FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMH 2313 FLUID MECHANICS

LAB REPORT 3

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

INSTRUCTOR’S TS. KHAIRIL AMRI BIN KAMARUZZAMAN

NAME

STUDENT’S NAME MATRIX NO:

S1. MUHAMMAD AWFA AR-RAFIQ BIN B092110392
MUHAMMAD FADLI
S2. MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN KORNAIN B092110564
S3. MUHAMMAD DANIS HAKIM BIN NOR B092110543
BADLISHAM
S4. MUHAMMAD RUSYDAN AIMAN BIN MOHD B092110563
RUSLI

ASSESSEMENT RUBRICS
GIVEN MARKS
MARK
ASSESSMENT TASK/ITEMS
ALLOCATION
1. Procedure (Ability to read online procedure 10
for lab activity)
2. Work Process (Ability to construct and 10
understanding of Forces in Trusses 1
readings)
3. Outcome (Experiment Data & Result)) 20

4. Outcome (Discussion) 40

5. Outcome (Conclussion) 15

6. Discipline (Ability to perform online lab 5

activity and submission)
TOTAL MARKS 100

Approved By:
………………………………………………..…..
(Instructor’s Signature &
Stamp)
Date: …………………………………………….........
 1.0 OBJECTIVES

 To grasp the idea of shear force and ending moment at a cut section.
 To comprehend the connection between shear force and bending moment.
 To investigate the shear force at the beam.

2.0 THEORY

Beams are defined as structural members supporting loads at various points along the member.
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as concentrated loads or distributed loads. One of
the main concerns that should be put into consideration when designing beams for strength is
how the material and the cross section of a beam of a given selected span should be selected if
the beam is not to fail under a given loading.

Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending moment (from the normal stress distribution). For prismatic beam,
that is straight beam with a uniform cross section, their design depends primarily upon the
determination of the largest value of the bending moment and shear force created in the beam
by a given loading. The determination of these values and of the critical sections of the beam in
which they occur is greatly facilitated by drawing a shear force diagram and bending moment
diagram. The variation of the shear force, V (N) and the bending moment, M (Nm) along the
beam may be investigated from these diagrams. The values of V and M at various points may be
obtained either by drawing free body diagram of successive portions of the beam or from
relationship that involves the applied load, shear force and bending moment.

Determination of the maximum normal stress, σmax and maximum shearing stress, τmax
requires identification of maximum internal shear force and bending moment. Shear force and
bending moment at a point are determined by passing a section through the beam and applying
an equilibrium analysis on the beam portions on either side of the section as shown in Figure 1
and 2. Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’ and bending couples M and M’.
3.0 PROCEDURE & METHODOLOGY

Section A (Shear force)

1. Hang the load hanger 40mm away from the cut position on the beam.
2. Take note of the force gauge reading. This is the shear force in the cut section.
3. Repeat the test with 100g increments until the load reaches 500g.
4. Compile all data into a table.

Section B (Bending Moment)

1. Attach the load hanger at the cut position to the beam.
2. Take note of the force gauge reading. This is the bending moment at the loading
point.
3. Repeat the test with 100g increments until the load reaches 500g.
4. Compile all data into a table.

Figure 5: Shear Force Apparatus

METHODOLOGY:
When a load is applied to the beam cut section by pressing, the beam bends. Because the load is applied by press,
observation bases on the beam cut section are used to determine the bending moment of the beam. Since the
observation of the material's shear force and bending moment when a load is applied.

4.0 RESULTS
Part A (Shear force)

Table 1 Shear forces with variation of load.

Shear Shear
Error
Load Load Force Force
Percentage
(g) (N) (Exp.) (Theory)
(%)
(N) (N)
0 0 0 0 0
100 1 0.6 0.57 5.26
200 2 1.2 1.16 3.44
300 3 1.3 1.74 25.29
400 4 1.7 2.32 26.72
500 5 1.9 2.9 34.48

Shear Force (Theoretical) = (Wa)/l

Load 100g
0.981× 0.3
¿
0.44
¿ 0.57 N

Part B (Bending Moment)

Table 2 Bending moment with variation of load.

Bending Bending
Error
Load Load Moment Moment
Percentage
(g) (N) (Exp.) (Theory)
(%)
(Nm) (Nm)
0 0 0 0 0
100 1 0.12 0.09 33.33
200 2 0.20 0.19 5.26
300 3 0.26 0.28 7.14
400 4 0.34 0.37 8.11
500 5 0.43 0.47 8.51

Bending Moment (Theoretical) = (Wa)x(l-a)/l

Given:
a = 300 mm
l = 440 mm
load 100g
(0.981 ×0.3)(0.44 − 0.3)
¿
0.44
¿ 0.09 N

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Part A (Shear force)

1. Using the data in the Table 1, plot the bar chart for the shear force for the theoretical
and experimental case for each load case.

Figure Shear Force Experiment Graph

 Figure Shear Force Theoretical Graph

2. Calculate the percentage of error for each load case and hence determine the overall
percentage error.

0.6 − 0.57
 × 100 %=5.26 %
0.57

1.2−1.16
 ×100 %=3.44 %
1.16

1.3 −1.74
 ×100 %=25.29 %
1.74

1.7 − 2.32
 ×100 %=26.72 %
2.32

1.9 − 2.9
 ×100 %=34.48 %
2.9

(5.26+3.44 +25.29+26.72+34.48)
Average Error Percentage: = 19.04 %
5
Part B (Bending Moment)

1. Using the data in the table, plot a chart to compare the experimental and theoretical bending
moment for each case.

Figure Experiment vs Theoretical Bending Moment Graph

2. Calculate the percentage error for each case and hence, determine the average area.

0.12 −0.09
 ×100 %=33.33 %
0.09

0.20 −0.19
 × 100 %=5.26 %
0.19

0.26 − 0.28
 × 100 %=7.14 %
0.28

0.3 4 − 0.37
 × 100 %=8.11%
0.37

0.4 3 −0.47
 ×100 %=8.51 %
0.47
 33.33+5.26+7.14+ 8.11+ 8.51
Average Area Error % = = 12.47
5

5.0 DISCUSSION

Part A (Shear force)

Analyze and interpret the results of this test. Comment on the differences between the
experiment and theoretical results.

It is visible throughout the experiment in the method of work. Several loads (N) were tested as
part of the load used in this experiment. The goal of this experiment is to determine how much
force is received on the rib for different load loads when a load is applied to the broken part at a
distance of 40 mm from the broken part. Furthermore, the 40mm distance measured from the
broken rib is used to see the "tear" on the rib or beam under test. In contrast to the second test,
the bending moment test, a load is applied to the broken part to determine the degree of
curvature caused by the applied load. According to the data from the graph, when no load is
applied, there is no force acting on the beam, whereas when the force applied to the beam is
increased, the shear force also increases. As a result, shear force is linearly proportional
(positive) to the applied load.

Part B (Bending Moment)

Analyze and interpret the experimental and theoretical results. Comment the accuracy of
these results.

When there is a load, this bending moment experiment is performed to determine the load
required to bend one beam or rib. Several conditions were observed during this experiment.
First, it can be seen that when no load is applied to a specific part of the beam, it has no force
and does not bend. This test demonstrates that as the applied load increases, the beam begins to
bend. Using the theoretical calculation, we discovered that the bending moment is directly
proportional (linear). However, the results of the experiments show some differences in the
data, but the results are not that far off.
6.0 CONCLUSION

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of the two tests that were performed, namely the
bending moment and shear force. When a load is applied to a rib or beam, the effect is investigated. The
effect on the beam is then investigated. The beam will bend and tear depending on the type of test and
the load applied to it.
Experiment 1 –Forces in a Statically Determinate Cantilever Truss

Figure 4: Statically Determinate Cantilever Truss

Statically Determinate Cantilever Truss is a common structure. They are usually used for bridges and in
cantilevered form for crane booms.

1. Before beginning the experiment, the thumbwheel on redundant was loosened.

2. Load until 250 N was applied to the increment of 50 N and the strain readings were recorded in table 1.
3. All the readings were recorded.
4. Assume that Esteel = 210 GPa for all truss members. Rod diameter = 5.98 mm.

Experiment 2 –Forces in a Statically Indeterminate Cantilever Truss

Figure 5: Statically Indeterminate Cantilever Truss

Statically Indeterminate Cantilever Truss is also a common structure. They are usually used for bridges and in
cantilevered form for crane booms.

1. Before beginning the experiment, by used fingers make sure tightened the thumbwheel redundant
Member’s.
2. Load until 250 N was applied to the increment of 50 N and the strain reading was recorded in table 3.
3. All the readings were recorded.
4. Assume that Esteel = 210 GPa for all truss members. Rod diameter = 5.98 mm.
4.0 RESULTS

EXPERIMENTAL DATA (EXPERIMENT 1)

Load (N) Member strains (me)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50 -20 -27 3 -18 -15 - 18 25
100 -9 -37 -8 -39 -15 - 33 40
150 2 -47 -18 -59 -15 - 47 55
200 13 -58 -29 -81 -15 - 63 71
250 22 -69 -38 -99 -15 - 76 84

Table 2 Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Forces at 250 N.

Error (%)
Member Experimental Forces (N) Theoretical Forces
(N)
1 129.82 250.00 48.07
2 -407.17 -250.00 62.87
3 -224.24 -250.00 10.3
4 -584.2 -500.00 16.84
5 -88.52 -250.00 64.6
6 - - -
7 448.48 353.55 26.85
8 -495.68 -353.55 40.2

1.
Theoretically, calculate internal force in each member with a load of 250 N. (Esteel = 210 GPa) and write
down in Table 2.
 F5

500N F4

ƩFx=0
500+ F 4=0
F 4=−500 N (C)

ƩFy=0
−353.55 cos 45 − F 5=0
F5= -250N(C)

F7

F3
250N

ƩFy=0
−250+ F 7 cos 45 °=0
F 7=353.55 N (T)

ƩFx=0
− F 3− F 7 cos 45° =0
F 3=−250 N (C)

F8

F4
ƩFy=0
−250+ F 8 sin 45 °=0
F 8=353.55 N (T)

F1
F7
 F2

ƩFy=0
F 7 cos 45 °− F 1=0
F 1=353.55cos 45
F 1=250 N (T )

ƩFx=0
− F 7 sin 45 °− F 2=0
F 2=−353.55 Nsin 45
F2=-250N(C)

2.
By using the measured data, calculate internal force (experimental force) in each member with a load 250 N.
(Esteel = 210 GPa) and write down in Table 2.

Rod diameter = 5.98 mm ÷ 1000 m = 5.98 × 10− 3 m

E steel = 210 GPa

2
A=π r 2 = π (2.99 ×10¿¿ − 3) ¿
= 2.81 ×10− 5 m2

F = AE
F3 = ( 2.81 ×10− 5)(210 GPa) ( −38 × 10−6 ¿
= -224.24N

3.
Determine the percentage of error between the experimental and theoretical force. Complete Table 3 and
write down in Table 2.
 Theorytical− Experimental
Error%=¿ | | x 100%
Theorytical

Error for Member 3 % = | −250 |

−250 −(−224.24)
×100

= 10.3%
EXPERIMENTAL DATA (EXPERIMENT 2)
Load (N) Member strains (me)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50 -3 -10 4 -0 2 47 18 4

100 13 -15 -7 -17 6 41 33 12

150 28 -20 -17 -32 11 34 47 20

200 45 -27 -29 -50 17 27 64 28

250 60 -32 -29 -65 21 21 76 36

Table 4 Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Forces at 250 N.

Error (%)
Member Experimental Forces (N) Theoretical Forces (N)
1 354.06 250.00 41.62
2 -188.83 -250.00 24.47
3 -171.13 -250.00 31.55
4 -383.56 -500.00 23.29
5 -123.92 -250.00 64.95
6 123.92 353.55 64.95
7 448.48 353.55 36.85
8 -212.44 -353.55 39.9

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT (EXPERIMENT 2)

1. Theoretically, calculate internal force in each member with a load of 250 N. (Esteel
= 210 GPa) and write down in Table 4.

F5

500N F4

ƩFx=0
500+ F 4=0
F 4=−500 N (C)

ƩFy=0
−353.55 cos 45 − F 5=0
F5= -250N(C)
 F7

F3
250N

ƩFy=0
−250+ F 7 cos 45 °=0
F 7=353.55 N (T)

ƩFx=0
− F 3− F 7 cos 45° =0
F 3=−250 N (C)

F8

F4
ƩFy=0
−250+ F 8 sin 45 °=0
F 8=353.55 N (T)

F1
F7

F2

ƩFy=0
F 7 cos 45 °− F 1=0
F 1=353.55cos 45
F 1=250 N (T )

ƩFx=0
− F 7 sin 45 °− F 2=0
F 2=−353.55 Nsin 45
F2=-250N(C)

F4 F6

F5

∑ Fy = 0
 -250 + F6 sin 45⁰ = 0
250 N
F6 =
sin 45 °
F6 = 353.55N (T)

2. By using the measured data, calculate internal force (experimental force) in each member with a
load 250 N. (Esteel = 210 GPa) and write down in Table 4.
Rod diameter = 5.98 mm ÷ 1000 m = 5.98 × 10− 3 m
E steel = 210 GPa

2
A=π r 2 = π (2.99 ×10¿¿ − 3) ¿
= 2.81 ×10− 5 m2

F = AE
F2 = ( 2.81 ×10− 5)(210 GPa) ( −32 ×10− 6 ¿
= -188.83N

3. Determine the percentage of error between the experimental and theoretical force. Complete Table
3 and write down in Table 4.
Theorytical− Experimental
Error%=¿ | | x 100%
Theorytical

Error for Member 2 % = | −250 −(−118.83)

−250 |
× 100

= 24.47%
 5.0 DISCUSSION
For discussion, you should answer all questions as follows:
1. Analyze or interpret and comment on the tabulated and graphical results obtained for both
experiments. Explain the relationship exists between the variables involve in this work.
The lab's tabulated and graphical data revealed both positive and negative values due to
compression and tension during forces applied to the trusses.The greater the forces, the
greater the strain reading depending on the trusses.This demonstrates the increase in
internal force acting on it.

2. Discuss and explain the differences between the experimental and theoretical results.

Theoretical is important in this experiment because it depicts the correctness and difference
between the experimental data. Despite the fact that some experimental and theoretical data
showed error percentages of less than 5%, it is clear that some data showed large differences
due to setup errors or inaccuracies, as well as environmental issues. One of the causes could
be that the lab's data collection device isn't accurate enough, or that there was a human error
that changed the outcome. Second, the experiment may not have been properly set up, and
the force used may not have been applied correctly, resulting in inaccurate data. Finally,
because of the measurement device's sensitivity, which is affected by vibration or long periods
of use by a large number of users,the data outcome will be slightly inaccurate.

3. Identify which truss members are in compression and tension for both experiments. Give the
reason to this behaviour / observation and explain which members will be of the more critical to be
known its behaviour in order to avoid structural failure / collapse.

Using the Joint Method to calculate the truss members, we are able to determine that the
trusses at points F4, F5, F3, and F2 are in compression while those at points F7, F8, F1 and F6
are in tension. Due to the strain reading value of all parts, the point is in compression and
tension. While the truss member at F4 is the strongest compression member, the truss
member at F1 is low on tension due to having the lowest real strain value. Finally, it is crucial
to ensure that the force exerted is properly calibrated and may be pushed directly to the
middle to avoid one-sided pressure in order to prevent structural collapse.
 4. State the factor of errors or discrepancies for both experiments. Justify your argument and suggest
how these errors may be eliminated or minimized.

One of the reasons why the experiment results deviate from the theoretical result is due to
inaccuracy during the experiment. One of the errors that occurs is personal error, which is
caused by the experimenter's lack of awareness and carelessness. To avoid making a personal
error while conducting the experiment, the user must be more aware of the details that may
affect the experiment's outcome. Second, failure to account for factors such as a poorly
positioned table on which the instrument is placed, causing the load to be improperly
positioned. The other type of systematic error is one caused by a faulty machine or one that is
not properly calibrated, resulting in erroneous data.This is because certain machines had been
neglected and were old. The user must ensure that the settings or measurement devices are
operational.
 6.0 CONCLUSION
Give your conclusion of this experiment work / report. Summarize its main findings.

Finally, we were able to comprehend and successfully complete the experiment. In this lab,
we are testing internal forces and axial strain in truss members using the concepts of static
equilibrium, stress-strain relation, and material properties of the truss system subjected to the
specified loading. The experiment results show that when the truss system is subjected to
point loading, it behaves as expected. In order to determine internal forces, the data is then
compared to theoretical data generated using the joint approach. Some truss members are
compressed, while others are tensed. When carrying out this experiment, we encounter errors
that have an impact on the outcome.
 7.0 REFRENCES

1.5: Internal Forces in Plane Trusses. (2020, January 2). Engineering LibreTexts.

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Engineering/Book

%3A_Structural_Analysis_(Udoeyo)/01%3A_Chapters/

1.05%3A_Internal_Forces_in_Plane_Trusses

‌Tension Vs Compression | What Is Tension & Compression. (2020, August 27). CivilJungle.

https://civiljungle.com/tension-vs-compression/

‌Truss Analysis Tutorial | Method of Joints and Sections. (2021, April 14). DegreeTutors.com.

https://www.degreetutors.com/truss-analysis-using-method-of

https://www.facebook.com/TheConstructor. (2018, August 30). TRUSS ANALYSIS -LEARN

METHODS WITH EXAMPLES. The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/structural-

engg/truss-analysis/2565/

How does tension and compression happen in trusses? - Quora. (n.d.). Www.quora.com.

https://www.quora.com/How-does-tension-and-compression-happen-in-trusses

How to identify members in a truss as compression or tension? (n.d.). Physics Forums | Science

Articles, Homework Help, Discussion. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-identify-members-in-a-truss-as-

compression-or-tension.844056/

‌
Group members :
Left to right, Firdaus, Rusydan, Awfa & Danis
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To obtain maximum
marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 2

Assessment tasks Mark LO PO C/P/A level

allocation

Procedure (Ability to read online 10 LO2 PO5

P1 - Perception
procedure for lab activity)

Work Process (Ability to construct 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

and understanding of Forces in Trusses
2 readings)

Outcome (Experiment Data & Result)) 20 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Outcome (Discussion) 40 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Overt Response

Outcome (Conclussion) 15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Overt Response

Discipline (Ability to perform online 5 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

lab activity and submission)

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE Pdf file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE via ULearn or my email.
5. Submission date: NOT LATER THAN 2:00PM, on Wednesday (05/04/2023).
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.