Electromagnetic Oscillation

Electromagnetic Oscillations or LC Oscillations

5/26/2021 1
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Electromagnetic oscillations (LC Oscillations)
• When a charged capacitor is connected with an inductor charge, current and
potential difference vary sinusoidally.

• The oscillation of charge, current and potential difference setup between the
capacitor’s electric field and the inductor’s magnetic field is called electromagnetic
oscillation.
• It is non mechanical oscillation.
• A ll the electromagnetic oscillators are damped because of the impedance of
the circuit.
• But LC circuit with negligible reactances of capacitor and inductor is taken
as free oscillator.
5/26/2021 2
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Qualitative Explanation of LC Oscillations
Consider a charged capacitor of capacitance C and inductor of inductance L
are connected in series.
• The energy stored in charged capacitor at any instant is
𝑞2
𝑈𝐸 =
2𝐶
Where q is charge on the capacitor.
• The energy stored in inductor at that instant is
𝐿𝑖 2
𝑈𝐵 =
2
Where 𝑖 is current in the circuit.
• Total energy at that instant
𝑈 = 𝑈𝐸 + 𝑈𝐵

𝑞2 𝐿𝑖 2
= +
2𝐶 2
The following figure shows the succeeding stages of LC Oscillation.
5/26/2021 3
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Qualitative Explanation of LC Oscillations (Contd….)

b c d

e
a
g f
h

5/26/2021 4
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Qualitative Explanation of LC Oscillations (Contd….)

5/26/2021 5
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Qualitative Explanation of LC Oscillations (Contd…)
• When the capacitor is connected with inductor capacitor starts to discharge
through inductor. Electric energy decreases and transferred to magnetic
energy in inductor. Current in the circuit increases. (fig.b)

• Capacitor become fully discharged (fig c), current becomes maximum, the
energy in the circuit is only magnetic energy. Again the charging takes place
in the capacitor (fig d) in opposite direction. Electric energy increases and
magnetic energy decreases. The direction of current is reversed.
• In this way capacitor becomes fully charged (fig. e to h).
• The process then repeats at the same frequency. In ideal LC circuit with no
resistance total energy remains constant in oscillation. So the oscillation is
taken as free oscillator.

5/26/2021 6
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy
• Charge q corresponds to displacement x.
• Current i corresponds to velocity v.
• Inductance L corresponds to mass m.
• Reciprocal of capacitance 1 corresponds to force constant k.
𝐶
• External resistance R corresponds to damping constant b.
Comparison of energy
Block-Spring System LC Oscillator
Element Energy Element Energy
Spring Potential, (=
1
𝑘𝑥 2 ) Capacitor 𝑞2
Electrical, (= )
2 2𝐶
Block Kinetic, (=
1
𝑚𝑣 2) Inductor Magnetic, (= )
𝐿𝑖 2
2 2
5/26/2021 7
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
The Quantitative Explanation of LC Oscillation
Consider a charged capacitor of capacitance C is connected with an inductor
of inductance L.

• At t = 0, charge on the capacitor is 𝑞𝑜 and the current in the circuit 𝑖 = 0.

• When the charged capacitor is connected with the inductor, discharge takes
place.
• At any instant, charge on the plate is 𝑞 and the current in the circuit is 𝑖.
• The potential across the capacitor and inductor respectively are
𝑞
𝑉𝐶 = and 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑖
𝐶 𝑑𝑡
5/26/2021 8
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
The Quantitative Explanation of LC Oscillation (Contd….)
• From Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶 = 0
or 𝑑𝑖 𝑞
𝐿 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

or, 𝑑2𝑞 𝑞
𝐿 2 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

or, 𝑑2𝑞
+
1
=0 …..(1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿𝐶
This is differential equation of LC oscillation.
Equation (1) is similar to equation of SHM 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 + 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕𝟐
The solution of Eq. 1 may be in the form
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) ….(2)
5/26/2021 9
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
The Quantitative Explanation of LC Oscillation (Contd….)
• On differentiating Eq. 2 we get
𝑑𝑞
= 𝑞𝑜 𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑑𝑡

or, i= 𝑖𝑜 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) …..(3)

• The quantity 𝒊𝒐 = 𝒒𝒐 𝝎 is current amplitude.
𝑑2 𝑞
• Again, = −𝑞𝑜 𝜔2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑞 𝑑2 𝑞
• On putting the values of 𝑞, and in Eq. 1 we get angular frequency
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
1
𝜔=
𝐿𝐶
1 1
• And the frequency, 𝜔 = ….(4)
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

5/26/2021 10
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
The Quantitative Explanation of LC Oscillation (Contd….)

5/26/2021 11
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Energy in LC Oscillation
• At any instant t, electric energy stored in capacitor is
𝑞2 𝑞𝑜2
𝑈𝐸 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 …(1)
2𝐶 2𝐶
• Magnetic energy stored in inductor at that instant is
𝐿𝑖 2 𝐿𝑖𝑜2 𝐿𝑞𝑜2 𝜔2
𝑈𝐵 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
2 2 2
𝐿𝑞𝑜2 1 𝑞𝑜2
or, 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 …..(2)
2 𝐿𝐶 2𝐶
• So, total energy in the circuit is
𝑞𝑜2
𝑈 = 𝑈𝐸 + 𝑈𝐵 = …..(3)
2𝐶
• Eq. 3 shows that total energy is constant in LC Oscillation.
• Note: Resistance of the circuit is neglected.

5/26/2021 12
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Damped Electromagnetic Oscillation (LCR Circuit)
When an external resistance R is connected in LC circuit, energy in the circuit
decays (charge amplitude decays) because a part of the energy is converted
into thermal energy in R. So the oscillation is damped.
• Consider a charged capacitor C of
charge 𝑞𝑜 is connected with inductor L
and resistor R in series.
• At 𝑡 = 0, current in the circuit 𝑖= 0
• At any instant t,
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 , 𝑉𝐶 = and 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖𝑅
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

• From Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝑅 = 0

5/26/2021 13
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Damped Electromagnetic Oscillation (Contd…)
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
or, 𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 + = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑2 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑞
or, 𝐿 2 +𝑅 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
2
𝑑 𝑞 𝑅 𝑑𝑞 1
or, + + 𝑞=0 ….(1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
This is differential equation of damped E.M.
oscillator.
• The solution of Eq. 1 may be in the form
𝑅
− 𝑡
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑒 2𝐿 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) …(2)
𝑅
− 2𝐿 𝑡
• In Eq. 2, 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑒 is charge amplitude at time t and 𝜔 is angular frequency of
damped oscillator.
• This shows, due to external resistance R, charge amplitude decays exponentially
with time.
5/26/2021 14
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Damped Electromagnetic Oscillation (Contd…)
• Figure shows the exponential decay
of charge with time.
• Putting the values of q from Eq. 2 in
Eq. 1 we get frequency of oscillation
as,
1 𝑅2
𝜔= −
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2

1 1 𝑅2
And, 𝑓 = − ….(3)
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2

1 1
• In Eq. 3, if R = 0, 𝑓 = is undamped frequency of the circuit.
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
• Thus due to damping, frequency is always reduced.

5/26/2021 15
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Damped Electromagnetic Oscillation (Contd…)
From Eq. 3,
1 𝑅2 2 4𝐿
• When < or 𝑅 > ,
the circuit
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2 𝐶
becomes non oscillatory. This is the
condition of over damping.

1 𝑅2 4𝐿
• When = or 𝑅2 = , the circuit
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2 𝐶
becomes non oscillatory. This is the
condition of critical damping.

1 𝑅2 4𝐿
• When > or 𝑅2 < , the circuit
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2 𝐶
becomes oscillatory. This is the
condition of under damping.
5/26/2021 16
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
• A circuit has L = 1.2 mH, C = 1.6 𝝁𝑭 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹 = 1.5 𝛀.
(a) After what time t will the amplitude of charge oscillations drop to one
half of its initial value?
(b) To how many periods of oscillations does this correspond?
Solution:
𝑅
− 2𝐿 𝑡
(a) At time t, charge amplitude 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑒
𝑅
𝑞𝑜 𝑞𝑜 − 2𝐿 𝑡
Since 𝑞𝑡 = , = 𝑞𝑜 𝑒
2 2
𝑅
𝑡 = ln 2 = 0.693
2𝐿
2𝐿
or, 𝑡 = 0.693 ×
𝑅
2×1.2×10−3
or, 𝑡= 0.693 ×
1.5
or, 𝑡 = 1.11 𝑚𝑠
5/26/2021 17
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
(b) Frequency of oscillation,
1 1 𝑅2
f= −
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2

1 1 1.5 2
or, f= −
2𝜋 1.2×10−3 ×1.6×10−6 2×1.2×10−3

or, f = 3.63 × 103 𝐻𝑧

1 1
Time period, 𝑇 = = = 0.28 𝑚𝑠
𝑓 3.63×103

𝑡 1.11
Now, number of periods 𝑛= = ≈4
𝑇 0.28

5/26/2021 18
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
• In an oscillating LC circuit has L = 3mH, C = 2.7𝝁𝑭. At t = 0, charge on the
capacitor is zero and current in the circuit is 2A.
• (a) What maximum charge will appear on the capacitor?
• (b) In terms of time period T how much time will elapse after t = 0 until the
energy stored in the capacitor will increasing at its greatest rate?
• (c) What is maximum rate of energy increase?
Hint:
𝜋 𝑇
(a) Current Amplitude 𝑖 = 𝑞 𝜔, 𝑖 = 2𝐴 ∴ 2𝜔𝑡 = ⇒ 𝑡 =
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 2 8
𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑈𝐸 𝑞𝑜2 𝑞𝑜2 1
qo = = 𝑖𝑜 𝐿𝐶 = 180𝜇𝐶 (c) = 𝜔=
ω 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝐶 2𝐶 𝐿𝐶
𝑑𝑈𝐸
𝑞2 𝑞𝑜2 = 66.7 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
(b) 𝑈𝐸 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2𝐶 2𝐶
𝑑𝑈𝐸 𝑞𝑜2
= 𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2𝐶
The rate of energy will be maximum when 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 = 1
5/26/2021 19
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
• In an oscillating LC, (a) what value of charge expressed in terms of
maximum charge is present on the capacitor when the energy is equally
shared between electric and magnetic field?
(b) At what time will this condition occurs assuming capacitor is fully
charged initially? (Take L = 12mH and C = 1.7𝝁𝑭)
Hint:
1
(a) Electric energy = total energy
2
𝑞2 1 𝑞𝑜2 𝑞𝑜
= ⇒𝑞=
2𝐶 2 2𝐶 2

𝜋
(b) Charge on the capacitor at any instant or, 𝜔𝑡 =
4
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋 𝜋 𝐿𝐶
or, 𝑡= =
𝑞𝑜 4𝜔 4
or, = 𝑞𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 or, 𝑡 = 0.25 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2

5/26/2021 20
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Forced EM Oscillation (LCR Circuit with an AC Source)
• If an AC source of suitable frequency and emf
is applied in LCR circuit, the amplitude of
oscillation can be maintained constant.
• The LCR circuit in which the amplitude of
oscillation is maintained constant due to
alternating frequency is called forced (driven
oscillation)
• The frequency of oscillation should be equal to the frequency of the ac source to
maintain the constant amplitude.
• Consider an ac source of emf 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡 of frequency 𝜔𝑑 (called driven
frequency) is connected with LCR circuit.
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
• At any instant potentials across L, R and C are 𝐿 , 𝑖𝑅 and respectively.
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

5/26/2021 21
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Forced EM Oscillation (Contd….)
• From Kirchhoff’s law,
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 + = 𝐸𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
2
𝑑 𝑞 𝑅 𝑑𝑞 1 𝐸𝑜
or, + + 𝑞 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡 …(1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
This is differential equation of driven EM oscillator.
𝑅 𝐸𝑜 1
• Let = 2𝛿, = 𝜀 and = 𝜔𝑜 (natural frequency), then Eq. 1 becomes
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑑2 𝑞 𝑑𝑞
+ 2𝛿 + 𝜔𝑜2 𝑞 = 𝜀 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡 …(2)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
• The solution of Eq. 2 may be in the form
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 ….(3) (𝑞𝑜 is charge amplitude)
𝑑𝑞
Now, = 𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑞 2
And, 2 = −𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙
𝑑𝑡

5/26/2021 22
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Forced EM Oscillation (Contd….)
• Putting the values of q in Eq. 2, we get,
−𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 2𝛿𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝜔𝑜2 𝑞𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝜀 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑 𝑡
or, 𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑜2 − 𝜔𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 2𝛿𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝜀 cos(𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 − 𝜙)
or, 𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑜2 − 𝜔𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 2𝛿𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝜀 cos 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 −
𝜀 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
• Equating the coefficients of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙 on both sides
we get
𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑜2 − 𝜔𝑑2 = −𝜀 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 ….(4)
And 2𝛿𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 = 𝜀 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ….(5)
• Squaring and adding Eq. 4 and Eq. 5 we get charge amplitude as
𝜀
𝑞𝑜 =
2 2 2
𝜔𝑜2 −𝜔𝑑 +4𝛿 2 𝜔𝑑

5/26/2021 23
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Forced EM Oscillation (Contd….)
𝐸𝑜 𝐸𝑜
or, 𝑞𝑜 = = ….(6)
2 2 2 𝑅 2 2 2 2 2 𝑅2 2
𝐿 𝜔𝑜 −𝜔𝑑 +4 𝜔𝑑 𝐿 𝜔𝑜 −𝜔𝑑 + 2 𝜔𝑑
2𝐿 𝐿
This is charge amplitude when an ac source of emf 𝐸𝑜 and frequency 𝜔𝑑 is
applied.
From Eq. 4 and Eq. 5, the phase difference 𝜙 is
2 2
𝜔𝑜2 −𝜔𝑑 𝜔𝑜2 −𝜔𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = = 𝑅
2𝛿𝜔𝑑 2 𝜔𝑑
𝐿
2
𝜔𝑜2 −𝜔𝑑
∴ 𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑅 …(7)
2 𝐿 𝜔𝑑
• Again we have current amplitude 𝑖𝑜 = 𝑞𝑜 𝜔𝑑 , from Eq.6
𝑖𝑜 𝐸𝑜
=
𝜔𝑑 2 2 2 𝑅2 2
𝐿 𝜔𝑜 −𝜔𝑑 + 2 𝜔𝑑
𝐿

5/26/2021 24
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Forced EM Oscillation (Contd….)
𝐸𝑜
or, 𝑖𝑜 =
2
1
𝜔𝑑 𝐶
− 𝜔𝑑 𝐿 + 𝑅2

𝐸𝑜 𝐸𝑜
or, 𝑖𝑜 = = ….(8)
𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 2 + 𝑅2 𝑍

Where 𝑍 = 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 2 + 𝑅2 is impedance of the circuit.

• Current amplitude becomes maximum when 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 = 0. this is the
condition of resonance. The resonant current is given by
𝐸
𝑖𝑟 = 𝑜 …(9)
𝑅
• At resonance, applied frequency equals to natural frequency (equals to
resonant frequency)
1 1
𝑓𝑟 = …(10)
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
• Resonant frequency is independent with the value of external resistance R.
5/26/2021 25
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Quality Factor Q in Force EM Oscillator
• Quality factor of a resonant circuit is a dimensionless parameter. It is a
measure of goodness of the circuit.
• It is related to the sharpness of the resonant curve (i.e. band width of the
curve)
• It is the ratio of resonant frequency to the bandwidth of the resonant curve.
𝜔𝑟 2𝜋𝑓𝑟
So, 𝑄= = …(1)
𝑓2 − 𝑓1 𝑓2 − 𝑓1

• Smaller the bandwidth (𝑓2 − 𝑓1 ), better

the quality factor Q.
• Quality factor is also defined as the ratio
of voltage drop across L (or across C) to
the voltage drop across R i.e.
𝑉𝐿 (𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐶 )
𝑄=
𝑉𝑅

5/26/2021 26
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Quality Factor Q in Force EM Oscillator (Contd…)
• Quality factor of a resonant circuit is also defined as the ratio of energy
stored in the reactance (C or L) to the energy dissipated in the resistance.)
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• Hence, Q = …(2)
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• In case of inductor,
energy stored = 𝑖 2 𝑋𝐿 𝑡 and energy dissipated in resistor = 𝑖 2 𝑅𝑡
𝑖 2 𝑋𝐿 𝑡 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝑜 𝐿 1 𝐿 1 𝐿
So, QL = = = = = ….(3)
𝑖 2 𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
• In case of capacitor,
energy stored = 𝑖 2 𝑋𝐶 𝑡 and energy dissipated in resistor = 𝑖 2 𝑅𝑡
𝑖 2 𝑋𝐶 𝑡 𝑋𝐶 1 𝐿𝐶 1 𝐿
So, QC = = = = = ….(4)
𝑖 2 𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝜔𝑜 𝐶𝑅 𝑅𝐶 𝑅 𝐶
• When a series circuit is at resonance, energy stored in inductor equals to
energy stored in capacitor.
5/26/2021 27
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Quality Factor Q in Force EM Oscillator (Contd…)
• In case of LCR circuit at resonance, quality factor is the ratio of voltage
drop across L (or C) to voltage drop across R.
𝑖𝑟 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝑜 𝐿 1 𝐿 1 𝐿
So, QLCR = = = = = ….(5)
𝑖𝑟 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
• From Eq. 3, 4 and 5, we can conclude that in a resonant LCR circuit,
Inductive quality factor equals to Capacitive quality factor equals to the
quality factor of the circuit.
• Quality factor of resonant curve decreases
1
as the resistance increase i.e. 𝑄 ∝ .
𝑅
• If R = 0, Q becomes infinity which is not
possible.
• Thus, all the EM oscillations are damped.

5/26/2021 28
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
Q. Show that quality factor will be higher if the bandwidth of the circuit is lower.
• Solution
𝐸𝑜
• In LCR circuit, current amplitude, 𝑖𝑜 = 2
….(1)
1
− 𝜔𝐿 + 𝑅2
𝜔𝐶
𝐸𝑜
• At resonance current, 𝑖𝑟 =
𝑅
• Band width of the resonant curve is difference of frequencies
𝑖𝑟 1 𝐸𝑜
corresponding to 𝑖𝑜 = = …(2)
2 2 𝑅
• From Eq. 1 and Eq. 2,
1 2
− 𝜔𝐿 = 𝑅2
𝜔𝐶
1
or, − 𝜔𝐿 = ±𝑅 …(3)
𝜔𝐶
Let 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 be the frequencies corresponding to bandwidth of resonant
curve.
5/26/2021 29
 Electromagnetic Oscillation
• If 𝜔1 be the frequency when net reactance is negative and 𝜔2 be the
frequency when net reactance is positive then from Eq. 3,
1
− 𝜔1 𝐿 = −𝑅 ….(4)
𝜔1 𝐶
1
And, − 𝜔2 𝐿 = +𝑅 ….(5)
𝜔2 𝐶
1
• Adding eq. 4 and Eq. 5, 𝐿 = …(6)
𝜔1 𝜔2 𝐶
• Subtracting Eq. 4 from Eq. 5,
1 2𝑅
𝜔2 − 𝜔1 1 + =
𝜔1 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
𝑅
or, 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 = ….(7)
𝐿
1 𝐿 1 𝐿 1 1
Since , at low damping, Q = = =
𝑅 𝐶 𝜔2 −𝜔1 𝐿 𝐶 𝜔2 −𝜔1 𝐿𝐶
𝜔𝑜 𝜔𝑜
Q= = …..(8) 𝟏
𝜔2 −𝜔1 ∆𝜔 𝑸∝
∆𝝎
5/26/2021 30