LAB REPORT MFT00404 PHYSICS

(Science Foundation)
Experiment 1: Measurements and Errors

GROUP MEMBERS:

1.SYAMIMI BINTI MOHD HISYAMUDIN E23J1939

2.NUR NABILAH BINTI AZHAN E23J0877
3.NURUL ENAINA SUFY BINTI AMRAN E23J0991
4.ARDINI SAFIYYA BINTI ZAHADI E23J2131
5.NUREEN AMILA ADLEENA BINTI MOHD KHAIRI E23J1939
6.WAN FILZAH AQILAH BINTI WAN FIRDAUS E23J1132
7.ADNIN HURAIYAH BINTI MD.DIN E23J0963

LECTURER NAME:MOHAMAD JOHARI ABU

DATE:17 AUGUST 2024
 Objective:
1. To become familiar with several of the mechanical measuring devices used in physics
and to become familiar with the recording of experimental data paying special attention
to units and significant figures.
2. To calculate the mean value, standard deviation and standard deviation of the mean for the
set of data.

INTRODUCTION:
In Experiment , measurements and Errors, we will explore the fundamental concepts of
measurements and errors in scientific experiments. Measurements are an essential part of
scientific research as they provide quantitative data that can be analyzed and interpreted.
However, all measurements are subject to errors, which can arise from various sources such
as equipment limitations, human factors, and environmental conditions. The main objectives
of this experiment are to understand the different types of errors, learn how to make accurate
measurements, and analyze the uncertainties associated with the measurements. We will also
discuss the importance of error analysis in scientific research and how it affects the reliability
and validity of experimental results. Throughout the experiment, we will use various
measurement tools and techniques, such as rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers, to
measure different physical quantities. We will also learn how to estimate uncertainties and
calculate the precision and accuracy of our measurements. By the end of this experiment, you
will have a solid understanding of the principles of measurements and errors, and be able to
apply this knowledge to future experiments. This will enable you to make more reliable and
accurate measurements, and improve the overall quality of your scientific research.

MEASURING DEVICES
• VERNIER CALIPERS

Vernier calipers are used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. It
is used to measure the inner and outer dimensions of objects. It is also used to measure the
thickness of objects of different shapes. They are very simple measuring instruments and have
an inward and outward point, just like a compass.
 • MICROMETER

Micrometers are specially designed for the measurement of very small objects. They allow
for the highly precise measurement of any item that fits between the anvil and spindle.
Standard types of micrometers can be used for the fine measurement of items under one
inch in length, depth, and thickness.

Apparatus:
1. Wooden Cylinder
2. Wooden Block / handphone casing
3. Lead Ball/marble
4. Meter stick
5. Balance
6. Vernier caliper
7. Micrometer
PROCEDURE
Lab Table
1) The meter stick is used to measure the lenght and the width of the lab table, the
measurement was recorded in meters. The reading is took three times and it got five significant
figures and the last digit was a
fraction of a millimetre .
2) The data is recorded in Table 1.1in units of meters (𝑚), centimetres (𝑐𝑚) and millimeters
(𝑚𝑚). The scientific notation is used when the data or the calculation is larger than 1000.
3) The area of the tabletop is calculated in 𝑚2
, 𝑐𝑚2 and 𝑚𝑚2 and had been entered in the data table.

Rectangular Block
1) The ruler is used to measure the dimensions of the
rectangular block in cm,and the measurement is recorded in Table 1.1. " The reading is took
three times.
2) The dimension is converted to m and mm.
3) The surface area had been calculated and entered in Table 1.1 in m²,cm² and mm².
4) The volume of the block ,V =LWH had been calculated and entered in Table 1.1
5) The digital scale is used to measure the mass of the block in grams (g) and in kilogram (kg)
. The reading is took three times.
6) The density of the block of wood is calculated in kg/ m3 and g/ cm3.

Cylindrical Block
1) The procedure ( Activity 1.1.2 ) is repeated using a
cylindrical block instead of rectangular and using a vernier calliper instead of the ruler.The
precision of the calliper
was 0.005 𝑚𝑚 which is 100 times smaller than the precision of the ruler which was 0.5 𝑚𝑚.
2) The vernier caliper is used to measure the diameter and the height of the cylindrical block
and is recorded in (mm), (cm), and in cm. The reading is took three times.
3) The surface area ( including the top and the bottom) and the volume of the block is
calculated.
4) The mass of the cylindrical block is measured and its density is calculated. The values is
entered in Table 1:1. The measurement and calculation of the last two procedures is
inspected and a comment on the improved precision is made in the latter procedure.

Lead Ball
1) The digital scale is used to measure the mass of the lead ball. The reading is took three
times.
2) The micrometer is Used to measure the diameter of the lead ball in mm and the
measurement is recorded in Table 1.1.The precision of the ruler is a half a millimetre (0.5 𝑚𝑚),
the same as the meter stick. The reading is took for three times.
3) The volume of the lead ball Is calculated and entered In Table 1.1
4) The density of the lead ball is calculated
 Results
Min/Average
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

Lab Table

Length, 𝑳 (cm)
120.00 119.50 119.00 119.50
Width, 𝑾 (cm)
260.00 259.50 259.50 259.67
Area, 𝑨 (cm)
31200.00 31010.25 30880.50 31030.25

Rectangular Block
Length, 𝑳 (cm)
8.49 8.50 8.23 8.41
Width, 𝑾 (cm)
5.31 5.30 5.32 5.31
Height, 𝑯 (cm)
2.59 2.46 2.50 2.52
Surface Area, 𝑨
(cm^2) 45.08 45.05 43.78 44.64
Volume, 𝑽 (cm^3)
116.76 110.82 109.46 112.54
Mass, 𝑴 (g)
31.42 31.43 31.43 31.42
Density, 𝝆 (kg/m^3)
0.27 0.28 0.29 0.28

Cylindrical Block
Diameter, 𝒅 (cm)
2.10 2.10 2.20 2.13
Radius, 𝒓 = 𝒅/𝟐 (cm)
1.05 1.05 1.06 1.05
Height, 𝑯 (cm)
4.88 4.90 4.87 4.88
Volume, 𝑽 (cm^3)
16.91 16.98 17.20 17.03
Density, 𝝆 (kg/m^3)
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Mass, M (g)
8.51 8.50 8.54 8.51
Lead Ball
Diameter, 𝒅 (cm) 19.79 20.27 20.14 20.15

Radius, 𝒓 = 𝒅/𝟐 0.99 1.01 1.00 1.00

Volume, 𝑽 4.06 4.38 4.25 4.23

Mass, M (g) 4.72 4.72 4.72 4.72

Density, 𝝆 (kg/m^3) 1.16 1.07 1.11 1.11

Wood Stick
Diameter, 𝒅 (cm) 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90

Radius, 𝒓 = 𝒅/𝟐 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45

Volume, 𝑽 72.69 71.36 74.01 72.69

Mass, M (g) 1.64 1.65 1.64 1.64

Density, 𝝆 (kg/m^3) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Length, 𝑳 (cm) 11.00 10.80 11.20 11.00

Results Presentation and Plotting Graphs

Mean Standard deviation

Lab Table
Surface area (m2) 310.10 1.6
Rectangular block
Area (cm2) 44.64 0.74

Volume (cm3) 112.54 3.89

Density (g/cm3) 0.50 0.01

Cylindrical Block
Volume (cm3) 17.03 0.15

Density (g/cm3) 0.50 0.00

Lead ball
Volume (cm3) 4.23 0.16

Density (g/cm3) 1.11 0.05

Cylinder stick
Volume (cm3) 72.69 1.33
Density ( 0.02 0.00

g/cm3)
Scatter Plot Graph

Mean-Standard Deviation
350

300

250

200
Mean

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Standard deviation

Error Bars Graph

Mean-Standard Deviation
350

300
250
Mean

200

150

100
50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Standard Deviation
Discussions
• Make sure that the eyes should be in front of the point of measurement and the
apparatus at a level perpendicular to your eye to avoid inaccurate reading due to the
phenomenon of parallax
• Make sure that the micrometer and vernier calliper is at 0 reading before measurement
to avoid this as a source of error.
• Environmental also effect the measurement especially wind in mass measurement.

Conclusion
In conclusion,a measured result agrees with a theoretical prediction if the prediction lies
within the range of experimental uncertainty. Similarly, if two measured values have standard
uncertainty ranges that overlap, then the measurements are said to be consistent. If the
uncertainty ranges do not overlap, then the measurements are said to be discrepant.
However, you should recognize that these overlap criteria can give two opposite answers
depending on the evaluation and confidence level of the uncertainty.

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