BOOST CONVERTER

CEP Report
By
NAME Registration Number
QASIM KHAN CIIT/FA19-EPE-095/ATD
NAUMAN REHMAN CIIT/ FA19-EPE-089/ATD
SADDAM HUSSAIN CIIT/ FA19-EPE-099/ATD
AHSAN HAYAT CIIT/ FA19-EPE-179/ATD

For the course

POWER ELECTRONICS
Semester SP 2022
Supervised by:
DR ABDUL MAJID

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad – Abbottabad Campus
 DECLARATION

We QASIM KHAN (CIIT/FA19-EPE-095/ATD), NAUMAN REHMAN (CIIT/ FA19-

EPE-089/ATD), SADDAM HUSSAIN (CIIT/ FA19-EPE-099/ATD), AHSAN HAYAT
(CIIT/ FA19-EPE-179/ATD) hereby declare that we have produced the work presented in
this report, during the scheduled period of study. We also declare that we have not taken
any material from any source except referred to wherever due. If a violation of rules has
occurred in this report, we shall be liable to punishable action.

Date: July 6, 2022

_________________
QASIM KHAN
(CIIT/ FA18-EPE-095/ATD)

_________________
SADDAM HUSSAIN
(CIIT/FA18-EPE-099/ATD)

_________________
AHSAN HAYAT
(CIIT/FA19-EPE-179/ATD)

_________________
NAUMAN REHMAN
(CIIT/FA19-EPE-089/ATD)

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 ABSTRACT

Power electronics is an essential part of many devices and systems in one or more of their
phases. Power electronics convert electrical energy of one type into another with different
characteristics and is used to drive any device that requires an input of electric power
other than that supplied by the primary power source. CUK converter is one of the
converter used to get desired DC output from a DC input source. This report is a research
on Cuk converter. The proposed converter has high efficiency and it can be used in
multilevel DC-DC converters. A reduction of the inductors size in comparison to Cuk
converter and a reduction in the inductors resistance negative effects on efficiency are the
important points of the proposed converter. . A theoretical analysis demonstrates the
positive points of the proposed converter. The proposed converter voltage gain is similar
to that of a conventional Buck-Boost converter. As a result, they are compared. The
comparison illustrates the advantages of the proposed converter and its higher quality.
DC-DC converters are widely used to efficiently produce a regulated voltage from a
source that may or may not be well controlled to a load that may or may not be constant.
DC-DC converters are high-frequency power conversion circuits that use high-frequency
switching and inductors, transformers, and capacitors to smooth out switching noise into
regulated DC voltages. Closed feedback loops maintain constant voltage output even
when changing input voltages and output currents.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................iv

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................iv

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................1

2 Literature Survey........................................................................................................1

3 Proposed Methodology...............................................................................................1

4 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………...

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig: 1 Basic circuit diagram of BOOST Converter.......................................................1

Fig: 2 ON and OFF state circuit diagram of components.............................................1

Fig: 3 Block diagram of system.......................................................................................2

Fig: 4 RESULT…………………………………………………………………………

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
C Capacitor
L Inductor
D Duty cycle
R Resistor
T Time period
I Current
P power
D Diode
S switch
……..

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1 Introduction
There are several problems when it comes to achieve a high voltage gain with
conventional DC-DC converters. The performance and the quality of the operation of
these converters will be affected by the change in large quantities of duty cycles. In
accordance with the voltage conversion relationship for the comparison of the
conventional and vice-versa, converting the input to high voltage etc.
To increase the boosting gain, new topologies have been introduced. Solving these
problems requires new topologies based on conventional converters such as Boost, buck-
boost, SEPIC, Cuk and Zeta converters. In some of them, the switching method between
the inductors and capacitors have been changed. The others contain new methods such as
the voltage-lift technique, which use multipliers and cascading as the second step of
boosting the voltage. These topologies poses drawbacks that provide the motivations for
proposing new structures.
BOOST CONVERTER:
Power for the boost converter can come from any suitable DC sources, such as DC
generators, batteries, solar panels and rectifiers. The method that changes one DC voltage
to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC conversion. Generally, a boost converter is a
DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the source voltage. It is
sometimes called a step-up converter since it “steps up” the source voltage.
The input voltage source is connected to an inductor. The solid-state device which
operates as a switch is connected across the source. The second switch used is a diode.
The diode is connected to a capacitor, and the load and the two are connected in parallel.

Figure 1 basic circuit of Boost converter

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 1.1Objectives
To design a Boost converter and analyze its specifications

1.2 Features and Cost Estimate of our Project

With all the elements combined the total cost of project is 4200Rs /

2 Literature Survey
2.1 Working principle of Boost Converter:
The inductor connected to input source leads to a constant input current, and
thus the Boost converter is seen as the constant current input source. And the
load can be seen as a constant voltage source. The controlled switch is turned on
and off by using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWM can be time-based or
frequency based. Frequency-based modulation has disadvantages like a wide
range of frequencies to achieve the desired control of the switch which in turn
will give the desired output voltage. Time-based Modulation is mostly used for
DC-DC converters. It is simple to construct and use. The frequency remains
constant in this type of PWM modulation. The Boost converter has two modes
of operation. The first mode is when the switch is on and conducting.
The Switch is ON and therefore represents a short circuit ideally offering zero
resistance to the flow of current so when the switch is ON all the current will
flow through the switch and back to the DC input source. Let us say the switch
is on for a time TON and is off for a time TOFF. We define the time period, T.

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 Figure 2 on state and off state circuit Diagram

the MOSFET sees a voltage that is the supply voltage plus the inductor voltage, which
means that the MOSFET has to be rated for a high voltage, which again implies a rather
high on resistance. Boost converter design is always a compromise between MOSFET
breakdown voltage and on resistance. The switching MOSFET of the boost converter is
always the weak point, as I learned from cold, hard experience. The maximum output
voltage of the boost converter is not limited by design but by the breakdown voltage of
the MOSFET.

While performing the analysis of the Boost converter, we have to keep in mind that

 The inductor current is continuous and this is made possible by selecting an

appropriate value of L.

 The inductor current in steady state rises from a value with a positive slope to a
maximum value during the ON state and then drops back down to the initial value
with a negative slope. Therefore the net change of the inductor current over
anyone complete cycle is zero.

2.2 NEED of Boost Converter:

Battery powered systems often stack cells in series to obtain higher voltage.
However, sufficient heaping of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications
due to insufficient space. Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the

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 cell numbers. Two battery-powered applications that use boost converters are hybrid
electric vehicles (HEV) and lighting systems.
A boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the circuit known as
the 'Joule thief', which is a circuit topology used with low power battery applications,
and is purposed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal' the remaining energy in a
battery. The energy remaining would otherwise be wasted since the low voltage of a
nearly depleted battery makes it unusable for a load. The remaining energy would
otherwise remain untapped because many applications do not allow enough current to
flow through a load when voltage degrades. This occurs as batteries are degraded, and
is a characteristic of a normal battery.
There are a range of uses for a DC-DC boost converter. Travelers need to carry such
devices when they want to bring electronics from home and the supply of current in a
foreign country differs from that which is present at their home. Sometimes only a
plug converter is required, but in other cases, plugging electronics directly into the
power supply could damage the devices. A boost converter provides a bridge to allow
travelers to access electricity safely. Such devices are also used with systems that
require high voltage, ranging from theatrical lighting to scientific apparatus. The
boost converter may in some cases be wired directly into the electrical supply because
of a permanent requirement. In other instances, it becomes necessary to plug the
device in as required, especially in the case of traveling equipment like that used by
bands on the concerts. As with other electrical devices, it is advisable to inspect a
boost converter before use to confirm it is in good working condition and to check for
any issues that might impair functionality or safety
2.3 Uniqueness of Boost Converter topology:
Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two battery-
powered applications that use boost converters are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)
and lighting systems.
Consuming only microwatts of power, this 5V-to-15V boost converter provides low load
currents with high efficiency. The efficiency is > 90% for load currents between 1mA
and 8mA. In most DC-DC converters, the normal supply currents do not allow high
efficiency at low load currents.

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3 Proposed Methodology
3.1 Mathematical Model:
In a boost converter, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage – hence
the name “boost”. A boost converter using a power MOSFET. The function of
boost converter can be divided into two modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2. Mode 1
begins when transistor M1 is switched on at time t=0. The input current rises
and flows through inductor L and transistor M1. Mode 2 begins when transistor
M1 is switched off at time t=t1. The input current now flows through L, C, load,
and diode Dm. The inductor current falls until the next cycle. The energy stored
in inductor L flows through the load.
The voltage-current relation for the inductor L is:

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 Simulation Model:

3.2 System Design / Block diagram:

Figure 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM

3.3 Hardware model:

3.3.1 Circuit diagram / components:

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As you can see we have a potentiometer connected to the analog input A0. With
this potentiometer we will choose the output value between 1 and 50 volts aprox
(your output values may vary). At the output of the circuit we have a voltage
divider that will lower the voltage from maximum 50V to under 5 volts because
that's the maximum input voltage of the Arduino ADCs. In the code we
compare this two voltages and increase or decrease the PWM width in order to
keep the output constant.
COMPONENTS:
 POTENTIO METER
 ARDUINO UNO
 TRANSISTOR S8050
 SHOTKEY DIODE
 MOSFET IN744N
 CAPACITOR 47Uf
 5 V DC SOURCE
 RESISTORS
 CONNECTING WIRES
 VERO BOARD

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Result:

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Figure 4 RESULT HARDWARE

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 3.4 Discussion:
All of the specifications stated previously have been met by this boost converter
design. The output voltage across the output capacitor is 15V with a maximum
output ripple of 1.6%. The power efficiency of the circuit exceeds 94 %.
However an additional constraint needs to be put on the load. The load must not
exceed 0.75kΩ. This will cause the efficiency to fall below the specified value
of 94.16%. Hardware design of BOOST CONVERTER was done. It is
observed, by varying duty cycle output voltage also changes.

4 Conclusions:
Engineers working in today’s high tech environment have to deal with a rapidly
changing market of electronic products and equipments. As new technologies are
invented, integrated circuits function faster and are smaller in size and shape. But, many
integrated circuits still require a voltage of 20 volts to function. The DC-DC Switching
Boost Converter will take a 9 Volt DC voltage supply with 10 % tolerance and deliver
20 Volts to the load. The maximum current delivered to the load will be 0.4 A. The
circuit will operate with a minimum efficiency of 94.16%.

References

[1] G. E. Bloom and A. Eris, “Practical design considerations of a multi-output (uk

converter,” PESC ’79 Record (IEEE Catalog no. 79CH1461–3 AES), pp. 133–
146.
[2] A. Levy, “Towards a universal method of dealing with switch-mode regulators,”
Solid-State Power Conversion, July/Aug. 1979, pp. 6–8.

[3] Kislovski A.S., Redl R., Sokal N.O. (1991) Ćuk and SEPIC Switching Cells. In:
Dynamic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC Converters. Springer, Dordrecht.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7849-5_7

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Teachers should assess CLO2, CLO3 and CLO4 based on given rubrics
(overall weightage 20%)

Recommended Percentage Breakdown

CLO Percentage

CLO2 (Investigation) 10%

CLO3 (Referencing/Citations) 5%

CLO4 (Communication) 5%

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