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TITRATION OF VINEGAR
Background Information:

Vinegar is a standard household item that can be found in various products such as salad
dressing and cleaning solutions. Chemically, It is a liquid that contains approximately 5-20%
acetic acid (C H 3 COOH ), water, and additional trace compounds, which may include flavorings.
The acetic acid that vinegar contains is a weak acidic, colorless liquid and organic compound. In
this experiment, two vinegar brands will be tested to see which has a more significant mass
percent of acetic acid using titration.

Titration is a laboratory method of determining the concentration of a substance in a

solution. Despite numerous types of titration, the acid-base approach will be used since this lab
report aims to acquire information about a solution containing an acid and a base. In titration,
there are two main components: the tritrant and the analyte. The tritant is a a standard solution of
a known concentration. It reacts with a solution of an analyte to determine the analyte’s
concentration. In this experimentation, the titrant is sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq) with a
concentration of 0.10M. The analyte is the two distinct brands of vinegar, Peptang and Lyon. To
complete titration, the tritant will be added to the analyte all of the acids are neutralized; this
point is also known as the equivalence point. Since there is no quantitative change from the
reaction, it is necessary to add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator in order to see this stage.
When the reaction reaches this point, the color will shift to pink and the added quantity of titrant
will be the exact amount necessary for a stoichiometric reaction with the analyte. However, If the
solution turns to a dark shade of pink, it means that too much titrant was added, and the titration
must be done again.

Expanding on the concept of stoichiometry, the number of moles of acid (H+) is equal to
the number of moles of base (OH-) at the equivalence point. Therefore, the number of moles of
acid present can then be calculated by measuring the amount of titrant or NaOH(aq) used.

C H 3 COOH (aq)+ NaOH (aq) →C H 3 COOHNa(aq)+ H 2 O( I )

Research Question:

Which brand of vinegar among Peptang and Lyon is closest to their claimed mass percent of
acetic acid as determined by titration with 0.1 mol dm-3 of NaOH as the titrant and the brands of
vinegar as the analyte?
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Identification of Variables:

Independent Variable: The amount of vinegar used for both brands, Peptang and Lyon.
Measuring Instrument: Pipette (unit: milliliter ± 0.05mL)

Dependent Variable: The volume of NaOH used to attain the equivalence point of the reaction.
Measuring Instrument: Buret (unit: milliliter ± 0.05mL)

Controlled Variables Reason for controlling variable Method to keep each variable constant
Different volumes of distilled water will The quantity of the distilled water will be
The Volume of either dilute or concentrate the vinegar, measured carefully using pipettes to ensure
Distilled Water Into making titration occur at distinct rates to
as little human error as possible with 25mL
The Vinegar achieve the equivalence point. (±0.5) being the amount utilized for each
titration trial.
Temperature must be kept generally The experiment was conducted indoors at
constant to ensure that chemical room temperature, from 8:20 a.m. until
Temperature reactions inside the solution are not 9:40 a.m., without long interruptions to
disrupted by drastic temperature guarantee that the temperature did not
variations. fluctuate drastically.
A wrong amount of solution could be The same equipment will be used
used because separate pieces of throughout the entire titration process to
Equipment equipment utilize various units or ensure consistency in all of the
measuring methods. measurements performed.
Altering the procedure can result in The same order will be followed for
producing systematic mistakes and titration in each brand of vinegar. If there is
Methodology misleading result, which would defeat any confusion, one must refer back to the
the purpose of the experiment. procedure on the worksheet.
Because the indicator is a weak acid, the Add three drops of the indicator directly
Phenolphthalein amount administered must be constant; into the given solution. Avoid releasing the
Indicator too much could consume the titrant, indicator onto the walls of the flask to
jeopardizing the experiment's precision. increase the experiment’s accuracy.
Increased or decreased NaOH molarity Throughout all trails, the same NaOH will
Molarity of Sodium will effect the amount of NaOH to get be used from the labeled Erlenmeyer flask.
Hydroxide the phenolphthalein to turn the solution In addition, the flask must always be sealed
pink. to prevent dilution by atmospheric water.
Hypothesis:

As the Lyon vinegar took longer on average to reach the equivalence point than the Pegtang
vinegar, It is foreseeable that the Lyon vinegar will have more acetic acid by mass than the
Peptang vinegar. This is given that there is a fixed concentration of Sodium Hydroxide.
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Materials:

● Funnel
● Deionized water
● Standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (aq)
● Phenolphthalein (C₂₀H₁₄O₄ ) indicator
● 30mL of two brands of vinegar (±0.05mL)
● 2x125mL Erlenmeyer flasks
● 250 mL beaker (±5mL)
● 50mL buret (±0.05mL)
● 2mL Pipette (±0.05mL)
● 25mL Pipette (±0.5mL)
● Pipette Filler
● Buret stand and holder

Methodology:

Setting Up

1. Rinse a 50mL buret thoroughly with deionized water.

2. Remove traces of water from the buret by rinsing it with NaOH(aq). Add two pipettes
worth (approximately 2 mL) of NaOH(aq) to the buret. Drain some NaOH(aq) out of the
tip, then pour the rest out of the top into the sink, rotating as you pour to coat the sides
with the solution.
3. Fill the buret with NaOH solution until the volume reads a little above the 0.00 mL line.
Drain the buret into a waste beaker until the buret reads 0.00 mL. The tip of the buret
should be completely filled with solution – any air bubbles present will interfere with
your measurements. If there is an air bubble in the tip, continue draining until the bubble
comes out then refill the buret to 0.00 mL.
4. Obtain an Erlenmeyer flask and rinse it well with deionized water.

Finding Results

1. Using a bulb pipette and pipette filler add 25mL of diluted vinegar into the flask.
2. Proceed by adding three drops of phenolphthalein to the flask.
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3. Perform titration of the vinegar solution by adding NaOH(aq) from the buret into the
Erlenmeyer flask containing the vinegar. Gently swirl the flask constantly to mix. Stop
the titration when a faint pink color appears and persists for 30 seconds.
4. Record the volume added to an accuracy of 0.01 mL. This is the equivalence point. If the
color is dark pink, the results are inaccurate and should be redone.
5. Repeat steps one to four an additional two times for a total of three titrations.
6. Now, using the other type of vinegar, repeat steps from one to five, which will result in a
total of 6 titrations, three with one type of vinegar and another three with the other type.
7. Rinse all equipments after completion of the experiment to prevent affecting future
experiments. Remember to also return all the equipments back to their designated areas.

Safety Measures:

1. Wear protective lab attire: Put on a labcoat, close-tied shoes, and safety goggles before
entering the lab. If you have long hair, make sure to tie it back. These are preventative
measures meant to mitigate any damage on your skin and eyes from contact with harmful
chemicals.
2. Do not taste or intentionally sniff any substance: This is done to avoid consuming or
inhaling hazardous chemicals that will harm the body and cause alarming complications.
3. Do not bring any food and drinks to the lab: Food and drink can be a source of
distraction. Moreover, there is a chance that they could either become contaminated by
the chemicals used in the lab or spill and contaminate the experiment.
4. Work with a lab partner for as far as possible: Try to collaborate with someone else in
the lab. Having a second set of eyes enhances the likelihood that errors and slip-ups will
be caught early and prevented from causing significant harm.
5. Practice good hygiene: Hands should be washed after handling any dangerous items and
before leaving the lab. This is done for the purpose of abstaining from inadvertent
exposure to toxic chemicals or biological agents.
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Raw Data:

Table 1: Amount of Sodium Hydroxide Used to Cause Color Change

Trial Number Distilled Water (±0.05mL) Lyon Vinegar (±0.05mL) Peptang Vinegar (±0.05mL)

Trial #1 50 18.90 14.60

Trial #2 50 18.90 14.90

Trial #3 50 18.70 14.80

Calculations:

Average Volume of NaOH Used

To find the average of the volume of NaOH used for the Lyon vinegar, I will use the equation
below;

Average=
∑ of all Trials Equation 1
Number of Trials

18.90+ 18.90+18.70
¿
3
= 18.83 mL

I will use equation 1 again to find the average of the volume of NaOH used for the Peptang
vinegar;

14.60+ 14.90+14.80
¿
3

= 14.76 mL
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Table 2: Finding Percent Mass of Acetic Acid( H C2 H 3 O2) in Lyon and Peptang Vinegar:

Lyon Peptang

−3 −3 −3 −3
Concentration(d m )=moles /volume (d m ) Concentration(d m )=moles /volume (d m )
−3 −3
Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O 2=(Vd m ) ×(Molarity NaOH ) Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O2=(Vd m )×( Molarity NaOH )
18.83 14.75
Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O2= ×0.1 Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O2= ×0.1
1000 1000
Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O2=0.001883 Moles ofH C 2 H 3 O2=0.001475

−3 0.00183/25 −3 0.001475/25
Concentration(d m )= Concentration(d m )=
1000 1000
−3 −3
Concentration(d m )=0.075 32 Concentration(d m )=0.059
10 ×0.07532 as the vinegar isdiluted by 10׿ 10 ×0.059 as the vinegar is diluted by 10׿
Concentration(d m−3 )=0.75 32 Concentration(d m−3 )=0.59

Molar Mass× Concentration Molar Mass× Concentration

Percent Mass= Percent Mass=
10 10
Molar Mass=4 (1.01)+2(12.02)+2(16) Molar Mass=4 (1.01)+2(12.02)+2(16)
Molar Mass=60.06(g) Molar Mass=60.06( g)
60.06 ×0.7532 60.06 ×0.59
Percent Mass= Percent Mass=
10 10
Percent Mass=4.52 % Percent Mass=3.54 %

Table 3: Calculating Percent Error

Lyon Peptang

actual value−experimental value actual value−experimental value

Percent error=( )×100Percent error=( ) ×100
actual value actual value
5−4.52 5−3.54
Percent error ( Peptang)=( )×100 Percent error ( Peptang)=( )× 100
5 5
Percent error ( Peptang)=9.6 % Percent error ( Peptang)=29.2 %
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Table 4: Determining Standard Deviation

Lyon Peptang

● Subtract each piece of data from the average
18.83−18.9=−0.07
18.83−18.9=−0.07
18.83−18.7=0.13
● Square the answers from previous and find the
sum of the squared numbers, then divide the sum
by the number of trials to find the variance:
● Subtract each piece of data from the average
14.75−14.6=0.15
14.75−14.9=−0.15
14.75−14.8=−0.05
● Square the answers and find the sum of the
squared numbers, then divide the sum by the
number of trials to find the variance:

0.0049+0.0049+ 0.0169=0.05 0.0225+0.0225+ 0.0025=0.0475

0.0267 /3=0.0089 0.0475/3=0.01583

● Square root the variance ● Square root the variance

√ ❑0.094 √❑
SD = 0.094 SD = 0.126

Table 5: Finding Range

Lyon Peptang

Range=Largest Number −Smallest Number Range=Largest Number −Smallest Number

Range=18.9−18.7 Range=14.9−14.6
Range=0.2 Range=0.3

Table 6: Processed Data Table

Data Lyon Peptang

Average Mass Percent (±.05%) 4.52 3.54

Standard Deviation 0.094 0.126

Percent Error (%) 9.6 29.2

Range (±0.05mL) 0.2 0.3

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Graph 1: Acetic Acid Percent Mass of Lyon and Peptang Vinegar

Conclusion:

The results of the experiment demonstrate that the prediction that Lyon vinegar would contain
more acetic acid was correct. This may be shown by comparing the acetic acid contents of the
two brands of vinegar: the Lyon vinegar had 4.52%, whereas the Peptang vinegar had 3.54%.
The accuracy of the Peptang vinegar experiment was worse, at 29.2%, compared to the relatively
decent accuracy of the Lyon vinegar experiment, which had a percentage error of 9.6%. This was
probably due to random and systematic errors in the titration. However, the experiment's
precision was good as the ranges were 0.2mL(±0.05) and 0.3mL(±0.05), meaning there wasn’t
much deviation between tests. With the next experiment, doing more trials would definitely help
with the accuracy. This way, students could learn about how different chemicals react to
different things and how they react in different situations to gain more insight into titration.