
Genome editing:
prevents vitamin A de iciency.
· In genome editing, scientists typically use tools
· Vitamin A de iciency causes blindness in
to make smaller changes to the organism's own
250,000 – 500,000 children every year and
DNA.
greatly increases a child's risk of death from
infectious diseases. · Genome editing tools can also be used to delete
or add small stretches of DNA in the genome.
· Yeast engineered to produce rose oil as an
eco-friendly and sustainable substitute for real Applications of synthetic biology
roses that perfumers use to make luxury
scents. The application of synthetic biology varies from
life sciences inquest to the research of biofuels.
Difference between synthetic biology and The potential of synthetic biology is quite vast
genome editing: and stirring.
In some ways, synthetic biology is similar to
109
· Industrial Enzymes – the manufactory of · P l a n t s c i e n ce – c o m b i n e d ways a n d

industrial enzymes in quest of supportable automations to facilitate sequence-to-
processes that facilitates greater yield, function scrutiny of plants.
expanded enzymes, higher ef iciency etc.
· Biofuels – accumulation genes, microbes and
plants for effective transformation of
Lucy Mission to probe
feedstock as biofuels.
Jupiter's Trojan
· Antibody prolongation and vaccine –
stimulates in industry to enhance the Asteroids
therapeutic pipeline and increase the progress
rate of practices. Vaccines spotlights on NASA is set to send its irst spacecraft to study
prevention of diseases and illness. Jupiter's Trojan asteroids to glean new insights
into the solar system's formation 4.5 billion years
· Bio-based chemicals – accredits the quick ix ago.
from nature. Implies sustainable advances to
plastic, chemicals, textiles with minimal effect
t on the environment.
About Lucy Mission · It is NASA's irst single spacecraft mission in

history to explore so many different asteroids.
· It is named after an ancient fossil 3.2 million-
year-old ancestor who belonged to a species of · Lucy will run on solar power out to 850 million
hominins. km away from the Sun.
· It is a 12-year journey of eight different · This makes it the farthest- lung solar-powered
asteroids including one in the Main Belt spacecraft ever, according to NASA.
between Mars & Jupiter and seven Trojans.
110
Aim & Objective: Asteroids:

· To get insights into the formation of the solar Rocky objects revolving around the sun that are
system 4.5 billion years ago. too small to be called planets.
· Investigating the group of rocky bodies that are Classi ication based on their orbits:
circling the Sun in two swarms- one preceding
· Main asteroid belt b/w Mars and Jupiter.
Jupiter and the other trailing behind it.
· Trojan asteroids orbit a larger planet in two
Donald Johnson Asteroid:
special places, known as Lagrange points,
· The spacecraft's irst encounter will be with an where the gravitational pull of the sun and the
asteroid that lies in the main belt that can be planet are balanced.
found between Mars and Jupiter.
· NASA reports the presence of Jupiter, Neptune
· This asteroid is named 'Donald Johnson' after and Mars trojans. In 2011, they reported an
the paleoanthropologist who discovered the Earth trojan as well.
fossilised remains of “Lucy”.
· Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA), circle closer to
Earth than the sun.
111
Lagrange points biochemistry—in a state of weightlessness, or

microgravity.
· Lagrange points are the locations in space
where the combined gravitational pull of two How are space stations set up and how do they
large masses roughly balance each other. work?
· Any small mass placed at that location will Small space stations are launched fully assembled,
remains at constant distances relative to the but larger stations are sent up in modules and
large masses. assembled in orbit. To make the most ef icient use
of its carrier vehicle's capacity, a space station is
· There are ive such points in Sun-Earth system
launched vacant, and its crew members—and
and they are denoted as L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.
sometimes additional equipment—follow in
separate vehicles. A space station's operation,
NASA's Plan to therefore, requires a transportation system to
ferry crews and hardware and to replenish the
Decommission the propellant, air, water, food, and such other items as
are consumed during routine operations. Space
International Space stations use large panels of solar cells and banks of
Station storage batteries as their source of electrical

power. They also employ geostationary relay
satellites for continuous communication with
T h e N a t i o n a l A e r o n a u t i c s a n d S p a c e
mission controllers on the ground and satellite-
Administration (NASA) has announced plans to
based positioning systems for navigation.
retire and decommission the International Space
Station (ISS) by 2031. How many Space Stations have we launched?
What is a Space Station? · Since 1971, more than 10 space stations have
been launched into a low orbit around Earth
· A Space station is an arti icial structure
and have been occupied for varying lengths of
placed in orbit, having the pressurized
time.
enclosure, power, supplies, and environmental
sys te m s n e c e s s a ry to s u p p o rt h u m a n · Important Space stations in chronological
habitation for extended periods. order are Salyut 1, Skylab, Salyuts 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 7, Mir, the International Space Station,
· In simple words: a space station, also called an
and Tiangong 1 and 2.
orbital station, is a large spacecraft or man-
made station in space which can act as a home International Space Station (ISS)
where astronauts live and/or receive several
spacecrafts from the Earth and/or act as a kind · The International Space Station (ISS) is a
of science lab, etc. modular space station (habitable arti icial
satellite) in low Earth orbit.
· Depending on its con iguration, a space station
can serve as a base for a variety of activities. · T h e I S S p r o g r a m i s a m u l t i - n a t i o n a l
c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r o j e c t b e t w e e n i v e
· These include observations of the Sun and participating space agencies: NASA (United
other astronomical objects, study of Earth's States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA
re s o u rc e s a n d e nv i ro n m e n t , m i l i t a r y (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
reconnaissance, and long-term investigations
of the behaviour of materials and biological · The ownership and use of the space station is
systems—including human physiology and established by intergovernmental treaties and
112
agreements. · It is the largest arti icial object in space and the

largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly
· The ISS serves as a microgravity and space
visible to the naked eye from Earth's surface.
environment research laboratory in which
scienti ic experiments are conducted in · The ISS is the ninth space station to be
astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and
and other ields. later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations as
well as Skylab from the US.
Why is NASA planning to decommission the · This orbital thermal cycling, coupled with
ISS? dynamic loading, affects the longevity of the
primary structure of the space station.
· The ISS was originally built to operate for 15
years. · The technical lifetime is also limited by parts
like radiators, modules and truss structures
· The space station has already surpassed that
that tend to degrade over time.
checkpoint by being active for 21 years, with
plans to continue operations till 2030. · NASA is planning to transition operations in
low-earth orbit to private players and focus
· The ISS goes through 16 rotations of the earth
energies on its missions to explore the moon
per day, causing extreme temperature changes
and Mars.
on the exterior. The side facing the sun can get
heated up to 121°C while the temperature on · NASA plans to remove the ISS from its orbit
the opposite, darker side can fall to –157°C, around the earth and eventually plunge it into
causing intense expansion and contraction of the ocean at a point farthest from human
the building material. civilisation.
113
· NASA claims that the debris of the ISS that · Supercomputers are made up of hundreds or
survives the re-entry will settle on the ocean thousands of powerful machines which use
loor and not cause any substantial long-term better arti icial intelligence (AI) models to
impact. improve operations that process huge
amounts of data in less time than normal
computers.
Supercomputer · They work together to perform complex
Param Pravega operations that are not possible with normal
computing systems.
· Supercomputers require high-speed and
specialised chip architectures.
What is a Peta lop?
· A peta lop is a measure of a computer's
processing speed and can be expressed as a
thousand trillion Floating-Point Operations
Per Second (FLOPS).
· 103 = kilo, 106 = mega, 109 = giga, 1012 = tera,
Recently, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) 1015 = peta, 1018 = exa, 1021 = zetta and 1024
Bengaluru installed the supercomputer 'Param = yotta.
Pravega'. It has a supercomputing capacity of 3.3
· In computing, loating-point operations per
peta lops.
second is a measure of computer performance,
What is Param Pravega? useful in ields of scienti ic computations that
require loating-point calculations.
· Param Pravega is a supercomputer part of the
High-Performance Computing class of · For such cases, it is a more accurate measure
systems, which is a mix of heterogeneous than measuring instructions per second.
n o d e s , w i t h I n te l Xe o n C a s c a d e L a ke
· There is no general direct translation between
processors for the CPU nodes and NVIDIA Tesla
processor clock rate (expressed as Hertz –
V100 cards on the GPU nodes.
usually MHz or GHz) and number of loating
· PARAM Pravega is a National Supercomputer point operations per second (FLOPS).
Mission (NSM) Supercomputer.
What is National Supercomputing Mission
· The machine hosts an array of program (NSM)?
development tools, utilities, and libraries for
· The mission was set up to provide the country
developing and executing High-Performance
with supercomputing infrastructure to meet
Computing (HPC) applications with the
the increasing computational demands of
software stack on top of the hardware
academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups
provided by C-DAC.
b y c r e a t i n g t h e c a p a b i l i t y d e s i g n ,
What are supercomputers? m a n u f a c t u r i n g , o f s u p e r c o m p u t e r s
indigenously in India.
· A supercomputer can perform high-level
processing at a faster rate when compared to a · The mission will nationally coordinate
normal computer. c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r o g r a m m e i n v o l v i n g
114
developers and users of supercomputing on the National Supercomputing grid over

systems as well as academic and research the National Knowledge Network (NKN).
institutions.
· The NKN is a central government initiative
· It looks to facilitate effective governance which connects academic institutions and R&D
and monitoring mechanisms to build culture labs over a high-speed network.
of supercomputing for solving complex R&D
· Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a
problems and designing solutions addressing
strong base of 20,000 skilled persons.
various country speci ic requirements for
scienti ic, strategic and societal applications. · The mission will be implemented by the
Department of Science and Technology
· The Mission envisages empowering our
(Ministry of Science and Technology) and
national academic and R&D institutions
Ministry of Electronics and Information
spread over the country by installing a vast
Technology (MeitY), through the Centre for
supercomputing grid comprising of more than
Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)
70 high-performance computing facilities.
and Indian Institute of Science (IISc),
· These supercomputers will also be networked Bengaluru.
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Tech specs
· The P-8I can ly as high as 41,000 feet, and has a

short transit time, which reduces the size of the
“Area of Probability when searching for
submarines, surface vessels or search and
rescue survivors”.
· I t i s a l s o u s e d f o r l o w a l t i t u d e , a n d
humanitarian, and search and rescue missions.
P-8I Aircraft · The aircraft has two engines, and is about 40
metres long, with a wingspan of 37.64 metres.
Aviation and defence colossus Boeing delivered
India's 12th maritime surveillance and anti- · Each aircraft weighs about 85,000 kg, and has a
submarine warfare P-8I aircraft . top speed of 490 knots, or 789 km/hour.
About P-8I Patrol Aircraft: · It requires a crew of nine, and has a range of
1,200+ nautical miles, with 4 hours on station,
· The P-8I, manufactured by American aviation
which means about 2,222 km.
giant Boeing.
Weapons systems
· It is a multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft,
excelling at anti-submarine warfare; anti- · The aircraft comes with one of the most
surface warfare; intelligence, surveillance and advanced weapon systems in the world, and
reconnaissance and search and rescue. has a life of around 25 years, or 25,000 hours in
the “harshest maritime light regimes,
· The irst of these aircraft was inducted in 2013,
including extended operations in icing
and it made India the irst country outside the
environments”.
United States to get one. The Navy has been
receiving them regularly since. · It is one of Boeing's “most advanced aircraft”,
and the P-8A “uses a irst-in-industry in-line
First in US and India
production system”.
The irst aircraft produced by Boeing lew in 2009,
Naval operations
and has been in service with the US Navy since
2013, the same year as the Indian Navy. · While the Indian Navy uses it for maritime
operations, the aircraft was also used in
The aircraft has two variants —
eastern Ladakh in 2020 and 2021, when the
· P-8I, which is manufactured for the Indian standoff with China was at its peak, to keep an
Navy, eye on Chinese troops and their manoeuvres.
· P-8A Poseidon, which is lown by the US Navy, · The aircraft for the Indian Navy are called P-8I,
the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force, the and have replaced the ageing Soviet/Russian
Royal Australian Air Force, and the Royal Tupolev Tu-142s.
Norwegian Air Force.
· The P-8Is are capable of anti-submarine;
· It has also been selected by the Royal New intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
Zealand Air Force, the Republic of Korea Navy, (ISR); patrolling, coastline defence, and other
and the German Navy. operations.
116
POINTERS
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Defence February 2022
118
Ranking & Indexes February 2022
119
Obituaries February 2022
120
Conference, Committees
& Summits February 2022
For
CLAT/AILET
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Sports February 2022
In tennis, Japan's Naomi Osaka won her fourth Grand

Slam title on February 20, 2021, after she beat
American Jennifer Brady in the women's singles
game of the Australian Open final 2021. The four
Grand Slam title for Osaka comes two Australian
Open titles (2021 and 2019) and two US Open title
(2018 and 2020). In Men's singles final, Novak
Djokovic claimed his ninth Australian Open crown
and the 18th Major Grand Slam overall, as he defeated
Daniil Medvedev.
Ÿ Men's Doubles: Ivan Dodig of Croatia and Filip
Winners of Australian Open 2021: Polášek (Slovakia )defeated Rajeev Ram (US) and
Joe Salisbury (UK)
Ÿ Men's Singles: Novak Djokovic (Serbia) defeated

Daniil Medvedev (Russia)
Ÿ Women's Doubles: Elise Mertens (Belgium) and

Aryna Sabalenka (Belarus) defeated Barbora
Krejčíková (Czech Republic) and Kateřina
Siniaková(Czech Republic )
Ÿ Women's Singles: Naomi Osaka (Japan) defeated

Jennifer Brady (US)
Ÿ Mixed Doubles: Barbora Krejcikova (Czech

Republic) and Rajeev Ram of the US defeated the
Australian pair of Samantha Stosur and Matthew
Ebden.
122
123
124
Schemes February 2022
sector are:
· Jobs in the unorganised sector are very low
paid.
· No paid leaves, provident fund, holidays and
medical bene its are given to the employees.
· Job security is absent as in the case of no work,
the employee may be asked to leave at any
time.
· It is the employer who decides the rules and
regulations of work.
Categories of Unorganised Labour Force
The Ministry of Labour, Government of India, has
E-Shram Portal categorised the unorganised labour force
under four groups depending on occupation,
The Union Labour and Employment Ministry nature of employment, specially distressed
launched a portal aiming to register 38 crore categories and service categories.
unorganised workers in the country, eventually to 1. Under Terms of Occupation: Small and
help in the implementation of social security marginal farmers, landless agricultural
schemes. labourers, share croppers, ishermen, those
What is the 'Unorganised Sector'? engaged in animal husbandry, beedi rolling,
l a b e l l i n g a n d p a c k i n g , b u i l d i n g a n d
· Unorganised sector is a sector which is construction workers, leather workers,
generally not governed by the rules and weavers, artisans, salt workers, workers in
regulations that are laid down by the brick kilns and stone quarries, workers in saw
Government regarding the condition of mills, oil mills, etc. come under this category.
employment.
2. Under Terms of Nature of Employment:
· The term unorganised sector when used in the Attached agricultural labourers, bonded
I n d i a n c o n t ex t s d e i n e d by N a t i o n a l labourers, migrant workers, contract and
C o m m i s s i o n f o r E n t e r p r i s e s i n t h e casual labourers come under this category.
Unorganised Sector, in their Report on
Conditions of Work and Promotion of 3. Under Terms of Specially Distressed
Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector as “… Category: Toddy tappers, scavengers, carriers
consisting of all unincorporated private of head loads, drivers of animal driven
e n te r p r i s e s ow n e d by i n d iv i d u a l s o r vehicles, loaders and unloaders come under
households engaged in the sale or production this category.
of goods and services operated on a 4. Under Terms of Service Category: Midwives,
proprietary or partnership basis and with less domestic workers, ishermen and women,
than ten total workers.” barbers, vegetable and fruit vendors,
· The Characteristic features of Unorganised newspaper vendors, etc., belong to this
125
category. · The government had earlier missed deadlines

for creating the database, inviting criticism
SC's observations on need of registration of
from the Supreme Court.
unorganised workers in 2021
· Targeted identi ication of the unorganized
· The Supreme Court has asked states and Union
workers was a much-needed step and the
territories to keep a record of the returning
portal which will be the national database of
migrant labourers, including details about
our nation builders will help take welfare
their skills, place of their earlier employment,
schemes to their doorstep, who are the
etc so that the administration can extend
builders of our Nation.
necessary help to them.
· Targeted delivery and last mile delivery, has
· The SC said that there should be a common
been a major focus of the schemes of
national database for all organised workers
government of India and the National
situated in different states.
Database of Unorganised workers (E-Shram
· The SC highlighted that the process initiated portal) is another key step towards that.
by the Ministry of Labour and Employment for
creating a National Database for Unorganised
Wo r k e r s s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e d w i t h Pradhan Mantri
collaboration and coordination of the States. It
may serve registration for extending different Matru Vandana
schemes by the States and Centre.
· The SC also said that there should be a suitable
Yojana (PMMVY)
mechanism to monitor and supervise whether The government's recent announcement that the
the bene its of the welfare schemes reach the maternity bene it programme which provides
bene iciaries which may be from grass-root ₹5,000 for irst child will be extended to cover the
levels to higher authorities with names and second child only if it is a girl has met with sharp
places of bene iciaries. criticism from activists who have demanded that it
· In addition, the stranded migrant workers be universalised.
throughout the country should be provided
dry ration under the AtmaNirbhar Bharat
Scheme or any other scheme found suitable by
the Centre and the states.
About the E-Shram Portal
· With the help of the E-Shram Portal, the
government aims to register 38 crore
unorganized workers, such as construction
labourers, migrant workforce, street vendors
and domestic workers, among others.
· The workers will be issued an e-Shram card
containing a 12-digit unique number, which,
going ahead, will help in including them in
social security schemes.
126
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana · Registration of the birth of the child and
(PMMVY) completion of irst cycle of vaccination for the
irst living child of the family.
· Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
(PMMVY) is a maternity bene it programme · Implementation of the scheme is closely
being implemented in all districts of the m o n i t o r e d b y t h e c e n t r a l a n d s t a t e
country with effect from 2017. governments through the Pradhan Mantri
Matru Vandana Yojana – Common Application
· It is a centrally sponsored scheme being
Software (PMMVY-CAS).
executed by the Ministry of Women and
Child Development. Concerns with PMMVY
· Under PMMVY Cash bene its are provided to · P o o r P e r f o r m a n c e : T h e s c h e m e ' s
pregnant women in their bank account performance has been poor, forcing an
directly to meet enhanced nutritional needs immediate need for improvement.
and partially compensate for wage loss.
· Exclusion of bene iciaries: The Government of
· All Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers India's yearly estimate of the intended
(PW&LM), (excluding those who are in regular r e c i p i e n t s h a s r e m a i n e d c o n s i s t e n t
employment with the Central Government or throughout time. Because the objective has
the State Governments or PSUs or those who stayed constant throughout time, it barely
are in receipt of similar bene its) who have covers 40% of the eligible population.
their pregnancy on or after 1st January 2017
· Expenditure De icit: According to data
for the irst child in the family – are the
published by the Ministry of Women and Child
bene iciaries targeted by the scheme.
Development, enrolment and payouts under
· Bene iciaries receive a cash bene it of Rs. 5,000 the plan have decreased in the previous two
in three installments on ful illing the following years.
conditions:
· Improper Implementation: More than half
· Early registration of pregnancy of registered bene iciaries did not receive all
three installments in 2020-21, resulting in a
· Ante-natal check-up
9% decline in participation in the plan.
127
Way Forward partial salary compensation – the amount of the

maternity bene its can be examined for a
· PMMVY maternity bene its ca be extended to
consideration of an increase.
the second live birth and all live births can be
included in the maternity bene it coverage – to · Pregnant and breastfeeding mothers should
increase the bene it coverage – especially for get 12 weeks of pay compensation totaling to
women in the unorganized sector who are more Rs. 15,000 in accordance with the Maternity
vulnerable to economic shocks and nutrition Bene it Act of 1961, which stipulates 12 weeks
loss. of maternity leave for women with two or more
children.
· Since the PMMVY's principal goal is to give
128
Way Forwards to improve the condition of effectively enforce an act as necessary for its
unorganised sector workers implementation.
· Credit facilities to be made available to make · Co-operation of agricultural labourers in
initial investment and for further expansion for the local self-governing institution must be
the informal workers. extended in order to provide representations
to this section.
· The government should evolve a mechanism to
listen to the grievances and the grievances · In order to eliminate these socio-economic and
should be redressed periodically to the cultural barriers, female children and
informal labours. women should be educated through formal
and non-formal channels. The voluntary
· More importance must be given to the
agencies have also got a signi icant role to play
female in the family also to improve the status
in this regard.
of female agricultural labours.
· Vending rights on space to the vendors
· Normally, women agricultural labourers
ultimately increases his/her accountability on
receive lower wage than the men, even in
space and its surrounding environment. By this
doing identical jobs, although there is
means they would maintain health and
constitutional backing in the form of equal
hygiene.
wage for equal work. The Government must
129
namely Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus,

Intensi ied Mission Childhood Tuberculosis, Polio, Hepatitis B
Indradhanush 4.0 and Measles.
· In addition to this vaccine for Japanese
Recently, the Ministry of Health virtually launched Encephalitis, Haemophilus in luenza type B,
Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 4.0. inactivated polio vaccine, Rotavirus and
· India is implementing the largest immunisation Rubella are also being provided in selected
programme globally where it annually covers states.
more than three crore pregnant women and 2.6 Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 2.0
c ro re c h i l d re n t h ro u gh t h e U n ive r s a l
Immunisation Programme (UIP). · To boost the routine immunization coverage in
the country, Government of India has
Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 4.0 introduced Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush
· It will ensure that Routine Immunization (RI) 2.0 to ensure reaching the unreached with all
services reach unvaccinated and partially available vaccines and accelerate the coverage
vaccinated children and pregnant women. of children and pregnant women in the
identi ied districts and blocks from December
· Children up to two years will be covered in this 2019-March 2020.
drive.
· The IMI 2.0 aims to achieve targets of full
· While the pace of routine immunisation has immunization coverage in 272 districts in 27
slowed down due to Covid-19 pandemic, IMI States and at block level (652 blocks) in Uttar
4.0 will immensely contribute in illing the gaps Pradesh and Bihar among hard-to-reach and
and make lasting gains towards universal tribal populations.
immunisation.
· With the launch of Intensi ied Mission
· Three rounds of IMI 4.0 will be conducted in Indradhanush 2.0, India has the opportunity to
416 districts, including 75 districts identi ied achieve further reductions in deaths among
for Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav across 33 children under ive years of age and achieve the
States/UTs. Sustainable Development Goal of ending
preventable child deaths by 2030.
· These districts have been identi ied based on
vaccination coverage as per the latest National Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0
Family Health Survey-5 report, Health Scheme
Management Information System (HMIS) data
and burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. · Intensi ied Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0
Scheme aims to each the unreached population
About Mission Indradhanush (MI) with all the available vaccines under Universal
Immunisation Programme (UIP) and thereby
· Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched in
accelerate the full immunization and complete
December 2014 and aims at increasing the full
immunization coverage of children and
immunization coverage to children to 90%.
pregnant women.
· It targets to immunize all children below two
· It will have two rounds this year which will be
years of age either unvaccinated, or are
c o n d u c t e d i n 2 5 0 p r e - i d e n t i i e d
partially vaccinated as well as all pregnant
districts/urban areas across 29 States/UTs.
women.
· Bene iciaries from migration areas and remote
· It includes seven vaccine preventable diseases
130
areas would be targeted as they may have · To a c c e l e r a t e t h e c o v e r a g e , M i s s i o n

missed their vaccine doses during the I n d r a d h a n u s h w a s e n v i s a g e d a n d
pandemic. implemented since 2015 to rapidly increase
the full immunization coverage to 90%.
Universal Immunization Programme
Objectives of the Universal Immunization
· The Immunization Programme in India was
Programme
i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 7 8 a s ' E x p a n d e d
Programme of Immunization (EPI) by the · Rapidly increasing immunization coverage,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
· Improving the quality of services,
· In 1985, the Programme was modi ied as
· Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the
'Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)'.
health facility level,
· UIP prevents mortality and morbidity in
· Introducing a district-wise system for
children and pregnant women against 12
monitoring of performance, and
vaccine-preventable diseases. But in the past, it
was seen that the increase in immunization · A c h i e v i n g s e l f - s u f i c i e n c y i n va c c i n e
coverage had slowed down and it increased at production.
the rate of 1% per year between 2009 and
2013.
131
POINTERS
132
133
Days & Dates February 2022
134
Days & Dates February 2022
135
Books & Authors February 2022
136
Miscellaneous February 2022
137
Miscellaneous February 2022
138
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FEBRUARY 2022

22 Year Experienced Team

Contents BASE RATE(s)

2027 to cover all the aspects of Adult Education to

About New India Literacy Programme

out of Assam, a sub-committee headed by then

Eﬀorts at demarcation government alleged that people from Assam

aggressively. A sessions court quickly

Ayodhya, Brindavan, Kumbakonam and others.

· Vedarthasangraha (literally, “Summary of the

Vande Bharat Express

Background on Bru resettlement and their

Recently Union Minister of State for Social

the Bru groups, the Centre and the State

Rise of insurgency in Manipur · In 1980, the Centre declared the entire

· FTAs typically cover trades in (a) merchandise

wide range of sectors. 2 0 , 0 0 0 I n d i a n s t u d e n t s p u r s u i n g

· Economic Dialogue: Bilateral mechanisms · The UK does not have a government-to-

Way forward skill development . There is scope for

PREPARE FOR CLAT 2022

On the east and south Central Asia is bounded

History of China-Russia relationship · Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea in Ukraine

The Palk Bay Fisheries Con lict

Background: the Strait with an imaginary boundary line in

Highest Selections From

Nations General Assembly (UNGA) with its

India-Australia · gems and jewellery.

the regulatory aspect of trade and encompasses

China and the United States. machinery products.

Indus River Basin and the Sutlej.

Background: the territory of another state, even if it is for

· It is enshrined in article 2(4) of the UN Principle of self-defence

state to resort to individual or collective self-

Exclusion from SWIFT the 25-member board, which is responsible

Prior to August 5, 2019, carving out of J&K's

The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill,

· The Bill reorganises the state of Jammu and

21 Year Experienced Team

· The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is

· Some experts also believe that online games are · T h e j u d g m e n t a l s o n o t e d t h a t S t a t e

· Placing weekly or monthly limits on the · Flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka,

constituted so far. multidisciplinary and it consists of persons

AFSPA Acts in force in a “disturbed” area under AFSPA

measures, and rising energy prices to detail the

Fiscal space · Elevated in lationary pressures could

i n c o n s u m e r b e h av i o u r, te c h n o l o g i c a l expenditure grew by 13.5% (YoY), with focus in

· Complementing the macro-economic level · Financing of Investment

PM GatiShakti complementary roles of Energy Transmission,

· Similarly, PM GatiShakti Master Plan for

· A s 2 0 2 3 h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d a s t h e consensus is reached among the bene iciary

B-61, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur (RAJ.)

Health: · National Tele Mental Health Programme'

Prime Minister's Development Initiative for central or state Schemes.

Productivity Enhancement and Investment · To mark 75 years of independence, the

· Telecommunication in general, and 5G · Referring to Sunrise Opportunities, Arti icial

Transition to Carbon neutral economy:

Electronics: · Duty on umbrellas is being raised to 20 per cent.