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Air Pollution 2
Air Pollution 2
Pilani campus
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Air quality management
An air pollution system involves three
components:
• The recipient
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Air quality management
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Meteorology
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Dispersion of pollutants
Horizontal and vertical dispersion of pollutants
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Wind
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Different magnitudes of organized air motions
(Wind circulations) in the atmosphere.
– Primary or general (global) circulation associated with the large scale
hemispheric motions between the tropical and polar regions,
– secondary circulation associated with the relatively large-scale
motions of migrating pressure systems (highs and lows) developed by
the unequal distribution of large land and water masses, and
– tertiary circulation (local) associated with small-scale variations in
heating, such as valley winds and land and sea breezes.
• Micro-meteorological scale
– by thermal convective currents resulting from heating from below
(thermal turbulence)
– by disturbances or eddies resulting from the passage of air over
irregular, rough ground surfaces (mechanical turbulence).
– wind speed generally increases with height in the lower levels due to
the decrease with height of the ‘‘frictional drag’’ effect of the
underlying ground surface features.
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General (global) circulation
• Hadley circulation
• Thermal forces
• Coriolis forces
• Uneven distribution of
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Sea and land breeze
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/
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Valley and mountain breezes
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/
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Wind rose
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Effect of Wind speed
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Vertical dispersion
www.windows2universe.org
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Atmospheric Stability
The stability of the atmosphere is its ability to enhance or
suppress vertical air motions.
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Lapse rate
• Important characteristic of atmosphere is ability to
resist vertical motion: stability
• affects ability to disperse pollutants
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Lapse rate
• Due to the decrease of pressure with height, an
air parcel displaced upward will encounter
decreased pressure and expand.
– If this expansion process is relatively rapid or over a
large area so that there is little or no exchange of
heat with the surrounding air or by a change of state
of water vapor, the process is dry adiabatic and the
parcel of air will be cooled.
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• the dry adiabatic lapse rate,Гd (0.9760C/100 m).
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Conditional
Stability Гs
Absolutely stable
Гd
A
Altitude
Absolutely unstable
• Radiation inversion
– Nocturnal cooling of earths surface, especially clear winter nights
– Begins to form from dusk
– Temporary till morning sun
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• Fumigation
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Subsidence inversions
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Mixing Depth
• Projecting ground temp at DALR or from
known air parcel temp
• Noting the point at which it crosses ALR
• Then mixing depth is the altitude at top of the
mixing layer
• Comparing
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Ventilation coefficient
• Product of mixing depth and average wind
speed within the mixing depth
Types of
Smokestack Plumes:
• Looping
• Fanning
• Coning
• Lofting
• Fumigating
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Modelling Sources
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Why Use Dispersion Models?
• Evaluate receptor
exposure
• Monitoring network
design
– Review data
– Peak locations
– Spatial patterns
• Model Verification
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Dispersion Model
A dispersion model is essentially a computational procedure for
predicting concentrations downwind of a pollutant source
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Types of Models
• Gaussian Plume
– Mathematical approximation of dispersion
• Numerical Grid Models
– Transport & diffusional flow fields
• Stochastic
– Statistical or probability based
• Empirical
– Based on experimental or field data
• Physical
– Flow visualization in wind tunnels, scale models,etc.
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Processes - Momentum, Heat & Mass Transport
• Advection
– Movement by flow (wind)
• Convection
– Movement by heat
• Heat island
• Radiation
• Diffusion
– Movement from high to low concentration
• Molecule Dance
• Dispersion
– Tortuous path, spreading out because goes around obstacles
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• Plumes tell story
– Ambient vs DALR
• Input knowledge of
sources and meteorology
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Simple Gaussian Model Assumptions
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The instantaneous plume boundary and a time-
averaged plume envelope.
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Gaussian model equation
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Plume dispersion coordinate system, showing Gaussian
distributions in the horizontal and vertical directions
−𝐻 2 −𝑦 2
𝑄 2𝜎𝑧 2 2𝜎𝑦 2
𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝜋𝑢𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧
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Wind Speed Changes with Elevation
UH/Ua= (H/za)p
UH – Wind speed at Elevation H
Ua – Wind speed at anemometer height
H – Effective height of the plume
Za – Anemometer ht above ground
P – parameter which depends on surface roughness and Atmospheric stability
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Table 7 - Stability classes A - F
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The Gaussian Dispersion Coefficients
10000
y = a x 0.894
1000
A
B
C
y, m
D
E
F
100
10
0.1 1 10 100
Downwind distance, km
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z = c x + f d
1000 A
B
C
100
• a,c d,f given inTable 7.8 P.
D
E 457 on Gilbert Masters
z , m
10
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Table 8
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Table 9
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Downwind Ground level Concentration
– Y=0, z=0
– C(x,o) =
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• A coal-fired power plant emits at the rate of
6.47x 108 μg/s. The stack has an effective
height of 300 m. An anemometer on a 10-m
pole measures 2.5 m/s of wind, and it is a
cloudy summer day. Predict the ground-level
concentration of 4 km directly downwind
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Downwind concentration Peak
𝑄 𝐶𝑢𝐻
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑢𝐻 𝑄 𝑚𝑎𝑥
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Plume rise
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Downwind Concentrations under Temperature inversion
Downwind distance from the source is at least twice the
distance to where plume interacts with the inversion layer
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Line source dispersion model
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Area source dispersion model
C
Wind,u H
Cin
Area Source, qs
W
L
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Area Source Model
𝑞𝑠 𝐿
𝐶 ∞ =
𝑢𝐻
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Under which of the following conditions would you expect the strongest
inversion (largest positive lapse rate) to form?
a. Foggy day in the fall after the leaves have fallen
b. Clear winter night with fresh snow on the ground
c. Clear summer morning just before sunrise
Explain why.
Explain why the PM2.5 standard is more appropriate than a "Total Suspended Particulate" for
protection of human health.
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Cement dust is characterized by very fine particulates. The exhaust gas
temperatures from a cement kiln are very hot. Which of the following air
pollution control devices would appear to be appropriate? Explain the reasoning for
your selection.
a. Venturi scrubber
b. Baghouse
c. Electrostatic precipitator
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Reading Sources
• http://tools.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Good-Practice-Guide-MFE-atmospheric-dispersion-
modelling-jun04.pdfhttp://site.iugaza.edu.ps/afoul/files/2010/02/chapter_7.pdf
• https://wildcardweather.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/62668-004-8b29bac5.jpg
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Thank You
Thanks to Prof. Shibani Khanra Jha
For providing the ppt
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