INDEX

SR. NO CONTENTS PG.

NO
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM 5
3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6
4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 7
5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8
6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9
7 DESIGN OF THE STUDY 13
8 EVALUATION PROCEDURE 14
9 INTERVENTION PROGRAM 16
10 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 22
11 IMPLICATION OF INTERVENTION 23
12 CONCLUSION 24
13 REFERENCES 25

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 1. INTRODUCTION

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or

event (the attitude object). Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described
attitudes"the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social
psychology." Attitude can be formed from a person's past and present.
An attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people,
objects,event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment, but there is
debate about precise definitions. Eagly and Chaiken, for example, define an attitude "a
psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree
of favor or disfavor." Though it is sometimes common to define an attitude as affect toward
an object,affect (i.e., discrete emotions or overall arousal) is generally understood to be
distinct from attitude as a measure of favourability.
In the study the researcher had identified some factors that were related to the
attitude of the students towards the secretarial practice subject and the subject teacher and
the methodology used those teachers.
As the attitude is somehow completely related to psychology, the teachers even thus
targeted the secretarial practice subject which now-a-days is holding a great impact in the
mind of the student for his present and future study. The secretarial practice teacher tries to
motivate the students and get them through for their exams and better results.
The researcher had focused upon some factors, which are taken in analytical format
further in the paper that affects the attitude of students towards the secretarial practice
subject, towards subject teacher and the methodology of the subject teachers to teach the
students and achieve the objectives by giving better results.
Teaching aids are the physical tools used to convey information in the classroom and
they are any device which can be used to make the communication more effective.Teaching
Aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic.

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3
 A student in the commerce stream studies various subjects which covers topics like
business, commercial organization, management of business, economics, financial
accounting etc. Secretarial Practice is one of the subjects in commerce which deals
exclusively with one of the largest and most popular forms of business organization viz. the
Joint Stock Company. In this subject, a student is introduced not only to Joint Stock
Company, its working, management etc., but also to the role and importance of Company
Secretary as compliance officer and also introduced to the communication skills of company
secretary.

Every secretarial practice teacher considered the development of positive attitude

towards the secretarial practice subject as his/her prior responsibility. Unfortunately it is not
seen in Sanpada College of Commerce & Technology, students are treating this subject as it
is not useful in future, from fear of math they had taken this subject, this subject is only
comprises of theory and there is nothing to learn new things and many more.So the
researcher have tried to cope with what actually is the reason by checking the attitude of the
students towards this subject.

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 2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM

While taking lecture at Sanpada College of Commerce & Technology, I have

identified that the STD-11 DIV-D students are showing negative attitude and lack of interest
in subject Secretarial Practice.
I have chosen this topic to make the students aware about the importance of subject
Secretarial Practice.

OBSERVATIONS DETAILS OF STD 11, DIV-D,

SUB- SECRETARIAL PRACRTICE

DAY -1: Today I had observed that students are not carrying textbook and they’re not aware
of which content belongs to which chapter.
DAY- 2: Today I had observed that students are not aware of the meaning of basic concepts
which are included in this subject.
DAY -3 : Today I had observed that students (specially backbenchers) are not taking interest
in this subject as they had choose this subject over mathematics for avoiding the fear of
failure in future 12th boards.

From the above observations, I schedule 3 days activities in intervention programme

for study of problem.

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 3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature survey is a process of developing awareness about conceptual and

research-based studies available on the area and the topic selected for the proposed research.
The objective of such review is to understand the importance of the topic and find out
research gaps, if any, in the chosen area.

 Debra Sharon Ferdinand (2016) you can try relating your content to their prior
experience, reading, to societal issues and offer students choices in their learning
activities and assessment. Research also shows that today’s digital learners are
preoccupied with playing games in your classes.

 Han ping fung (2015) the teacher to perform a private counselling session to
understand why these students behave like this eg- no interests, can’t catch up in the
learning, didn’t complete framework assigned, feel alienated, other personal
problem, etc

 Sharon jons (2017) students need to be engaged. They are to be constantly

monitored and some reward and recognition system must be in place. Occasionally
backbencher’s need to be brought to front!

 Raj K Shankar (2016) especially children need to connect an inspired teacher.

While I agree with the earlier suggestions on bringing more activities into the
classroom, building gamification into our curriculum, all of these will not bear fruit
if the student does not connect with the teacher.

 Peter thomas (2017) it depends on the teacher and the interest a teacher generates
through the contents and pedagogy.

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 4. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

a) To find out the reasons why students show negative behaviour towards the subject.
b) To study the various activities, develop interest and make positive attitude towards
the subject.
c) To bring focus of students and attention on the lesson.
d) To extend understanding and application of abstract ideas through the use of
examples.

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 5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY OF STUDENTS HAVING NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE

SUBJECT SECRETARIAL PRACTICE.”

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 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Research refers to the search for practical knowledge, and it is a scientific

investigation for the search for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and
redefining problem, formulating, solutions, collecting, organizing, and evaluating data,
making conclusions and carefully testing conclusion clarify the accuracy of conclusion.

TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY-

Cross-Sectional Research-Cross-sectional studies are both descriptive and exploratory

research. It is used to collect data from different individuals at a single point. Moreover, you
observe variables without influencing them.
For eg-A medical study examining the prevalence of cancer among a defined population.
A survey to examine the current obesity levels in a population.

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Longitudinal Research -This type of research involves collecting data at multiple points. It
can take three different forms, including panel study, cohort study, and trend study.

Correlational Research - Correlational research develops and explores the relationship

between two or more elements of a specific thing. It is used to discover the interdependence
among the different aspects of a situation. For eg-
a.The impact of bonuses on the productivity of employees.
b.Relationship between cardiac arrest and stressful life.

Explanatory Research-It explains the relationship between two aspects of a problem in

terms of ‘how’ and ‘why.’ With the why aspect, it tries to understand the relationship
between the major characteristics of an event, situation, or individual.For eg-
a.Why do people adopt some specific habits?
b.Why does a stressful life lead to different heart diseases?

Action Research-This type of research is based on analyzing, evaluating, and investigating

organizational and institutional methods. It examines it to see if it needs any improvement
and optimize the methods for better and improved results.Mostly, teachers and educators
employ this kind of research to examine their teaching methods and educational
techniques.The idea is to create a simple application and repeat method. It will help
organizations and educational institutions improve their system and teaching methodologies.

Policy-Oriented Research-This type of research studies the various public issues and
methods to solve them. It works to understand and inform the various public issues that
would aid in proper decision-making.

Exploratory Research -Exploratory research aims to examine and analyze a certain

research question or topic in detail. The method may include exploring a new concept or
phenomenon by studying relevant literature or having interviews with a focus group. It is
based on identifying various issues and their reasons and ways to counteract them.For eg-
Discuss the impact of advertising on the sale of an entity.
Explain the impact of health services in controlling diseases.
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Observation- Observation based methods of research are often used to measure a range of
responses to a scenario. This means they produce qualitative results. It involves gathering a
range of test subjects from various backgrounds, isolating them and seeing how they react
during a task. Typically, psychology papers include these examples, since a researcher
collects a set of qualitative emotional responses due to observations they make while looking
at a particular image. Although researchers can mix this with quantitative methodology,
since researchers may convert emotional responses into a series of graphs.

Secondary data analysis- is the term given to the study of sources that are already in
circulation. It can refer to the qualitative form of methodology, as it can involve researchers
using an analysis of a book or a diary that has already been in circulation in their paper. An
example of this would be the use of published critical theory within a literature paper. It can
also relate to quantitative forms of methodology, as it can involve researchers looking into
archived financial reports to assess the effectiveness of older accounting methods,This is a
popular research method that's often used in dissertations, thesis and academic essays as it's
cost-effective. A trip to the university or the public library can turn up a variety of results,
meaning it's also a rapid research technique. But when using this information, some can find
it harder to stay unbiased and can more easily digress from the subject of the paper.

Descriptive Research-Just like a descriptive essay, descriptive research is also based on

describing a certain event of the phenomenon. It is based on examining and studying the
reasons and causes of the main research question. It is mainly used to describe the behavior
of a sample population. The major objectives of descriptive research are to describe, explain
and validate the finding. For eg-
What are the consequences of living in a house with domestic abuse?
Discuss the types of services provided by an organization.

Applied Research - Applied research is beyond and more than just researching facts and
finding opportunities for further research. It is experimental research and applies different
types of concepts and theories to validate the answers proposed by the basic
research.Applied research complements the basic research and offers immediate solutions
and answers to a certain issue or question. The case study method and experimental research
are the parts of applied research.

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Fundamental and Basic Research Method - Basic or fundamental research is just what the
name suggests. It is the most basic kind of research and is generally employed in non-
scientific and theoretical subjects. Instead of aiming for immediate results, it focuses on
solving a certain problem and providing its in-depth and thorough understanding.It studies
and examines the main research topic and provides its scientific and logical reasons and
explanations.
For the successful completion of this project apart from the guidance from various
people, I had used Observation method and Secondary Data Collection Method.
My methodology for secondary data collection was only internet search engines like
Google, website of the bank, etc. Thus, I would conclude by saying that this project is a
mainly based on Observation Method but it’also include secondary data.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT-
After the research is selected, the data collection through observation method, which is
Designed by covering the objective is defined.

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 7. DESIGN OF THE STUDY

SR.NO ACTION TECHNIQUE TOOL/SOURCE TIME

1 Assessment Of Observation Observation 03 Days

Problem Method
2 Collection Of
Possible Review Of Related Literature Internet 02 Days
Solutions
3 Developing
Intervention Teaching-Aids Self 02 Days
Program
4 Intervention Classroom Activity Teaching-Aids 03 Days

5 Evaluation Observation Schedule Observation Table 02 Days

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 8. EVALUATION PROCEDURE

PRE-INTERVENTION TABLE

SR.NO DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3

Activity While explaining Today I had asked Today I ask some
the sub-topic some basic meaning students why you opted
students were not of terms/concepts eg- for this subject instead of
aware of which what is joint stock math? And their answer
content belongs to company?, which are was “we may fail in 12th
which chapter as the two documents boards if we take math as
they daily don’t related to formation of it is difficult to solve the
carry textbook. a company? Etc. But practical problem.”
they couldn’t answer
it as they don’t know
about it
Class STD-11

Time 35 MIN
Problem Not carrying Not aware of basic Chosen this subject to get
textbooks concepts rid off the feeling of
getting failed in 12th
boards.

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 POST- INTERVENTION TABLE

SR.NO DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3

Explain the content Before starting the Explained the
with the help of topic I had started importance of this
teaching aid, short explain the meaning of subject through giving
introdcution about concepts/terms and short introduction
Intervention chapter and by then started moving about topics included
giving relevant towards main content in this book.
examples while
explaining the
content
Class STD-11
Time 35 MIN
Noting down points Students develops Students getting main
of subtopic in understanding about a idea about topics
notebook and particular included in this book
Changes Seen
memorizing the topic/concepts/ terms
points through
examples

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 9. INTERVENTION PROGRAM

DAY 1

BLACK-BOARD WORK
DATE- 9/1/23 STD- 11TH D
SUB- SECRETARIAL PRACTICE
TOPIC- COMPANY MEETINGS- 1
 PROPER CONVENING OF E. WAYS OF SERVING NOTICE
MEETING-
F. A STATEMENT TO BE SENT
1. PROPER AUTHORITY ALONGWITH NOTICE
2. NOTICE- G. OMISSION TO GIVE NOTICE
A. CONTENT OF NOTICE
B. AUTHORITY TO SEND NOTICE 3. AGENDA
C. AUTHORITY TO RECEIVE NOTICE
D. PERIOD OF NOTICE

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1. Given prior instructions like - write down chapter name and topic name in notebook
alongwith points which will researcher write on board, no one will sit on last bench, ask
doubt on the spot, etc
2. Started new chapter by giving short summary about it and then proceeded towards above
topic.
3. Above topic is explained with the help of teachings aids.
4. Asked students to read out points which was mentioned in teaching aids and as the
students reading out points, one by one researcher was writing on black-board .
5. Explaining the above content with the help of relatable examples.
6. Asking questions in between so that they can co-relate the points with each other.
7. After explaining the content once again researcher revised whole topic and students were
actively listening & responding during this process.
8. Given 10 min time to revise whole topic which researcher had taught as rearcher will ask
questions related to it.
9. Researcher had asked 2-3 questions and students had answered them correctly.
10. Given assignment - DRAW A CONCEPT MAP ON PROPER CONVENING OF
MEETING.

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 DAY - 2

For example- before starting the chapter company meeting-1 researcher had introduced the
topic in following way-

RESEARCHER ASKING QUESTIONS- STUDENTS ANSWER-

1. Give some examples of top companies. Reliance , TATA , Nestle, etc
2. Those top companies are working in a No.
same line of business? Reliance - jio sim, clothing brands,etc
TATA- steel, croma etc
Nestle- maggie, kitkat etc
3. Which form of organisation they are? Joint stock company.
Eg- partnership firm, joint stock company,
etc
4. These companies are working in different Yes
sectors do they try to discuss, share ideas/
opinions,determining business plans, etc by
conducting a meeting?

Then researcher had explained meaning and definition of meeting and then proceeded
towards importance of company meetings.

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19

The importance of textbook was explained by researcher giving short summary of each unit
and what they would learn through these units as mentioned in-
UNIT TOPIC
1 Secretary
2 Joint stock company
3 Formation of company
and documents related
to formation of
company
4 Member,Directors and
Key Managerial
Personnel
5 Company Meeting
DAY-3
COMPETENCY STATEMENTS-(The students
will be able to)
 Understand the concept of Secretary
 Understand importance of Secretary,types of
secretary
 Know about qualities and qualification of
Secretary
 Understand Evolution of Business
organisations
 Understand Meaning, Features and types of
Joint Stock Companies
 Compare Various Forms of Business
Organisation
 Understand the Procedure of Formation of a
company
 Understand different documents of the
company namely MOA, AOA, Prospectus etc.
 Compare MOA and AOA.
 Understand the concept of shareholder and
member, rights of members
 Explain ways and reasons of acquisition and
termination of membership.
 Understand role, importance, duties of Board
of Director, M.D., CEO, CFO, C.S.
 Understand the meaning, need, provisions of
Company Meetings
 Understand the types of company meeting and
legal provisions.
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  State the functions of secretary related to
annual general meeting.
6 Business  Understand different types of Business
Communication skills Communication, importance, layout and
of secretary essentials of Business letters.
 State role of secretary in preparing letters,
notices, reports, returns and minutes
 Understand circumstances under which
secretary communicates with directors and
drafting of letters.
 Understand circumstances under which
secretary communicates with banks and
drafting of letters.
 Circumstances under which secretary
communicates with statutory authorities and
drafting of letters.

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 10.INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

During internship period at Sanpada College of Commerce & Technology, Sanpada.

I took Secretarial Practice lecture in 11th STD (Commerce). During that programme, I
found "Negative Attitude of student in Secretarial Practice subjects." problem among those
children. According to the study problem I prepared some intervention activities and I got
positive results, here I analyze the results before intervention and after intervention
changes. The pre-intervention programme based on activity and problem. Post intervention
programme are based on intervention activities that conducted in classroom for 4 days as
mentioned above to evaluate and enable interest in Secretarial Practice subject. Doing by
such intervention positive outcome was noted, develop their interest not only in learning
Secretarial Practice but also develop topic remembering habit through examples. This
research studies favor of academic progression of children. This research gives confidence
and concentration on completion of task.
From making them understanding the concepts; the key to acing theoretical subjects
is internalizing its core concepts. Students could go through different texts as many times as
they like, but if students cannot understand and visualize its key concepts, students work
will go futile. Taking time to understand the "Why" and "How" and never fall into the rote
learning trap, however enticing it might seem. Go beyond what the book in front of you
says and make up your own examples and link dots between the bits and pieces of the
theory in your mind so that even if you forget what your text says, you remember what you
have understood. Our brain loves stories and narratives, especially ones that it conjures
itself. Keep this fact in mind and arrange the information you learnt in the form of a
narrative you can find your way about and thus it helps them to remember content/topics
through examples or stories, etc
Writing is a good way to remember what you (student) have learnt. Giving them
suggestion of jot down notes and important points in your own words so that student can
have a quick look at them during their last minute preparation. Writing helps in improving
students brain and hand synchronization and your time management skills if you write with
a set time constraint.

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 11. IMPLICATION OF INTERVENTION

Implication for education system

 The modern trend is to frame the curriculum based on the twin pillars of the social
viewpoint and its social relevance.
 The curriculum should have a definite bearing to the life of the child the powers of the
child in construction, creation, observation, and investigation, problem-solving. It
should provide recreation at the same time.
 The curriculum consists of a continuous chain of activities that enable teachers as well
as students to achieve educational goals.
 Need changes in exercise pattern and involve assignment on learning by doing and child
centered.
Implication for college
 College shall permit students to do field visit to places like - BSE, RBI, etc.
 College should arrange one capital market seminar to make student aware about various
instruments in market, various key role players.
 College should give presentations on various forms of business organisation like joint
stock companies,partnership firms, etc with the help of some real companies examples.
 College should give different types of assignments in such a way that student will gain
some knowledge like eg - Check share market performance of TATA company.
 College libraries must have various reference material, newspaper. magazine and
journals to increase reading habit as well as develop knowledge of student towards
Stock Market.
Implication for students
 Student can aware about concept of Secretary ,Understand importance of
Secretary,types of secretary and Know about qualities and qualification of Secretary.
 Student can understand the Evolution of Business organisations and Compare Various
Forms of Business Organisation.
 Student can develop knowledge about formation of company and documents related to
formation of company .
 Most important student can understand the value of company meetings and business
communication skills of secretary.

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 12. CONCLUSION

As a result of poor or negative attitudes, learners have a small chance to learn

proficiently. As such, a basic principle of learning model should be effectively
implemented so that teachers, as well as parents, can reinforce attitudes continually.
According to a study that was conducted just recently, psychologists have found that the
climate in classroom is very effective towards the attitude of a learner as opposed to the
external elements of a learner (Marzano, 2016). Therefore, if students have a particular
attitude, then they can have a mental conducive climate for learning. In a case where the
right attitude is not in place, learners cannot have a mental conducive climate for learning.
Naturally, learning can be inhabited if a student does not feel accepted or appreciated by his
or her peers as well as teachers. Therefore, teachers ought to help students feel more
accepted in the classroom through minor as well as very important behaviors. Some of the
ways that a teacher can foster a student’s sense of acceptance that will enable him or her to
have a positive attitude includes:
 Being more attentive to the students so as to understand them better.
 Being more personal with a learner so that he or she cannot feel intimidated by the
teacher’s education or teaching skills.
 Providing guidance to the student anytime something appears odd or distractive to him
or her.
 Though some of the mentioned steps may appear somewhat challenging and in need of
patience, the end results can lead to a learner’s bright future with the fulfillment of his
or her set goals (Marzano, 2016).

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 13. REFERENCES

www.scholar.google.co.in/citations user RO72awAAAAJ&hl.

www.researchgate.net/profile/Han Ping Fung.
www.researchgate.net/institution/indian institute of technology Delhi.
www.researchgate.net/institution/National Council of Educational research and training.
www.coursehero.com
www.tandfonline.com
Maharashtra state board textbook- Secretarial Practice
Self observation at Sanpada College of Commerce and Technology.

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