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ONLINE JOURNALISM: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

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 CHAPTER EIGHT

ONLINE JOURNALISM:
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

By
Sunday Uche Aja
Joseph N. Chukwu,
&
Ijeoma Njideka Taiwo

Introduction
Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about
things that really happened which might not have been
brought to their attention. It is also the exercise of discretion
and judgment by people trained to organise and package
information for a particular audience. People who practise
journalism are called journalists. They might work at
Newspaper and Magazine houses; radio and television
stations or websites. The most salient characteristics shared
by good journalists is curiosity - that is to say that good
journalists love reading and want to find out as much as they
can about the world around them.
260.
Journalism can come in several forms which include the
following: c-

1. News:
a. Hard News: Telling about an event the way it
happened.
h. Soft News: These are feature stories taking a detailed
look at something interesting that is not breaking
news.
c. Investigative Reports: This· uncovers significant
information about matters of public importance.
"
2. Opinion:
a. Editorials: These are unsigned articles that express a
publication's opinion on matters of public
importance.
h. Columns: These are signed articles that express the
writer's opinion, reviews and his conclusion. .
c. Reviews: These are critiques on works of arts - such
as drama, book or movies reviews.

3. Online journalism:
a. Blogs: These are online diaries kept by individuals or
small groups.
h. Discussion Boards: These are online questions and
answer pages where anyone can participate.
c. Wilds: These comprise online articles to which any
reader can add a contribution or even change entirely.

Overview of Online Journalism

Online journalism cap.be defined as the production of
media contents for publication- through the internet. It is
different from Computer Assisted Reporting (CAR), which
261.
 simply involves the utilization of internet resources as a
, reporting tool for.the conventional print or broadcast media.
Online journalism is also different from other kinds of
journalism in terms of its technological component. The
major distinguishing factor is that in onlinejournalism, media
messages are primarily prepared for online audiences.
The online journalist has to make decisions on which media
formats best tell a certain story (multimediality). He has to
allow or create room for options for the public to respond,
interact or even customize certain stories (interactivity). The
, onlinejournalist must also consider ways to connect the story
to other stories, archives, resources, and so on through
hyperlinks (hypertextuality).

Forms of Online Journalism

There are different forms of presenting contents
online.They include:
a) Mainstream news sites: These are sites that offer a
selection of editorial contents such as texts, written
and spoken words, moving and still images.
Mainstream news sites offer minimal forms of
participatory communication. Examples of this site
include NTA Online, FRCN online, online
newspapers, University websites, etc.
b) Index and category sites: This form of online
journalism is attributed to certain search engines such
as www.google.com, www.yahoo.com and so on.
These sites offer deep links to existing news sites
elsewhere on the World Wide Web (www), which
links are sometimes categorized and even annotated
by editorial terms. Such sites generally do not offer
much editorial content of their own, but do, at times,
262.
 offer areas for chat or exchanging news, tips and links
by the general public. This site is in form of Bulletin
Board System (BBS). Examples of this site are
weblog or Blog.
c) Meta and comment sites: This third category of news
sites is about news media issues in general,
sometimes intended as media watchdogs.' Examples
include media channel, freedomforum, poynler's
MediaNews etc. Meta and comment sites sometimes
are intended as an extended index and category site
(e.g. Europemedia, etc). In these sites, editorial
content is often produced by a variety of journalists
and basically discusses other contents found
elsewhere on the internet. Such contents are discussed
in terms of the underlying media production
processes. This is why these sites are called
Journalism about journalism or mediajournalism.
d) Share and discussion sites: These sites are basically
for connectivity among people on a boundless global
level. Under share and discussion sites, people use the
internet as communication infrastructure which
primarily facilitates platforms for the exchange of
ideas, stories etc. This type of online journalism is
also known as group weblog.

Features of Online Journalism

There are certain features that distinguish online
journalism from other journalismforms. Among them are:
1. Real Time: This feature implies that online news can
be published in real time. By this, we mean that online
journalist can provide updated breaking news and
events as they happen.
263 ..
2. Shifted Time: Contents published online can be
archived so that viewers can read them at a later time.
3. Multimediality: Online journalists can include still
images, music, sound, video, etc in the online story
package.
4. Interactivity: Readers or viewers can participate in
online content production by responding in the form
of emails, comments or threaded discussion to the
message posted by online j ournalists.
5. Hypertexuality: Online journalists can add hyperlinks
to their writings. These hyperlinks relate their
writings to other contents related to their subjects.
6. Immediacy: Online News is always immediate as the
~event happens.

Principles of Online Journalism

Several authors have identified different principles
that can help online story telling. However, the postulation of
Bradshaw (2009) appears more comprehensive in capturing
the principles underlying online journalism. The principles
include:

Conversation and Community: In the conventional

journalism practice, it is usually said that the "content is
king." However, in the online venue, content is not king.
Rather, the content moves from a lecture to a conversation.
People don't want to pass and consume content online, they
want to use it, produce it and exchange it. Online journalists
do not aim to extract value but to add value, they want to
enable people do what they want to do. Therefore, keeping the
online story package as a conversation is the key. Hence,
conversation is online publishing. Conversation and
264.
community are closely linked because communities are often
formed to pass on and clarify the subject matter of the
conversation more efficiently. Conversation leads to
community, so it is difficult to have a conversation without a
community, to begin with. It is a chicken and egg situation.
Conversation and community have always been the
life blood ofjoumalism. Good journalism has always sought
to serve a community, Commercially, journalism has always
needed large or affluent communities to support it. And good
journalism - whether informative or sensationalist - has
always generated conversation.

Interactivity: This is about giving the user control over time

and space of media consumption. It means thinking' about
how you can give control to your readers to determine when
and where they use the content, such as YouTube, Twitter, and
Facebook. It also means giving them control over input and
output such as calling out for contribution when you first start
working on a story, allowing comments on what you have
written. It means thinking of ways to engage the user.

Scanability: Majority of web users scan pages for headlines,

sub headlines etc. Because the web is a medium where users
are active readers, scanabilty is key to effective online
journalism. There are a number of techniques that can
enhance scanability of any web page. They include:
.:. Clear, unambiguous headlines
.:. Intro-as-summary
.:. Sub headings
.:. Bullet or number lists
.:. Indented quotes
.:. Hyperlinks
265.
 ·:. Emboldened or highlighted words
Employing the above stated techniques will have an added
"advantage of accessibility and search engine optimization.

Adaptability: This applies to both the quality of the journalist

and the online content he produces. The adaptable journalist
should possess the skill to write texts, record video or audio,
still images, animates, blogs, etc. The online journalist may
not have to be an expert in all these fields, but he should have
media literacy in as many gf these fields as possible. He,
should be able to determine up front whether a given news
storywill have real impact on video or text, etc.
In fact, some foundational skills an online journalist
mustpossess to remain adaptable include;
» Ability to write well, succinctly and quickly for more
than one medium, if possible.
» Ability to find accurate information and reliable
sources online and offline.
» A good understanding of some basic principles of
. video, audio and still images
» Use of editing software and web based databases
» A good understanding of online communities, like
Facebook, YouTube, etc.
The online content can also benefit from being
adaptable. The information an online journalist gathers can be \
re-posted by either the reader or another journalist. The
simple act of making your content downloadable. or
embeddable makes it more adaptable. Once information is
madeadaptable - for example, by inclusion in a database - it
canbe presented in a range of ways. Example: A departmental
students results can be plotted on a map. Allowing ~ full
download- even in different formats - opens up potential for' .
266.
 • of Cl ity from users and other journalists, all of
which should dnve more people back to your site and your
stories.

Brevity: The web is different from print, television or radio.

So, a situation where some organisations just move contents
created for print into the web is not appropriate. This process
is commonly called 'Shovelware' because contents created
for another medium is shovelled onto the web. Readers read
website contents more slowly than they read print materials,
listen to radio or watch television programmes. Web contents
should be able to take less time. Brevity is therefore key to
effective online' ournalism. Brevity can come in the form of
writing shorter uticles. It means that you should consider
splitting long articles into chunks, each with a particular
focus. Again, paragraphs should be direct to the point.
Brevity is equally crucial when producing multimedia,
including video and audio. It does not mean you should edit
your whole story into three minutes. It rather means a
chunking approach to multimedia; breaking it down into its
constituent parts. '

Technology of Online Journalism

The technology of online journalism is not a single
medium. It basically involves multimedia contents that are
technically referred to as the online story package.

The online story package: An online story package is not

simply a news article that has been uploaded to it website With
perhaps a single photo accompanying it. It is instead an online
story that uses multiple media working together to tell a story.
A package should contain at least one text story (possibly also
267.
one or more short sidebar stories), and multiple additional
elements. These Can include individual photos or photo
galleries, one or more pieces of video or audio, one or more
information graphics, or anything else that goes beyond
words to help make a story more complete and
understandable.

Types of Multimedia Content

It is important that one first and foremost gets
acquainted with the strengths of the different types of media
. contents that can be used online, and the types of stories that
lend themselves to certain media elements. The goal is to get
you to react to story ideas by instinctively determining which
kinds of media will most effectively help them tell the story
engagingly and fully.

Text stories: A text story is what usually comes to mind when

one thinks of writing a story. But how should text stories be
used best within the structure of a multimedia package? Many
effective packages have a main story that serves as the anchor,
the central jumping-off point for readers that explains why
they should be interested and conveys the basic information
upon which the package is based. Often, they are supported
by sidebar stories, as noted above, which add depth and detaii
to an aspect of the main story. A question you might want to
consider about adding sidebar stories, however, is whether
they add more to a package than a piece of video or an
infographic might. The notion is that other types of content .
mightbe more engaging to readers. Of course, the question is
just all extension of the larger issue of what kind of media
work best for what kinds of content.
Photos and video are known for conveying emotions,
268.
but text stories can do this as well, and also provide a much
greater breadth of information. Text can be great for facts and
figures ifit's used to clarify what might otherwise be difficult
to understand. Text stories also lend themselves toward in-
depth analysis of complex topics; providing background
information, history of a topic and different sides of issues.
We had already noted that often, a text story is at the
heart of a package, and part of the reason is because the
strength of the text lies in the depth of information. Often the
text story provides the background information that makes all
the other elements to make more sense, introducing people,
concepts and circumstances. It can also summarize and
connect seemingly dissimilar materials.
The clarity and specificity of information in text
stories is something that should never be overlooked. Video
or audio interviews or photo galleries provide a type of rich
information, but they can leave unanswered questions or
unexplained concepts. Individual interviewees and 'photo
subjects are not looking at the big picture in the way a skilled
reporter or editor does. In many ways, text and editing are
what make disparate pieces of media content work together to
create a meaningful whole. It is the element over which
reporters and editors have most control within online story
packages. .
Weaknesses of text stories are often best explained in
comparison to other media. They can lack the drama of video
and photos, and the instinctive connection of seeing the faces
of the people involved. When television surpassed
newspapers as the most popular news medium in America in
the 1960s, these factors were widely cited. Yet when used in
copjunction with the other media, text stories can wield great
power. Figurative language can sometimes create a mental
269 ..
 image that is as strong as or even stronger than a visual image.
One way to look at text relative to other media contents is that
while photos and videos attract readers' attention; ~texts
.explain or supply deeper information about them. Generally
speaking, every online story package will contain at least one
text story.

Photos: Photo is another "traditional" type of media used in

multimedia storytelling. Since today's audiences have had
access to visual media (TV, movies, games, etc.) throughout
their lives, it's widely believed that they respond best to
anything that has visuals. This may be true, but the key is to
understand that photos and other visual elements are to be
used as tools to tell a story, notjustas pretty pictures.
Reporters often think of photos as simply
supplements to text stories, but they need to recognize that
photos can provide windows to empathy, fear, triumph and
countless other human emotions in a way that text can't Story
subjects that appeal to these emotions are almost always
enhanced immensely by well-chosen photos. Even stories
that are more fact-driven can benefit from photos that show
the effects of those facts on people. They can give readers a
sense of the location where the story takes place, which
makes them ideal companions for all kinds of stories.
Photos can also take interviewees in a story and turn
them into something closer to characters in a drama. Putting a
face to a name creates a more visceral connection between
readers and interviewees, and encourages people to
empathize with them. The same can be done with video, but
photos often capture specific moments and facial expressions
more clearly and effectively.
The online venue adds an extra layer of value to
270.
photos as whole galleries can be created and viewed. This
gives photographers and editors a way to present a more
complete visual look at a story, and also allows some
creativity in creating the order in which photos are viewed.
These are often formatted as slideshows, which can be clicked
through by users and often contain captions. Photos have their
weaknesses - they're great at spotlighting moments but weak
at providing context, and sometimes technicalproblems with
them get in the way of effective storytelling. These days, ,
photos also no longer have the immediate credibility they
once did, thanks to software that has made them easy to fake.
Still, while text stories can provide detail and depth of
information, photos can humanize that information. Facts and
figures appeal to the mind, while photos often appeal to the
heart. As a general rule, no story package is complete without
photos used somewhere.

Video: As noted earlier, today's audiences grew up with

watching television, movies and online video, so they may be
drawn to video content more quickly than any other type of
media. However, that doesn't mean that video is appropriate
for every story. Stories involving action naturally work well
on video - it clearly lends itself to this more than any other
medium. These can include stories about political or protest
rallies, sporting events, speeches or anything else where the
core of the story involves an activity that can be filmed as it
happens. Beyond this, video is also useful in some ofthe same
ways as photos. The visual elements of photos are also present
in video, but the two media have somewhat different
strengths. Both video and photos are great for setting the
scene at a location, but generally video gives a better overall
picture while photos provide more detail. Conversely, photos
271.
 capture facial expressions very well, but they can't actually
show kids playing or audiences cheering. Photos capture
people's emotions, but video allows you to hear them speak.
Photos are better for, moments, but video is better for
processes .: showing what an accident victim must do in
, rehabilitation centre, or how a police officer patrols an area.
It has been argued that at least the central interviewee
in any online story package should be interviewed on video so
that readers can hear his/her voice and establish a more
personal connection. Even though that is not always possible,
a
it is usually good idea. It is also true that young journalists
tend to get carried away with wanting to shoot everything on
,video without thinking that it might not always be the best
medium for a given purpose. One problem with video is that
editing and processing it can take a lot of time. If you want to
put together TV news-style video stories' with titles,
transitions and the like; the process can take many hours to
complete, with hours of training leading up to that. If the
result is something that tells a story well, the effort is probably
worth it. The problem, sometimes, is that students get so
caught-up in producing a three-minute video that eats up
more of their time than all their other writing and reporting
tasks combined.
One alternative is to post raw video of interviews or
spot news: Surveys in recent, years have shown that this is
increasingly popular with readers, perhaps resonating with
audiences weaned on so-called "reality TV." While this
means you lose some control over what the audience might
see or hear - sometimes including embarrassing comments,
shaky images or other elements that might seem
unprofessional; it eliminates or drastically reduces the time
spent editing video.
272.
 As with photos, video_is not especially good at
conveying detailed information-or complex issues, and it can
create an illusion of reality while omitting important material
that is not in camera range. Video should not be considered an
absolute necessity for all story packages. This is because
plenty of successful stories have gone without it - but if you
choose not to use it for a particular package you should
explain your reasons.
•
Infographics: This technology is often underrated and
underused, but can be very effective if done well.
Infographics can combine the strengths of other elements -
the engaging visuals of photos and video and the facts and
details of text into something uniquely informative. Because
they're relatively rare, audiences often find them eye-
catching and end up learning as much from them as anything
else within a package.
Charts and graphs have been used in news reports for
many decades but today's infographics allows a range of
creativity and complexity that make them truly different from
any other news element. Instead ef writing a history of a given
company or institution, you can create graphically-rich
timelines featuring photos and key facts from across time.
Instead of simply writing about a school's budget, you can
create a pie chart to show how the monies are got and spentin
the school. Or you can create. a map of where campus
construction will soon begin, with affected areas and dates
provided.
The key to effective info graphics lies in taking
something complex and using a visual apparatus to make it
simple and easy to understand. Some people take to this right
away but many do not, so it is important to start simple and
273.
 work toward greater complexity. You are welcome to create
infographics, but they should really only be used when they
"will add something unique to a package.

Supporting text: This might not seem important, but it is

something that can tie the elements of a story package
together into a cohesive whole. Too often, students neglect to
provide captions, photo/video credits, names of people
pictured, even headlines that would help readers connect the
sometimes disparate elements of a package.
, The formatting of these elements varies dramatically,
and by necessity, some of them will have to be defined based
on the layout of the site on which they appear and the type of
content they supplement. Students often get so caught up in
creating their multimedia elements that they lose sight of the
little finishing touches that help readers identify and connect
those elements into a true package.

Practice of Online Journalism

This refers to the basics of putting stories online and creating
a news site. There are many ways to create a,news site, but
Wordpress is a soft ware that is mostly used for .several
reasons. First, it is popular worldwide and available in many
languages. Second, because of its popularity, tens of
thousands of developers have come up with materials to help
you customize a Wordpress site. Third, and perhaps most
importantly, it is available free of charge.
One thing to note about Wordpress is that it was
originally designed as a site to create blogs, and its
architecture and language reflect this. Yet it is being used to
create 'sites for all kinds of purposes, including hundreds of
professional and University news sites. Because it is so
274.
versatile, it is not hard to customize it for news, and since it is
so widely used, there are lots of help available in almost every
language.
To get into the site, you will need to go to http://{j:Jlug
in site address)/wp-admin and log in. This will take you to
what is called the Dashboard where you can create and
modify stories, upload media files and perform lots of other
tasks. You will need an e-mail address to use as a login and if
you do not have one, you can go to Yahoo or Google or any
other site to create a free one. Wordpress is set up so that
different users have different "roles" - different levels of
permissions to change things on the site. You will either be an
"author" or an "editor" - authors can create their own stories
and publish them while editors can edit other people's
materials, not just theirs alone.
Once you have an account, you can begin adding
content to it. Because Wordpress started as a blogging
platform, new stories are called "posts," so to add a new story,
go to the menu on the left under "posts" and click "Add New".
Here you can write and edit your stories as you would, using a
word processing programme such as Microsoft Word. You
can also add photos or video clips by clicking the "Add
Media" button above the story box (next to "Upload/Insert").
Clicking the button brings up a dialogue box that allows
adding photos or video and providing captions and other
information about the item.

Online Journalism Ethics and Standards

Ethics is a moral philosophy. It deals with the rules of
conduct or principles of morality that point us towards the
right or best way to act in a situation. Ethics in online
journalism stipulates rules, guidelines, norms and principles
275.
 to be voluntarily undertaken by online journalists to direct
their actions in their role performance.
Ethical standards for online journalism are not
different from those of traditional journalism. They are, as
..well, self-legislation voluntarily undertaken to produce moral
persons and promote professionalism. However, because of
high consideration for timeliness and immediacy, online
journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy on the
altar of immediacy. In truth, online journalism presents fresh
challenges in maintaining standards, but following the under-
listed principles, as enunciated by Society of Professional
Journalists (2009) and Duru (2016) would provide a right step
in attaining excellence in online journalism.
The ethical standards include:
1. Truth: Online journalist must pursue truth in his news
gathering and dissemination. He must avoid any form
offalsehood.
2. Accuracy: He must crosscheck his facts and ensure
that they are correct.
3. Objectivity: Being objective means to be
dispassionate in treating the parties involved in news
stories.
4. Transparency: Online journalism promotes
transparency by giving audience rooms or
opportunity to verify the facts contained in the news
stories.
5. Impartiality: Online journalists must not take sides in
any ofthe issues they report on.
6. Balance: His reportage must include the views of all
the parties involved in the issue.
7. Immediacy: An online journalist must ensure that he
is timely in producing his media messages, as he has
276.
 other outlets to compete with ..
8. Use Good Sources: An online journalist must ensure
that the sources of his news stories are credible,
reliable and trustworthy, to avoid falsehood and
inaccurate news tips.
9. Use Good Photo Images: Because online journalism
deals with multimedia;- an online journalist must
source for good photo images to accompany his news
stories.
10. Credibility: The online journalist should use qualities
like trustworthiness, expertise truthfulness to build
the believability of his news stories.

Future Trends in Online Journalism

~ Journalism scholars have made a number of
predictions regarding the trends online journalism is likely to
take in the near future. Among their suggestions are the
following: .
i) Increase in news audience accessing journalism
through their mobile devices: The use of portable
electronic devices to access news stories would
continue to rise among the audience in the future. This
is likely to be so, given the high rate of internet
penetration and Information and Communication
Technology (lCT) adoption across the globe. Tokan &
Mattila (2011) rightly observe that the latest
technological improvements in media landscape and
introduction of new technologies contribute vastly to
the current highly-mediated environment, which
eventually enables consumers to use multiple media
simultaneously and even conduct multi-tasking. In
to ".

Africa, it is on record that the use of mobile devices

· =-~- . " '.'
277~
 has grown relatively rapidly in most urban areas.
·Jensen (2010)was right when he reported that within
the last five years more mobile cell-phones were
deployed in the African continent than the number of
fixed lines laid in the last century. A recent study in
Nigeria, for instance, shows that most young adults
(62%) use mobile devices more frequently to access
information. The study concludes that there is high .
rate of new media exposure, which. 'Ultimately
influences Nigerian cultural values (Nwaolikpe
.2015).
ii) Mobile journalism., Journalism researchers also
anticipate that mobile journalism would become a
.common trend in the near future. Mobile journalism is
a specific type of journalistic production where news
in various forms (text, audio-visual recording and the
like) are disseminated through the internet and
displayed on the streams of portable devices, mostly
mobile phones and tablets. Mobile journalists (also
called mojos) use portable. electronic devices with
network connectivity to gather, edit and distribute
news for online audiences. The increasing importance
of mobile journalism is associated with the
development of the mobile web and innovative
products offered by global telecommunication
operators. Publishing news through mobile phones
·involves various ways of distributing journalistic
contents such as - from alerts .sent through short
message service (SMS) and multimedia service
(MMS), through web portals of the news media, to
· specialised applications.
iii) Information Design: Though there is information
278.
 design in the traditional media but the online venue,
with its multimedia, win increasingly emphasise
more careful designing of information, Information
design is a general approach in content arrangement
and presentation of information; its aim being always
to communicate a particular information and ideas
clearly and effectively. It is' a process of effective
presentation of visual, audio or audio-visual
components in compact, integrated ways.

Conclusion
The impact of the internet on journalism takes a
reflective turn. Not only has the internet changed journalism,
it has forced people to rethink different aspects of journalism
practices and journalism education. The internet promises to
have a larger impact on journalism than any of the
communication technologies' that preceded it. The internet
has emerged as a viable publishing medium and offers
journalists a new set of reporting skills. It has impact on
readers and the information to which they have access. It has
changed the way people think about issues related to
journalism.

279.
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