PRINCIPLE OF FLUID MACHINERY

PREPARED BY:
REY BAGRO
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SUBJECT MATTER / TOPIC

A. Principle of fluid flow

 Properties of Fluid
 Types of Fluid flow
 Heads of Fluid
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 Total Dynamic Head of Pumps / Blowers
 Pumps theoretical and brake power
 Classification of fluid machinery
 Hydraulic Machine

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OBJECTIVE:

A. To recognize the different types of fluid machinery and their

applications;
B. To summarize the equations used in the analysis and calculations of
the principle of fluid flow;
C. Identify the types of flow of fluid using Reynolds Number;
D. To formulate the equations for the determination of total dynamic
head of pumps and pump power.

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INTRODUCTION
 Liquids and gases together called fluids.

 The fluid machines use liquids and / or called gases as working substance for transfer and
transformation of energy from one form to another.
 The fluid machines convert the potential energy or kinetic energy or pressure energy or thermal
energy or internal energy of fluid into mechanical work and are called engines or turbines or prime
movers or driving machine.
 The driven machines may called pumps or compressors or blowers or fans to deliver fluids from
low level of energy to higher level by consuming mechanical work
 Sample problems for each topic are discussed as applications to further enhance the learning
process.

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FLUID MACHINERY

 Is an equipment capable of handling fluid, either moving the fluid or moved by the fluid.

 Is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.

 Energy in the form of the potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy.

 The energy usually transmitted by rotating shaft.

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ENERGY CONVERSION

 The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by fluid is converted in the
form of mechanical energy in a rotating member is known as a TURBINE.

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

A. SPECIFIC WEIGHT ( )
 Is the force of gravity in a unit
volume of a substance.

Formula:

=
;
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

B. DENSITY ( )
 Is the mass per volume of a
substance.

Formula:

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

C. SPECIFIC VOLUME ( )
 Is the volume of a unit mass of a
substance or the reciprocal of
density.

Formula:

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( )
 Is the ratio of the specific weight
of any substance to that of water
or the ratio of density of any
substance to that water.

Formula:

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

E. VISCOSITY ( )
 Is a measure of the resistance to
flow of a fluid; or it may be 𝒈𝒎
defined as the ratio of the 𝒄𝒎
shearing stress or force between
adjacent layers of fluid to the 𝟔
rate of change of velocity
perpendicular to the direction of
motion.
= 0.10 Pa-s

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SAMPLE PROBLEM A. Specific Weight (

𝑵
 Calculate the specific weight,  =
density, & specific gravity of one . 𝒎𝟑
Liter of a liquid which weigh 7N.
B. Density ( )

 Given: 𝒌𝒈
 =
. 𝒎𝟑
V = 1 Liter = 0.00
Weight = 7N. C. Specific Gravity (SG)
.
 SG =
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REYNOLDS NUMBER
 Is a dimensionless parameter used to determine the type of fluid while flowing
through a pipe.
 Type of flow pattern as laminar or turbulent
 At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar flow, while at
high Reynolds numbers flows tend to be turbulent.
 Re < 2000 – Low Velocity = Laminar Flow
 Re > 4000 – High Velocity = Turbulent Flow
 Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical Flow

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RENOLDS NUMBER FORMULA ( 𝒆)


,


,

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TYPES OF FLOW OF FLUID

A. LAMINAR FLOW
 Is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers or
laminae.
 𝑅 < 2000 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

B. Turbulent Flow
 Is the type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move in a haphazard fashion in all directions.
 It is impossible to trace the motion of an individual particle ( high velocity, variable direction).
 𝑅 > 2000 − 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

C. Critical Flow (Transitional Flow)

 Is a combination of laminar flow and turbulent flow.
 𝑅 = 2000 − 4000 − Critical Flow

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CONTINUITY EQUATION

 Continuity equation is an equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics of

steady flow open system used to determine the mass flow rate and volume flow
rate of fluid.

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CONTINUITY EQUATION

A. Mass Flow Rate

• ,
B. Volume Flowrate

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SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
 Given:
Solution:
Dia. = 150mm = 0.15m
 Determine whether the flow is
𝜸 𝑽𝑫 𝒎𝒈𝑽𝑫 𝝆𝑽𝑫
laminar or turbulent if fluids at average velocity = 3.6 m/s 𝑹𝒆 = = =
𝝁𝒈 𝑽𝝁𝒈 𝝁
26 flows in a pipe with a 150 𝜌 = 1258
mm inside diameter. The 𝜇 = 9.60 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 𝝆𝑽𝑫
𝒌𝒈 𝒎
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟑 𝟑.𝟔 𝒔 (𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝒎)
𝒎
𝑹𝒆 = =
𝝁 𝟗.𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝑷𝒂 𝒔
 average velocity of flow is 3.6
m/s ,  Re < 2000 – Low Velocity =
Laminar Flow 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟕𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
 𝜌 = 1258 ,
 Re > 4000 – High Velocity =
 𝜇 = 9.60 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 . Turbulent Flow 𝑹𝒆 = 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘
 Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical
Flow

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Solution:
 Determine the V.
 Air having a density of 1.01 𝜸 𝑽𝑫 𝒎𝒈𝑽𝑫 𝝆𝑽𝑫 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
𝑹𝒆 = = =
and absolute viscosity of 1.79 x 𝝁𝒈 𝑽𝝁𝒈 𝝁 𝒎𝟑 𝝅
𝟎. 𝟓 = {𝟒 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟑)𝟐 (𝑽)
10 Poise flows through a 30cm  Re < 2000 – Low Velocity = 𝒔

Laminar Flow 𝒎
diameter pipe at the rate of 1814 V = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟔
𝒔
kg/hr. Determine the type of flow  Re > 4000 – High Velocity =
Turbulent Flow 𝒌𝒈 𝒎
existing in the pipe. 𝝆𝑽𝑫 𝟏.𝟎𝟏 𝟑
𝒎
𝟕.𝟎𝟔 𝒔 𝟎.𝟑𝒎)
 Re = 2000 – 4000 = Critical 𝑹𝒆 = = 𝟎.𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂 𝒔
𝝁 𝟏.𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒙 𝟏 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆
 G𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: Flow

Dia. = 30cm = 0.30m  Determine the V. 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗, 𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟔

m = 1814 kg/hr 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
 Required: 𝑹𝒆 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘
𝒌𝒈 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟒 𝒉𝒓 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝜌 = 1.01 Need to identify the 𝑸=
𝒎
= 𝒌𝒈
𝝆 𝟏.𝟎𝟏 𝟑
flow of fluid in the 𝒎
𝜇 = 1.79 𝑥 10 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 pipe. 𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟓 19
𝒔
HEAD OF FLUID

 Head of Fluid is the height to which a column of fluid must rise to contain the same
amount of energy as is contained in one unit weight or mass of fluid under the conditions
being considered.

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FORMS OF HEAD

A. Potential or Actual Head

 Is a head based upon the elevation of the fluid above some arbitrarily chosen datum plane.
B. Kinetic or Velocity Head
 Is a measure of the kinetic energy contained in a unit mass fluid due to its velocity and is given by
the familiar expression for kinetic energy.
𝑽𝟐

𝟐𝒈
C. Pressure Head
 Is the energy contained in the fluid as a result of its pressure and is equal to

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BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

 Bernoulli's equation is an equation used to determine the head of fluid.

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