COLLEGE OF MEDICENE AND HEALTH SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH AND HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS IN SHURMO DACHO

KEBELE,

HOSSANA TOWN, HADIYA, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA, 2023 G.C

By:- Shurmo Dacho team members

Advisors: Wondwossen Tadesse(MS)
Markos Selamu (MS )

February 2023
Hossana , Ethiopia

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GROUP MEMBERS ID No
1 Abdunasir Duba………………………………………………………………………………………. 1200262
2 Amlakie Assferie…………….…………………………………………………………………………1200845
3 Anteneh Tigistu…………………………………………………………………………………………1200142
4 Dame Gosa ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1200152
5 Derara Bedasa……………………………………………………………………………………………1200282
6 Kalkidan Zeleke ………………………………………………………………………………………….1200301
7 Birhan Getie……………………………………………………………………………………………….1200405
8 Estifanos Getie……………………………………………………………………………………………1200414
9 Demsash Teshome …………………………………………………………………………………….1200090
10 Gemachis Chewaka……………………………………………………………………………………1200867
11 Habib Nageso…………………………………………………………………………………………….1200998
12 Mintesinot Tomas……………………………………………………………………………………..1201079
13 Habtamu Abera…………………………………………………………………………….….…………1200935
14 Mola Dere…………………………………………………………………………………………………..1200568
15 Mulate Tadele……………………………………………………………………………………………..1200505
16 Dainel Dechasa…………………………………………………………………………………………….1200664
17 Mekdas Mulat……………………………………………………………………………………………….1200883
18 Melkamu Agumas……..…………………………………………………………………………..…...1200948
19 Haregua Kefale……………………………………………………………………………………….……1200617
20 Gosaye Abule……………………………………………………………….………………………………1200486
21 Dagninet Nega…………………………………………………………….……………………………..1200088
22 Ephrem Tilahun…………………………………………………………..……………………………….1200797
23 Mezemer Gigar…………………………………………………….……………………………………..1201014
24 Habtamu Teshale…………………………………………….………………………………………..…1200807

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 Contents
ACKNOWLEGMENTS....................................................................................................................................4

Acronyms and abbreviations.......................................................................................................................5

Summary.....................................................................................................................................................6

Background..................................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................7

1.2 Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................8

1.3 Significance of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….9

CHLAPTER TWO-LITERATURE REVIEW…………………….……………………………………………………………………………..10

2.1 Household Composition……………………………..……………………………………………………………………………10

2.2 Solid Waste Disposal………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………..10

2.3 Environmental Sanitation…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………..11

2.4 Maternal Health………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………12

2.5 Child Health…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13

2.6 Family Planning………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

CHAPTER THREE-OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

3.1 General Objectives……………………………….……………….………….…………………………………………………..14

3.2 Specific Objectives………………………………………….……………….………….…………………………………………14

CHAPTER FOUR-METHOD AND MATERIALS………………………………….….……………………………………………………15

4.1 Study area………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………….15

4.2 study design and study period ………………………………………….…………………………………………………….15

4.3 population………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
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 4.3.1 source population………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15

4.3.2 study population …………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..15

4.4 study unit…………………………………………………………………………………….................................... ………..15

4.5 Eligibility criteria……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15

4.5.1 Inclusion criteria:......................................................................................................................15

4.5.2 Exclusion criteria………………………………..…………………………………………………………………..15

4.6 Sampling…………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….16
4.6.1 Sample size determination…………………………………………………………………………………..….16

4.6.2 Sample technique…………………………………………………..……………………………………………….16

4.6.3 Materials going to be used………………………………..…………………………………………………….17

4.7 Data collection instruments and collectors…………………………………………………………………17

4.7.1 Data collection procedure…………..……………..…………………..………………………………………17

4.8 Data processing and analysis……………………………………………..……………………………………….17

4.9 Data quality assurance………………………………………………………….…………………………………...17

4.10 variables of the study……………………………………………………………………..………………..………18

4.10.1 Dependent variables……………………………………………………………….…………………..………18

4.10.2 Independent variables…………………………………………………………………………………… …..18

4.11 Operational definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

4.12 Ethical consideration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19

4.13 Dissemination plan………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19

CHAPTER FIVE-RESULT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20

5.1 Socio demographic characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.2 Vital statistics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.3 Housing condition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 5.4 Water supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5.5 Food preparation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.6 Environmental survey…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.7 ANC…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.8 Family planning…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5.9 Child and maternal vaccination…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.10 Morbidity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.11 Use of medicine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5.12 Mental illness………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.13 Eye disease………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.14 Nutritional assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.15 Child nutrition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.16 Family planning………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER SIX-DISCUSSION……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….21

Limitation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………

Identified problem…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

prioritized problem………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………

SWOT analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ways of approach……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Action plan………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………22

CHAPTER EIGHET-ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

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ACKNOWLEGMENTS
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Wachemo University particularly college of
medicine and health science, department of Medical Laboratory science for giving opportunity
to assess health and health related problems of community of Shurmo Dacho kebele in haddiya
zone, at lemo woreda. We also thank the health post office of Shurimo Dacho kebele for giving
us the information we need in the process of developing this proposal. Our last but not least
gratitude runs to our honored and respected advisors Wondwossen Tadesse(MS) and Markos
Selamu (MS) Who gave us plentiful comment and suggestions by sacrificing their time and
energy for completion of our phase one work.

Acronyms and abbreviations

ANC - Antenatal Care

BCG - Bacillus Chalmette guerin

CBE -Community Based Education

CBTP- Community Based Training Program

CHP -Community health practice

EDHS- Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey

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ETB- Ethiopian birr

EMDHS- Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey

FP- Family Planning

FGM- Female Genital Mutilation

HC - Health Center

HE - Health Education

HEW - Health Extension Workers

HH-Household

HI-Health Institution

HID - Health Information Dissemination

HP - Health professional

HR- Human Resource

HTP- Harmful Traditional Practice

NGO- Non-Governmental Organization

SNNPR- South Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Region

WCU-Wachemo university

WHO- World Health Organization

UNICEF-United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund

TBA- Traditional Birth Attendant

TTBA- Trained Traditional Birth Attendant

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Abstract

Background
Community Based Training is an on-site training program tailored to an employers specific
hiring needs. The training takes place in the actual work area in the workplace, and a
professionally trained job coach is located on-site to provide additional support in training.
CBTP (community based training program) is one parts of community based education (CBE)
which is designed to train health science students, about community diagnosis to identify the
problems related to health in the community, it provide health science students to apply the
theoretical knowledge in to practical application.

CBTP is a field activity that uses community as learning environment to gain relevant
information about them through the organized effort of students, teachers, community and
representative of other sectors CBTP will be conducted by a regular medical laboratory science
students of WCU in Shurmo Dacho kebele, Lemo woreda,Hadya zone, SNNP regional in 2023
GC.

Objectives: The aim of study was assessing community health and health related problems and
drawn an action plan which helped to suggest appropriate intervention measures in Shurimo
dacho kebele, lemo woreda, hadiyya zone, south Ethiopia, February 8 – February 23,2023 G.C

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Method: Community based cross section and systemic random sampling techniques was
conducted from February 8, 2023 to February 12, 2023. By using structure questionnaire data
was collected from 287 house holds. The study was conducted in Shurimo Dacho Keble, lemo
woreda.. The collecting data was headed for internal consistency, processed and analyzed by
using manual method. The analyzed data was displayed by the appropriate tables, count and
percentage and graph.

Conclusion: The majority of households uses uncovered equipment shelf, almost all of
households have latrine, from available latrine all of them are pit latrine, from the interviewed
households most of them dispose the waste on open field and it is one indicator improper and
bad waste management.

Recommendation: all concerning bodies needed to take required steps to come up with solution
for identified health and health related problems for the community and to improve the health
status of the community.

Budget needed: total budget 1930 ETB

Keyword: ANC, Community health, Ethiopia, health, health related problem, Latrine,
malnutrition Community, hygiene

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CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study

Community based education (CBE) a means of achieving educational relevance to community

needs and consequently of implementing a community oriented education program. It
composed of learning activities that used the community extensively as a learning environment,
in which not only students but also teachers, members of community and others section are
activity engaged throughout the education experience CBE, as an educational philosophy aims
at developing professionals with problem identification and solving skills and positive attitudes
to serve the society(1).

Community based training program (CBTP) is an integrated institutional program which

conducted after completing research methodology, biostatics and epidemiology course mostly
on the year of graduation along with an in built regular follow-up program (1) . This program
was started in last 1970s G.C and Jimma university was the first institution to adopt it in
Ethiopia for the first time.

Community based training program is the study involves student, community, teachers and
other collaborating sectors, it also allows students to combine service in the community with
academy inquiry transits students over time questions of the real setting. During the course
students as group, assigned to urban, semi-urban or rural communities with an approximately
population of 2500- 12000. The community based training takes place in the actual work area in
the work place and professionally trained job coach is located on site to provide additionally
support training (1).

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1.2 Statement of the problem
Health and health related problems are the major problems in the world even though the
problems are easily preventable. Our country Ethiopia is relatively more affected than
developed countries due to various factors which include: Environmental health factors;
maternal health factors; child health factors; morbidity & mortality associated factors etc. The
community is suffering from the problems resulted from the environmental health conditions
such as improper latrine utilization, inadequate access to water and improper waste disposal
system. The health status indicator of the population of Ethiopia are among worst in the world.
There are different problems that affect health of the community. Among environmental health
characteristics; maternal and child health characteristics; morbidity and mortality rate are the
most common problems. Majority of the population do not have access to sanitary facility and
safe and adequate water supply (2).

Regarding the maternal and child health aspect high fertility is usually associated with high
maternal, infant and child mortality rate. In developing countries women continue to give
excess birth because of lack access to contraceptive. In Ethiopia, the levels of maternal and
infant mortality and morbidity are among the highest in the world (3).

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 1.3 Significance of the study

Conducting the CBTP has its own importance, for instance; it helps us to address Health and
health related problems of the community, to address the existing gaps by identifying and
assessing health and health related problems in the town, for further program improvement,
important for students because the learning takes place within the community rather than in
class room setup and it is useful to support the assessment of health status of shurmo dacho
kebele (1).

Despite many efforts taken by governmental and non-governmental organization to improve

the health aspects of the community, the intended result was not achieved due to many
reasons. The main reason for failure of programs is due to lack of community concern and
intervention (1). So we hope that after this community diagnosis, the health and health related
problems of shurmo Dacho kebele area will be well known by the community and other
responsible stake holders. We also hope that our result will be used as base line data for other
researchers and initiate team members and responsible sector to do more.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Household composition

Ethiopian households consist of an average of 4.6 people. Almost half (47%) of household
members are children under age 15. Twenty-six percent of Ethiopian households are headed by
women. Housing conditions vary greatly based on residence. Eighty-five percent of urban
households have electricity compared with only 5% of rural households. Almost all (95%)
households in urban areas have access to an improved water source, compared with 42% of
households in rural areas. Overall, just 8% of households use an improved, not-shared toilet
facility. Nearly 4 in 10 (38%) Ethiopian households have no toilet facility (2)

2.2 Solid Waste Disposal

The majority of the households, (66%) disposed solid wastes in open dumps and only 6.9% of
the households had temporary storage means for solid waste. About 98.4 % of the respondents
revealed that the responsibility of waste management is left for women and girls. Only 36.4%
households had latrines and almost all were simple unsanitary traditional pits (2).

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 2.3 Environmental sanitation

According to Ethiopian demographic health survey (EDHS2016) about two-thirds of households

in Ethiopia (65 percent) obtain their drinking water from an improved source. This is an
improvement since the 2011 EDHS, when 54 percent of households obtained drinking water
from an improved source. Use of improved drinking water sources is more common among
households in urban areas (97 percent) than among those in rural areas (57 percent). The most
common source of drinking water in urban areas is water piped into the dwelling, yard, or plot
(63 percent), to a neighbor (12 percent) or to a public tap or standpipe (13 percent), resulting in
about 9 in 10 urban households (88 percent) using piped water. In rural areas, the most
common sources of drinking water are public tap or standpipe (19 percent), a tube well or
borehole (13 percent) and a protected spring (14 percent). Overall, 20 percent of households in
Ethiopia have water on their premises, 77 percent in urban areas versus only 6 percent in rural
areas. Forty-five percent of households spend 30 minutes or longer to obtain their drinking
water, 53 percent in rural areas, as compared with only 13 percent in urban households(2).

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2.4 Maternal Health

According to EMDHS 2016 in SNNPR Women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the
survey (Percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider 69.4%Percentage with 4+
ANC visit 34.1%, number of women 787),Live births in the 5 years preceding the survey
(Percentage delivered by a skilled provider 50.2%,Percentage delivered in a health facility
47.6%,Number of births 1104),Women who had a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey
(Percentage of women with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth 32%,number of
women 411(2).

The 2016 EMDHS results show that 74% of women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the
survey received antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once for their last pregnancy.
Four in 10 women (43%) had four or more ANC visits for their most recent live birth. Urban
women were more likely than rural women to have received ANC from a skilled provider (85%
and 70%, respectively) and to have had four or more ANC visits (59% and 37%, respectively).
The percentage of women who used a skilled provider for ANC services and who had four or
more ANC visits for their most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey increases
greatly with women’s education. Among women with no education, 62% obtained ANC services
from a skilled provider and 32% received four or more ANC visits compared with 100% and
79%, respectively, of women with more than a secondary education. The use of ANC services by
a skilled provider and proper number of ANC visits also increases steadily with household
wealth (2,3).

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2.5 Child Health

Trends from the previous surveys show a continuous decline in infant and under five mortality
within the range of 0-4 years preceding each respective surveys. For example under five
mortality rates for the five years preceding the survey declined from 123 death per 1000 live
births in the 20016 EDHS to 55 deaths per 1000 live births in the 2016 EMDHS. Similarly, infant
mortality decreased from 77 deaths per 1000 live births in the 2011 EDHS to 43 deaths per
1000 live births in the 2016 EMDHS (2).

Coverage of all basic vaccines and/or any vaccination coverage has been strongly associated
with better wealth status, better education of care givers, and living in urban areas. Fifty –
seven percent of children living in urban areas have received all basic vaccinations compared
with only 37% of children in rural areas. Children in the highest wealth quintile (65%) are more
than twice as likely to have received all basic vaccination as children in the lowest quintile
(25%). Sixty-five percent of children whose mothers have more than secondary education were
received all basic vaccination in highest in Addis Ababa (83%) and lowest in Afar (20%)(2).

2.6 Family Planning

According to 2016 EMDHS the distribution of currently married women age 15-49, by
contraceptive method they currently use, according to background characteristics. Overall, 41%
of currently married women are using modern methods of family planning, and 1% are using
traditional methods. The most popular contraceptive methods are injectable (27%), followed by
implants (9%), and the pill and the IUD (2% each). The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR)
among married women increases from 37% among women age 15-19to 52% among women
age 20-24, and then declines steadily to 18% among women age 45-49. Urban women are much
more likely than their rural counterparts to use any method of contraception (50% versus 38%)
(2).

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2.7 Harmful traditional practice (HTP)

full traditional practices are exercised throughout the country. There are many harem full
traditional Like other counters Ethiopia is a home for many useful and harem full traditional
practices. These harm practices creating physical, mental and social problems in the society.

Those HTPs are the major problem of RH in Ethiopia FGM is one of HTP which is practiced all
over the world, more in Africa and Asia. is being practiced in about 26 African countries where
more than 100million women and girls are estimated to have had FGM . According to WHO
report every year around 2 million young girls suffer from this procedure and 80% of women
are victims of this back ward traditional practice .generally HTP Uvuloctomy, FGM, wisdom
teeth extraction and etc. are practiced especially in developing countries like Ethiopia.[6]

2.8 Immunization
According to WHO ,a child is considered fully vaccinated if he/she received BCG vaccination
against TB,3 doses of DPT vaccine to prevent diphtheria , pertussis and tetanus, at least 3 doses
of polio vaccine and 1 dose of measles vaccine .These vaccination should be received during the
first year of life.

Infant feeding affects both the mother and the child. Feeding practices affect the child’s
nutritional status, which in turn affects the risk of death .UNICEF and WHO recommend that
children be exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months of life and that children be given
solid or semi-solid complementary food in addition to Continued breastfeeding from age 6
months until 24 months or more, when the child is fully weaned. Exclusive breastfeeding during
the first six months after birth is not widely practiced in Ethiopia. Currently, mothers exclusively
breastfeed approximately half of children less than six months (52 percent). The HSDP IV
targets an increase in the proportion of exclusively breastfed infants under age 6 months to 70
percent by 2015. [5]

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CHAPTER THREE

OBJECTIVES

3.1 General Objective

To assess health and health related problems in Shurmo Dacho kebele, hadiya zone, SNNPR,
Ethiopia, 2023 GC.

3.2 Specific objective

 To identify environmental related health and health related problem of the community.
 To find out maternal and child health problems of the community.
 To assess nutritional condition of the community.
 To assess housing condition of the community.
 To prioritize community health problems.
 To develop Action plan for prioritized community problems.

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CHAPTER FOUR

METHODS AND MATERIALS

4.1 Study area and study period

The study was conducted in Shurmo Dacho kebele, which is found in Hadiya zone, 235 km from
Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia and 163 Km from Hawasa, capital city of SNNPR
respectively. To identify health and health related problems. The study was conducted from
01/06/15 to 05/06/15 E C.

4.2 Study design

A community based cross sectional study design was conducted.

4.3 Population

4.3.1 Source population

All households of shurimo Dacho kebele

4.3.2 Study population

All Selected households of shurmo Dacho kebele during study period
4.4 Study unit

All respondent those could gave a needed information from selected population.

4.5 Eligibility criteria

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 4.5.1 Inclusion criteria:
 Head of household or someone from family member who had enough information to

answer the questions.

 Individual who was mentally conscious

4.5.2 Exclusion criteria

 HH with social problem
 Houses closed during data collection
 Those who are severely ill

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 4.6 Sampling
4.6.1 Sample size determination

Sample size for the study was determined by using single population proportion formula by
considering the following parameters; p-value 66.2% (4). 95% certainty and maximum
discrepancy of 5% between the sample size and the underlining population. The following
single population formula:

Minimum sample size was calculated as follow;

Level of confidence of the study 95%,

Margin of error was 5%

Accordingly, by using the following single population formula of the sample size:

Where; n = sample size,

Z = Z statistic for a level of confidence, (95% CI=1.96)

P = proportion (p) is 66.2%

d= margin of error 5%, (d = 0.05)

2
(1.96) × 0.662(1−0.662)
n= 2 =343.8≈ 344
(0.05)

By adding 10% non-respondent rate

384+34.4=378.4 ~ 378
Since the population in the area was below 10,000,and the overall prevalence was beyond 50%
we needed to calculate correction factor formula, as follows:
no
n=no /(1+( ))
N
Where: n = minimum required sample size
no = minimum sample

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N =Total population size (house hold) =1823

n=344 /(1+344/1823)

n=289

Considered as 10% was non-respondent rate (28.9), so our final sample size was ~318.

4.6.2 Sampling technique

The sampling procedure was performed by using probability sampling technique which was
systematic random sampling method. The First household was selected randomly by lottery
method using health post as bench mark. The remaining households were selected by adding
sampling fraction (K=6). K=total house hold divide in to sample size

Total household= 1823

Sample size= 318 k= 1823/318=5.7~6

4.6.3 Material going to be used

 Questioners
 Pen
 Pencil
 Rulers
 Laptop
 Calculator
 Papers
 markers

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4.7 Data Collection instruments and Data Collector

Quantitative method of data collection was considered.

Face to face questionnaires interview was conducted with study subjects.

The data was collected by CBTP groups

4.7.1 Data collection procedure

Well-designed questionnaires and Data Collection format was prepared.

Information such as demographic variables, environmental health, waste disposal, water supply,
family planning, child and maternal nutrition were collected by assigned group members from
medical laboratory students using face to face interviews through structured questionnaire.. A
structured closed ended interview questions were used face to face interview during data
collection. Observation was also used to collect information on housing condition and
sanitation condition.

4.8 Data processing and analysis

The data was checked for completeness and consistencies during the data collection, and then it
clean and code. Descriptive analysis was done by using tally method to determine frequency of
the variables and percentage was calculated by using scientific calculator. Finally, the result was
presented in the form of text, using tables, and charts.

4.9 Data Quality Assurance

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To ensure the quality, the data was checked for completeness, accuracy and consistency by the
concerning bodies. The questionnaire was discussed by the data collectors (students) and an
orientation was given by team’s supervisors before data collection to decrease interviewer bias.

During data collection the supervisor make tight supervision on whether the data collectors
adhere to the research protocol or not and made immediate corrections. Clear explanation of the
study objective was given to the study participants. Regular supervision and follow up was made
by supervisor.

In addition, regular check-up for completeness and consistency of the data was made on daily
basis and checking of questionnaire consistency. After everything was done the data was
observed for absoluteness and revised before it was being summed up.

4.10 Variables of the study

4.10.1 Dependent Variable

Health and health related problems in shurmo Dacho kebele

4.10.2 Independent Variable

 Housing condition
1 Ventilation
2 Cleanness
3 illumination
 Environmental sanitation
1 Vector and insect control
2 Water supply
3 Latrine utilization
4 House condition

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  Waste disposal
 Knowledge about family planning
 Maternal and child health Educational status,
 Demographic factors sex, age, religion and ethnicity

4.11 Operational definition

Study unit: Head of each house hold in each families.
Community diagnosis: It is quantitative and qualitative description of health status of
citizen and the factor which influence the health. It identifies problem, proposes area
for improvement and stimulate action.
Health status: The health condition of the community, assessed on morbidity, mortality,
disability and utilization of health services
Head of house hold: is a person with either sex, who is considered to be the head by
other member of that house hold, for polygamous wife living in separate house hold,
the house hold is considered to be head only.
Maternal and Child Health: Include those who are aged 15-49 year women and those
under five years’ old children

4.12 Ethical consideration

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 The official Letter was written from Wachemo University's, Institute of health, Community
Based Education Office to Shurimo Dacho kebele to obtain permission. The respondents were
informed about the objective and purpose of the study and informed consent was taken from
each respondents also they were informed about their right not to participate in the study and
interrupt at any time.

Before administration of questionnaire, verbal consent was taken from selected participant to
confirm willingness to participate in the study. Confidentiality was ensured throughout the
process and maintained by omitting the name of the respondents during data evaluation.

Accordingly, the data collectors were informed to introduced themselves sincerely and
respectfully to clarify the purpose of collecting the data.

4.13 Dissemination plan

After the analysis and interpretation of the data, final result and necessary information was
primarily submitted to Wachemo University Institute of Health through soft copy. Then it was
disseminated to research and publication office, to healthcare facilities and other concerned
bodies through their website. The result was important for researcher, government, health
extension workers,Shurmo Dacho kebele administration and health office of the lemo woreda.

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CHAPTER FIVE- RESULT
 The respondent rate was 90.3%

5.1. Socio demographic characteristics

The survey was conducted on 287 households of Shurimo Dacho kebele from february 8, 2023
and the following results were found.

287 HHs were included with the response rate of 90.3%. Males 778 (47.4%) and females 862 (52.6%) .
Among the total respondents majority of them are protestant which is 1330(89.49%) and others like

Orthodox, Muslim, and Catholic are 218(5.43%), 80(3.78%), and 12(0.9%) respectively.
The majority of people 601 (34.15%) were married, while small number of people 2 (0.12%) were
divorced. Majority of people 581(32.38%) are single. While small number of people 34 (2.88%) were
under 18 year who works. Among 761, 580 (30.9%) are Primary while 62 (4.04%) are children’s who are
under 7 year and attend kindergarten school.

Table:1 Socio-demographic data of Shurmo Dacho Kebele lemo woreda hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia,
February 2023 GC. See the table (1)

Variables Options Frequency Percent%

Relationship to the Father 253 15%

household
Mother 280 17%

Children 1041 64%’

Grand child 16 1%

Grand parent 27 2%

Other relatives 23 %

Sex Male 778 52.92%

Female 862 47.08%

18 | P a g e
Age 0-5year 116 10.1%

6-14year 330 17%

15-24year 428 26.2%

25-45year 495 28.4%

46-64year 219 12.1%

>65year 52 6%

Religion Protestant 1330 89.49%

Orthodox 218 5.43%

Muslim 80 3.78%

Catholic 12 0.9%

Other 0 0.5%

Education status Unable to read and write 374 12.7%

Can read and write 222 17.5%

Primary 580 30.9%

Secondary 237 18%

Above 12 77 9.96%

Under 7yr 88 6.9%

A, not attended
kindergarten

19 | P a g e
 62 4.04%

B. attend kindergarten

Farmer 422 22.88%

Occupational status Merchant 86 4.12%

Government employed 44 4.94%

House wife 159 18.85%

Under 18 who are not 112 14.07%

eligible for work

Under 18 and who works 34 2.88%

Student 761 28.31%

Other 22 3.95%

Table 1 socio demographic characteristics

PIE CHART; 1 DISCRIPTION ABOUT MARTIAL STATUS

20 | P a g e
 Martial status
single married separeted divorced widOwed under 18

5.2.

31% 32.38%
Vital
statisti
cs

1.8%
0.12%
-among
0.55%
34.15%
287
house
holds There were 7 (0.43%) child birth and 6(0.36%) death in last 12 months.

- Birth status among households of Shurmo Dacho kebele, Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
Southern Ethiopia, February 2023. see table

Variables Options Frequency percent%

Birth last 12 month 7 0.43%

Children who are <5 83 5.1%

year in HH

Death last 12 month 6 0.36%

Sex M 3 50%

F 3 50%

21 | P a g e
Age of death <18yrs 0 0

18-35yrs 0 0

36-45yrs 1 16.7%

>46yrs 5 83.3%

Cause of death Sickness 2 33.3%

Accident 1 16.7%

Age 2 33.3%

Suicide 1 16.7%

Other 0 0%

Table 2 vital statistics

5.3 Housing condition

Out of 287 HHs, 59(20.5%) HHs houses have one room, 92 (32.1%) two room 94 (32.7%) threeroom,41
( 14.3%) four room and 1 (0.3%) five room 109(38%) and 99(43.5) have good ventilation and cleanness
respectively. 112 (39%) sufficient illumination. 201 (70.1%) and 224(78%) rat and fly respectively.238
(83%) HHs was not living together with livestock house .124(43.2%) and 163(56.8%) HHs was used fire
wood only and fire wood with muck as source of fuel for cooking respectively.

 Housing condition of Shurmo Dacho kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,
2023.see table

Variables Option Frequency percent%

No of rooms 1 59 20.5%

22 | P a g e
 2 92 32.1%

3 94 32.7%

4 41 14.3%

5 1 0.3%

Ventilation Good 109 38%

Fair 141 49%

Bad 37 13%

Illumination Sufficient 112 39%

Medium 132 46%

Poor 43 15%

Cleanness Good 99 43.5%

Fair 141 49%

Bad 47 16.5%

Small insects and Rat Yes 201 70.1%

rodent in the house
No 86 29.9%

Flea Yes 112 39%

No 175 61%

Mosquito Yes 132 46%

No 155 54%

23 | P a g e
 Fly Yes 224 78%

No 63 22%

Cockroach Yes 87 30%

No 200 70%

Presence of Yes 238 83%

livestock around the
No 49 17%
house

Livestock living Yes 49 17%

together with
238 83%
humans
No

Source of fuel for Fire wood and muck 163 56.8%

cooking
Fire wood 124 43.2%

Biogas 0

Electricity 0

Is there separated Yes 239 83.3%

kitchen

No 48 16.7%

Did the kitchen has Yes 113 39.4%

opening
No 174 60.6%

If you use electric Yes 0

24 | P a g e
did the cable open No 0
inside the wall

Is there any things Yes 24 8%

that makes fire in
No 263 92%
the kitchen

Table 3 housing condition

5.4 Water supply

-From 287 HHs, 198(68.9%) of them uses tap water, 61(21.3%) pipe water, 22(7.7%) stream
water and 6(2.1%) river water. From those who uses river water and stream water 10 (35.7%)
uses boiling method, 2(7.1%) uses exposing to the sun methods of water purification, 5 (17.9%)
without any treatment and 11(39.3%) uses other method such as filtration. 276(96.2%) store in
jar and uses pouring method, 9(3.1%) and 2(0.7%) store in pitcher and barrel respectively and
whereas 7(63.7%) are uses un separated equipment, 4(36.4%) are uses separated equipment
to pour from what they stored in. From total of 287 HHs 26(9.1%) consumed less than 30 liter
per day. 163(56.8%) HHs are get a journey that take 20-40 minutes to provide the water from
the source.

-Source of Water supply in Shurmo Dacho kebele households in lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
Southern Ethiopia, Feburary 2023. see table

25 | P a g e
Variables Options Frequency percent%

Source of water supply Tap 198 68.9%

Stream 22 7.7%

Pipe 61 21.3%

River 6 2.1%

If you get the water from Boiling 10 35.7%

the river what did you do
Exposed to 2 7.1%
before using it for drinking
sun

Chlorine 0 0%

Use without 5 17.9%

any
treatment

Other 11 39.3%

Where did you put a water Jar 276 96.2%

that you used for drinking
Pitcher 9 3.1%

Barrel 2 0.7%

How did you pour By pouring 276 96.2%

By jogging 11 3.8%

Did you pour through a Yes 4 36.4%

26 | P a g e
separated equipment

No 7 63.6%

Daily water consumption <30lt 26 9.1%

per litter per HHs
30-60lt 193 67.2%

>60lt 68 23.7%

how long it takes round <20 min 76 26.5%

20-40min 163 56.8%

>40 min 48 16.7%

Table 4 water supply

5.5 Food Preparation

-Among 287 house holds 207 HH(72.1&) use separated place for cooked and row food. 230 HH(80.1%)
wash their hands by using both soap and water and 57HH(19.9%) wash their hands only by using water.

-food preparation characteristics of house holds in Shurmo Dacho Kebele in Lemo Wereda,Haddiya
zone, Southern Ethiopia, February 2023. See table below.

Is there separated place for Yes 207 72.1%

cooked and row food
No 80 27.9%

How did you dry up the Drying with 119 41.5%

cleaning equipment towel

By help of air 168 58.5%

27 | P a g e
Where did you put dry tool on floor 37 12.9%

On shelf 179 62.4%

On modern 71 24.7%
kitchen shelf

Did you use a separated Yes 207 72.1%

equipment for cooked and
uncooked meals No 80 27.9%

Did you eat remaining food Yes 136 47.4%

again
No 151 52.6%

did you heat well while you Yes 131 96.3%

use the remaining food
No 5 3.7%

Did you cook while you’re Yes 63 22%

sick
No 224 78%

Did you cover your hair and Yes 240 83.6%

take off jewelry while you
No 47 16.4%
cook

Did you touch face ,eye ,ear Yes 195 67.9%

while you’re cooking
No 92 32.1%

When did you wash your before 277 42%

hand preparing
meal

28 | P a g e
 after using 225 34%
toilet

after washing 141 21.3%

children

after touching 4 0.6%

birr &other
things

after touching 14 2.1%

nose, face,
ear

Other 0 0%

By using what did you wash water &soap 230 80.1%

your hand
only water 57 19.9%

Does not 0 0%
wash hand

Table 5 food preparation

5.6. Environmental survey

Out of 287 HHs latrine coverage shurimo dacho kebele, 274(95.47%) had latrine facility for family. Out of
total households 274(100%) used pit latrine type. From selected study community 244(89.05%) used
latrine properly. Around 165(60.21%) households latrine less than 20m , 94(34.32%) HHs latrine 20-40m,
and 15(5.47%) HHs latrine greater than 40m far away from their house respectively . Around 67(24.45%)
households latrine were dirty and 207 (75.55%) households latrine were cleaned and used in good
condition.

Out of 287 households 126 (43.9%) were disposed the waste in open field.
29 | P a g e
  Waste disposal characteristics of households of Shurmo kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
Southern Ethiopia, February 2023.see table
 Latrine

Variables Options Frequency percent %

Presence of latrine Yes 274 95.47%

No 13 4.53%

Yes 244 89.05%

Do you use latrine properly No 30 10.95%

Type of latrine Pit latrine 274 100%

VIP 0 0%

Flush 0 0%

Distance of latrine from the house <20m 165 60.21%

20-40m 94 34.32%

>40m 15 5.47%

Is latrine clean Yes 207 75.55%

No 67 24.45%

Where did you dispose dry west Field 126 43.9%

Private hole 107 37.28%

Common disposal 54 18.82%

area

Table 6 environmental survey

30 | P a g e
 5.7. ANTENATAL CARE

From six pregnant women who visited ANC were 4(66,67%) and the remaining women had not ever
visited ANC 2(33.33%). Out of two those not followed up ANC 1(50%)woman was not followed due to
lack of awareness and 1(50%)not want.

 Antenatal care in Shurmo Dacho kebele lemo woreda haddiya zone southern Ethiopia February
2023.see table

Variables Options frequency percent%

15-49 year 440 100%

For <18 Year 190 73.09%

married
19-25 year 49 18.84%
women
what was 26-30 year 19 7.3%
their age
>30 year 2 0.77%
when
they
married

Is there 6 100%
women
currently
pregnant
in HH

31 | P a g e
 is there Yes 4 66.67%
any
No 2 33.33%
women
who
follows
ANC

The Lack of 1 50%

reason awareness
for why
No want 1 50%
not
attending No 0 0%
ANC accessibility

Health 0 0%
providers
problem

What problem is Anemia 2 66.67%

there among
Bleeding 1 33.33%
pregnant women

Was 0 0%
there
who be
got twin

Who 5 71.43%
gave
birth at
32 | P a g e
 health
center

Who 2 28.57%
gave
birth at
home

Women 0 0%
who gave
birth
through
cs

What 15-20 158 66.39%

was her
21-29 70 29.41%
age of
when she 30-40 10 4.2%
gave
birth

Table 7 ANC

5.8 Family planning

From 287 households, the women that knows about the family planning method were 104 (36.2%) and
183(33.8%)women were not. Around 61(36.4) households knew inject able family planning method.
While 23(22.12%) women currently using contraceptive, 81(77.88%)women do not using contraceptive
currently. The main reasons for not using contraceptive were not want 45(55.55%) and religion 13
(16.04) in a little bit .

33 | P a g e
  Family planning utilization in Shurmo Dacho kebele lemo woreda ,haddiya zone southern
Ethiopia feberuary in 2023.see table

34 | P a g e
Variable Options Frequency percent%

Knowing about family Yes 104 36.2%

planning method
No 183 33.8%

Do you want additional Yes(now) 53 18.5%

child

Yes but after 2yr 64 22.3%

No 170 59.2%

Knowing type of family Pills 24 14.3%

planning method
Condom 23 13.7%

Inject able 61 36.4%

Implant 36 21.4%

IUCD 16 9.5%

Surgical 8 4.7%

Other 0 0%

Have you ever used Yes 95 33.1%

family planning

192 66.9%

No

Women using currently Yes 23 22.12%

contraceptive
No 81 77.88%

Family planning Depo 4 17.4%

35 | P a g e
method they are
Pills(COC) 10 43.48%
currently using
Implanon 6 26.08%
 Table 5 family planning

5.9. Child and maternal vaccination

From total households those who had under 1yr old children, 5(45%) children had vaccinated
and 2(18.2%) had vaccination card. Out of vaccinated children three of them got vaccine
against polio virus and one child completed all dose whereas two were against measles virus.

 Child and maternal vaccination in Shurmo Dacho kebele lemo woreda haddiya zone
southern Ethiopia Febuary 2023.see table

Variables Options Result %

No of children <1yr 5 71.4%

had vaccinate

Among those who 2 40%

have vaccine card

Had vaccine card BCG 0 0%

represents
POLIO 3 60
vaccinated in
P1 100%

P2 1 33.3%

P3 1 33.3%

36 | P a g e
 PENTAVALENT P1 0 0%

P2 0 0%

P3 0 0%

ROTA R2 0 0%

R3 0 0%

PCV 0 0%

P1

P2 0 0%

P3 0 0%

MEASLES 2 40%

No of women from 30 6.8%

15-49age had
tetanus vaccine

Among pregnant 0 0%
women who got a
tetanus vaccine

37 | P a g e
How many time did 1 100%
they get vaccinated 30

2 26.7%
8

3 16.7%
5

4 0 0%

5 0 %

Table 9 child and maternal vaccination

5.10. Morbidity
As shown in table below out of 287 households there was 64 (3.9%) sick family members from those
23(1.4%) males and 41(2.5%) of them were females

According to the study the age group that faced morbidity were age group of 15-49 are 58 (3.53
%). Among those fold in sick 46(2.8%) had cough.

 Morbidity status in the last 2 weeks of Shurmo Dacho kebele, Lemo woreda, Hadiya
zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.see table

Variables Options Frequency Percent %

Morbidity 64 3.9%

Sex of sick M 23 35.9%

F 41 64.1%

38 | P a g e
Age 0-15 years 33 51.6%

16-30years 16 25%

31-49 years 9 14%

>50 years 6 9.4%

What was the Diarrhea 3 4.7%

disease?
Cough 46 71.9%

Fever 7 10.9%

Other 8 12.5%

Table 10 morbidity

5.11 Use of medicine

Among 287 HHs 284(98.3%) of them seek help from HI when they got sick. 285(99.3%) of
them got a drug from a pharmacy, and 275(95.8%) of them use the drug that prescribed by
physician properly.

39 | P a g e
 variables Options Frequency Percent

HI 282 98.3%

Seek help where? Traditional 3 1%

Hot spring 2 0.7%

Magician 0 0%
Table 11
Other 0 0%
use of

From where you got Pharmacy 285 99.3% medicine

drug when you feel

Traditional 2 0.7%
ill
drug store

Shop 0 0

Other 0 0

Did you take a Yes 275 95.8%

medicine that
prescribed by No 12 4.2%
physician properly

What will happen if No cure 198 69%

you not take it
Drug 65 22.6%
properly
resistance

Relapse 22 7.7%

No problem 2 0.7%

Have you use Yes 44 15%

cultural herbs
No 243 85%

If you use for what Diarrhea 5 11.4%

disease?
Cough 34 77.3%
40 | P a g e
Abdominal 2 4.5%
cramp
5.12.Mental illness
Out of 287 HHs 85 (29.6%) had heard about mental illness, 202 (70.4%) has no idea about the cause of
mental illness. 5(5.9%) HHs had mental illness in their family. 37 (43.5%) were seek help from religious
places while 45 (53%) from health institution.

 Mental illness of Shurmo Dacho kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,
2023.table

Variables Options Frequency percent%

have you heard about Yes 186 90.3

mental illness
No 20 9.7

Do you know cause of Yes 42 22.6

mental illness
No 144 77.4

Do you believe mental Yes 7 16.7

illness is communicable
No 35 83.3
disease

Is there anyone who Yes 1 1

have got mental illness in
No 205 99
your family

Do you believe mental Yes 154 82.8

illness seek help
No 32 17.2

Where you take when HI 147 95.5

someone affected by
Traditional treatment 41 26.6
mental illness

Magician 0 0%

Religious institution 112 72.7

Other 0 0%

41 | P a g e
Is there anyone who yes 23 11.2
addicted in your
Chat 15 65.2
family(chat, alcohol,
smoke, cannabis) Alcohol 5 21.7

Smoke 3 13

Cannabis 0 0%

NO 183 88.8

Do you believe this Yes 143 76.9

addicted brought in
No 43 23.1

Table 12 mental illness

5.13. Eye disease

Out of 287HHs 97(33.8%) had knew about trachoma whereas 190(66.2%) had not knew about trachoma
disease.

 About eye disease of Shurmo Dacho kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern
Ethiopia, 2023.see table

Variable Options Result %

Yes 151 73.3

Do you know about No 55 26.7

trachoma

Do you know the Yes 68 45.03

42 | P a g e
cause

No 83 54.97

If you say yes, do you Env’t 67 98.5

know about method unhygienic
of transmission
Personal 67 98.5
unhygienic

Contact 21 30.9
with other

Through 56 82.4
fly

Other 0 0%

Do you believe Yes 61 89.7

trachoma is
No 5 7.3
preventable
I have no 2 2.94
idea

Way of preventable if Env’t and 58 95

you said yes personal
hygiene

Referring 61 100
HI

Traditional 3 4.9
drug

Self-limit 2 3.3

43 | P a g e
Is there anyone who Yes 14 6.8
affected trachoma in
No 192 93.2
your family
Total 206 100

Table 13 eye disease

5.14. Nutritional assessment

From the total of 287 HHs, 19.6% (97) HHs maternal had anemia symptoms. Out of 287 HHs, 14.28% (41)
women did not get iron supplement. Nutritional assessment on mothers and children on Shurmo Dacho
kebele, lemo woreda, haddiya zone, southern Ethiopia, February 2023. see table 2

Nutritional Assessment Options Frequency %

If you feel anemic which Vision blurred 40 8.1%

symptom you got
Ear blare 5 1.01%

Dizziness 18 3.63%

Weakness 30 6.05%

Tachycardia 4 0.81%

No 399 80.4%

Other 0 0%

Have they sign of anemia Eye paleness 9 2.04%

Palm paleness 14 3.19%

No finding 417 94.77%

44 | P a g e
 Do you get iron Yes 10 19.6%
supplement during
No 41 80.4%
pregnancy

For how long 3 month 6 60%

2 month 3 30%

1 month 1 10%

Once 4 7.84%

Daily number of meal Twice 15 29.4%

during pregnancy
Three times 31 60.8%

More than three times 1 1.96%

Types of food which don’t Yes 12 23.53%

eat during pregnancy
No 39 76.47%

Types of food which don’t Yes 8 44.4%

during breast feading
No 10 55.6%

Have you problem to see Yes 23 56.1%

in inadequate light
No 18 43.9%

Table 14 nutritional assessment

5.15. Child nutrition

Among the total of 287 HHs,26(68.4%) had started breast feeding their child with in 1hr. Almost
32(84.2%) child have no taken any thing before breast feed. and 39(84.78%) were the children
who keep on breast feeding 6 to 12 month and 25(65.8%) children feeding breast more than
three times daily
 Less than 2year Child nutrition Shurmo Dacho kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
45 | P a g e
 southern Ethiopia, February 2023. See table

Variables Options Frequency percent%

When did you start Within 1hr 26 68.4%

breast feeding your
After 1hr 12 31.6%
infant

No feed breast 0 0%

Is there anything you Yes 6 15.8%

give before breast feed
No 32 84.2%

Did you give colostrums Yes 26 68.4%

to your child

No 12 31.6%

Did you give only breast Yes 38 100%

for your child
No 0 0%

How long did you keep <6 months 6 15.8%

on breast feed only
6-12 months 25 65.8%

>12 months 7 18.4%

Frequency they Once 0 0%

breast feed daily
Twice 0 0%

Three times 12 31.6%

More than three 26 68.4%

times

Age at which you start <4 months 2 5.3%

supplementary feeding
4-6 months 26 68.4%

46 | P a g e
 7-12 months 10 26.3%

After 12 months 0 0%

What type of food you Gruel/Soup 24 100%

gave for the first time
Porridge 0 0%

Food that you eat 0 0%

Supplementary food Feeding bottle 18 75%

equipment
Spoon 6 25%

Currently your child Yes 18 47,4%

feed breast
No 20 52.6%

For how long you feed <4 month 6 15.8%

breast
4-6 month 10 26.3%

>6 month 22 57.9%

Table 15 child nutriti

5.16 Family Nutrition

Among the total of 287 house holds 55.7S% (160) HHs uses iodized salt in their home for cooking.
Around 78.4% (225) households uses salt during cooking and Out of 287 HHs, 94.1% (270) HHs put their
salt in covered materials.

What type of salt you use Rock salt 20 9.7

in your home
Iodized salt 160 77.7

Un iodized salt 26 12.6

Total 206 100

When you use salt During cooking 189 91.7

47 | P a g e
 After cooking 17 8.3

Total 206 100

Where you put salt In covered material 197 95.6s

Uncovered material 9 4.4

Total 206 100

Table 16 family nutrition

CHAPTER SIX: Discussion

This community based cross-Sectional study tried to assess health and health related problem
in Shurmo Dacho Kebele, Lemo Woreda, Haddiya Zone, SNNPR. The sample population in this
study were 1640 and from, those population 778 (47.4%) and 862(52.6%) are males and
females respectively. The average family size of the households was 1640/287=6 members HHs
which is almost similar to the national mean family size (5.6 member/HH) EDHS 2019. From 287
house hold the family size those age are up to five is 116(7.1%) and greater than five is 1452
(92.9%) and total 1640 family members and also the majority age group is between 25 and 45

48 | P a g e
which account 495(30.2%) of the population While age above 65 accounts 52(3.2%). Also,
majority of the population 1330 (89.49%) are protestant religion and followed by orthodox
religion which is 218 (5.43%).

According to our study 20 (9.2%) of households do not have latrine, while mini EDHS 2019(12)
Overall, 27% of households had no toilet facility at all. This finding shows good progress when
compared to EDHS data. From 198(90.8%) who have latrine 92 (46.5%) of them are unclean.
From the total under sixteen children who were sick in the last two weeks found in the selected
households 46(71.9%) of them have encountered cough. Also in our study 124 (56.9%) dispose
waste in the field this may also be due to lack of knowledge and lack of community interest to
participate in building a shared disposal area.

According to our finding from 287 HHs, 42(14.6%) have greater than three rooms while
59(20.5%) of the households have only one room, they live with their livestock in one room and
they use that room as kitchen also this may exposed the families to different disease.
239(83.3%) have separated kitchen from the house, 163(56.8%) using wood and muck us
energy or fuel resource.

The finding on ANC service in this study shows that from six pregnant women 4 (66.67%) of
them were visited for ANC which is high when compared to EDHS 2019 shows that 43% of
women receives ANC from skilled health provider. This study found that from 7 delivery in last
12 months 28.57% were at home delivery whereas EMDHS 2019 national prevalence of at
home delivery was 51% this is due to lack of awareness, lack of punctuality of health provider
and socioeconomic status.

In our study areas eleven child those less than one year old are there. Among that 5 (45.5%)
have vaccinated .Among them 2(40%) had card.

Among 287 of household 68.9% of respondents used improved water (tap) for drinking Most of
the house hold 163(56.8% ) travel from 20min to 40min to bring water.

49 | P a g e
Among 440 reproductive age(15-49) women 23(5.2%) are currently used family planning .its very low
progress. From those 10(43.48%) use pill, 6(26.08%) use implant 4(17.4%) use Depo 3(13%) of them use
condom.

Limitation
Some of respondents were not disclosed some information with us and not answered some
questions those not suitable to be observed as needed to be answered. For instance, they were
not interested to disclose if someone was addictive from family members. Consequently, it is
difficult to generalize the result of some questions to all population.
In addition there were misconceptions between Tap and Pipeline water. They consider the
pipeline water as a tap water.

CHAPTER SEVEN: Conclusion

7.1. Conclusion

We conclude that majority of households have not separated kitchen. The houses have
adequate room and space, some of rooms have no adequate illumination, most of houses
have proper window for ventilation.
The majority of households uses uncovered equipment shelf, almost all of households have latrine, from
available latrine all of them are pit latrine, from the interviewed households most of them dispose the
waste on open field and it is one indicator improper and bad waste management.

This study demonstrates that majority of the population follows Protestant religion. FP
utilization is relatively less according to our study. Most of the HH have rat and insect problem.
There is also a lack of iron supplement among pregnant women. Our study also suggests that
there is low vaccine follow up in children.

50 | P a g e
Based on our research some of the community do not have separate livestock shelter.
Consequently, they live with livestock in the same house which makes them vulnerable to
various harms.

Identified problem

1. High insect and rat problem

2. Un separated kitchen and using firewood and muck as source of fuel.
3. Shortage of water supply
4. Open equipment shelf
5. Open field Waste disposal
6. Early marriage
7. Lack of awareness and usage of family planning
8. Incomplete follow up of vaccination
9. Living with domestic animals with households

51 | P a g e
No Problem Magnitud Severity Feasibility Communit Governmen Total Rank
e y concern t concern

1. 4 3 2 1 2 12 3
High rate of
vermin

52 | P a g e
2. 3 4 1 2 5 15 1
Don’t have
separated
kitchen and
use firewood
and muck as
source of
fuel.

3. 3 2 4 2 3 14 2
Shortage of
water supply

4. 4 2 1 1 3 11 4
Open
equipment
shelf

5. 2 5 1 4 3 15 1
Improper
Waste
disposal
method

6. 2 3 2 3 4 14 2
Lack of
awareness
and usage of
family
53 | P a g e
 planning

7. 1 5 1 1 3 11 4
Incomplete
follow up of
vaccination

8. 3 4 1 2 3 13 3
Living with
domestic
animals
together

Prioritized problems
1. Lack of separated kitchen and use fire wood and muck as a source of fuel.
2. Open field waste disposal .
3. Lack of awareness and usage of family planning
4. Shortage of water supply.
5. High rate of vermin.

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SWOT analysis

Strength
 Team sprit during the entire study.
 Groups’ commitment
 Groups strong co-operation with advisors and department
 We cover the site we have been assigned timely
 All the work has been done with strong co- operation of all group members starting
from data collection until the development of the action plan
 Diversified ideas among group members

Weakness
 Lack of access to reference like internet and samples
 Lack of transportation
 punctuality

Opportunity
 Shurimo Dacho Kebele administration and communities’ willingness to give information.
 Interacting with community and governmental institution
 We have the opportunity to get warm community about the question asked

Threat
 Climate(sun)
 Language barriers
 transportation barriers
 Misconception of the community about the question asked
 Distance
 Land scope of the Kebele.

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Stake holders
• Shurimo Dacho Kebele administrators

• Health Centre administrators and health professional

• Shurimo municipality

• Wachemo University

• NGO

• Community

Ways of approach

 Cooperation
Cooperation and working closely with Shurimo Dacho kebele administration and community

 Use and Dissemination of Information

The sharing of information and knowledge is fundamental in achieving a full understanding of the
problem to be addressed.

 Participation
The participation of the community in our study will help us to complete our work in short period of
time with limited resources.

 Partners/ sectors
CBTP team members are working and will continue to work collaboratively and share relevant
information with partners/ sectors during the project preparation and intervention period.

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ACTION PLAN

Prioritized problem

Open field waste Objective To increase the awareness of community ,to

disposal decrease open field waste disposal

Activities Giving health education to increase the

community awareness about impact of open
field waste disposal ,preparing pit by
organizing community participation

Strategy By consulting community leader ,religious

leader to take part in organizing community
participation.

Target group All Shurmo dacho kebele community.

Resource Time, Money and human recourse

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 Responsible body All group members, Shurimo Dacho kebele
community

Evaluation and Follow-up

monitoring

Shortage of water Objective To minimize risk of infection and water borne

supply diseases

Activities Inform to concerning bodies to provide

additional water source.

Strategy Recommending the NGO,Gov’t institution and

others by group members.

Target group Community(public)

Resource Time, money and human resource

Time

Responsible body Group members, community and kebele

leaders

Evaluation and Follow up

monitoring

Lack of awareness Objective To increase knowledge and awareness about

and usage of family usage of family planning
planning
Activities Creating awareness about the benefits of
family planning to the community.

Strategy Health education

Target group Households of the kebele (community)

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 Resource Time ,Human resource and budget

Time

Responsible body Group members, health extension workers and

others

Evaluation and Follow up

monitoring

Recommendation
To Shurmo Dacho kebele health post and health care provider

Teaching the community to detach separate house for cattle so as to reduce the incidence of
zoonotic disease. Rodents shall be controlled through careful use of poison, cats and other
method available.

Teaching the community to wash their hand after using toilet.

Appropriate final disposal method of wastes will have to be discussed with the community so as
to create awareness and to prevent dirty environment that harbors the growth of rodents and
vectors which are key factors in the transmission of communicable disease.

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Much of Shurmo dacho households have not awareness and knowledge about family planning
methods. Consequently, they are not use family planning. Evidently, to overcome these
misconceptions and misunderstanding they should get awareness based education with it’s
benefits about family planning.

Educational measurements is the most important thing to prevent health problems by

providing appropriate educational measures in places such as health centers, market places,
where that most people often gather and by appointing health extension workers to help the
people at the house level. Educational programs can include Proper Latrine usage, recycling of
waste materials and provide awareness about health and related problem. For this activities
health worker such as public health officer, environmental health worker, health extension, and
other responsible body should take action to reduce the problem
To Lemo Woreda administration office

Health education should be provided for people those start late initiation of ANC follow up. To Lemo
district health office and other N.G.Os working in the power sector shall be notified concerning the lack
of electricity and using wood as the main source of fuel in the Shurmo Dacho kebele so that they can use
electricity or other means of generating power.

To School

Better to sustainably invite health professionals to give health education regarding personal
hygiene and environmental sanitation, sexually transmitted diseases, FP, FGM and drug addiction

To NGO

Better to collaborate with health bureau to fulfill the adequate provision of financial resources and

health service needs.

To the health extension workers

Should work more on supporting, and encouraging the community on environmental and personal
hygiene, child nutrition, EPI, MCH and ANC.

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CHAPTER Eight
Item Unit Quantity Unit price Total
Birr Cent Birr
Duplicating Pack 1 800 00 800
paper
Pencil Each 5 50 00 50
Pen Each 24 480 00 480
Ruler Each 5 100 00 100
Binder Each 5 500 00 500
Total 40 1930 00 1930
Personnel Unit

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Data Student 24
collector
Marker Pack
Transport By WCU

REFFERENCES

1) Department of Community healthy (1996) manual for student research project. jima;jima
institutes of health science .
2) EDHS( Ethiopian demographic health survey), 2016.
3) Study conducted on institutional delivery service utilization in Ethiopia.
4) Assessment of health and health related problems in the community of Mettu town South
Western Ethiopia,2021; A community based cross sectional study.
5) EDHS 2016 report for Oromiya region vaccination
6) EMDHS,2019

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CHAPTER Nine-ANNEXES

Questionnaire

Informed consent

Dear respondent my name is -----------------------Medical Laboratory student from Wachemo

University college of medicine and health science. Since this is a part of our academic
requirement, we need to conduct this study in health and health related problem in Shurmo
kebele. Your voluntary contribution and accurate reply to these questions has a crucial value

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for the achievement of this study. So you are kindly wanted to collaborate in responding the
following questions. Your confidentiality will be insured.

Do you agree A. Yes B. No

Questionnaires code ------------------

Part 1 Socio demographic status

1) House number ------

2) What is the family size?
3) Number of children
4) Age family members
5) Ethnicity
6) Religion
□Orthodox
□Islam
□Protestant
□Catholic
□Adventist
□Other

7) Educational status
□Illiterate
□Preschool
□pri mary School
□secondary School
□college/university
8) Marital status
□Married
□Single

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 □Divorced
□Widowed

9) Occupational status

□Government employee
□Trader
□ Housemaker
□Farmer
□Daily labor
□Student
□Other (specify) __________________

1) Approximate monthly income__________________

2) Accessibility to information

a. Radio set (yes, no)

b. TV set (yes, no)
c. Telephone in the house (yes, no)
d. Access to postal service (yes, no)
e. Access to newspaper (yes, no)

12-Any birth in the last 12 month in the family (yes, no)

13- If yes:

A) Status of the birth

a) □live birth,
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 b) □ still birth

B) Sex of the newborn

a) □ male

b)□ female

c) □ Place of delivery

d)□ house

e)□ health institution

Attendant of delivery (TTBA, professional, untrained person)

14- Was there any death in the last 12 months (yes, no?)

15- If yes:

1. Sex (male, female)

2. Age at death (<1, 1-5, 5-18, >18)
3. Perceived cause of death (due to illness, accident, unknown)

16- Sick family members during the last two weeks (yes, no)

17-If yes:

a) Sex (male, female)

b) Age (<1, 1-5, 5-18, >18)
c) Ailments (fever, diarrhea, cough, others)

18- Days lost because of illness (<3 days, 3-7 days, >7 days)

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19- Did the person seek any help? (Yes, no)

20- If yes, where? (Health institution, traditional healer, home level self-treatment, religious
treatment, others)

Part 2 Housing condition

1.1 Number of rooms?

No of rooms Ventilation(window) Adequate light Cleanness

1
2
3
Keys: 1, Good 2, Fair 3, Bad

1.1. Who is the owner of the house?

A: private B: rented C: other

1.3. What is the total area of the house in square meters?

1.4. What type of materials is the wall made out of?

A: Mud B: Stone C: Wood D: Cement E: Concrete f: other

1.5. Type of material used for constructing the roof

A: Iron sheet B: Thatched C: If other, specify

1.6. Constructing material for the floor?

A: wood B: concrete C: Soil D: If other, specify

1.6.1. Any crack visible in the floor?

A: yes B: No

1.7. Number of windows in the house?

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1.8. How often do you clean the house?

1.9. Is there any domestic animal living in or around then house?

A: yes B: No

2.0. If yes, are they living together with people?

A: yes B: No they have separate quarters

2.1. What is the status of the kitchen?

A: Separate room attached to the main house

B: separate room but detached from the main house

C: No kitchen at all

2.2. If no kitchen, then where do you usually cook your food?

A: Inside the house B: Outside the house

2.3. If kitchen is available, how is the general sanitation of the kitchen, utensil and food storage
site?

A: Good B: Fair C: Poor

2.4. What source of energy is used for cooking purpose?

A: Wood and coal B: Electric C: Dung D: If other, specify

2.5. What is the source of water for the house? And is it clean or drinkable? Is it inside or
outside the house?

2.6 Does the house require maintenance?

A: No, house is in good condition

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 B: Not now, house is in fair condition

C: Yes, the house is in poor condition and requires urgent maintenance

2.7. Any trouble with Rodents and insects inside the house?

A: Yes B: No

2.8. If yes, what measures are taken to prevent such conditions?

Part 3 FOOD SANITATION

1 Which of the following procedures do you implement during food preparation?

a) Washing hands

b) Washing vegetables

c) Proper and adequate cooking

d) Material cleaning frequently

e) Preventing contamination

f) Other……………………

2. What method do you use to preserve food?

a) Refrigerator

b) Drying

c) Other……………

Part 4 Water supply

1 Source of water supply: a) pipe water b) underground water c) other specify

2 How much is your daily consumption in liters?

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3 What type of container do you use to store the water? …………….
4 for how long you store it?...........
5 do you have cover for a container? A) yes B) no
6 do you clean the container? A) yes B) no
7 If yes, how frequent do you clean the container?

Part 5 Waste disposal

1. Is there any scheduled program to collect the waste?

a) Yes b) No

2. What is the final disposal method used for disposing collected waste?

a) Sanitary land field

b) Burning

c) Composting

Other _________________

3. Is there any Problem with insect and other vermin

A) Yes b) No

4. If yes what type a) Housefly fleas b) Bedbugs c) Lice

5. Do you have latrine facility?

a) Yes b) No

6. What is the status of the toilet?

A: Separate room attached to the main house

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 B: separate room but detached from the main house

C: No toilet at all

7. If yes, what type of toilet do you have?

A: Pit latrine B: Water carriage C: If other, specify

8. If separate, how far is the latrine from source of water?

9. What is the location of water source from the latrine?

A: Downhill B: up hill

10. What is the current status of your toilet?

A: Clean and in good maintenance B: Dirty and needs maintenance

11. If Pit, how far is it from the house? ------------meters

13. What is the status of ownership of excreta disposal?

a) Owned by the family

b) Shared or communal

14. If there is no latrine, is there adequate space for construction of a new one?

a) Yes b) No

15. Is latrine construction affordable for the family?

a) Yes B) No

16. What is the waste disposal system of your latrine?

a) Closed

b) Rained to pipes

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 c) Clearing the septic tank
Part 6 Family planning
1. Do you know about contraceptive?
A. yes
B. no
2. If yes to question number one, which one do know?
A. Pills
B. Implants
C. Injections
D. Condom, diaphragm
E. Others, specify
3. If yes to question number 3, do use any of the methods?
A. Yes
B. No
4. If yes to question number 3, specify the type
5. If yes to question number 3, what is the reason you use the contraceptive?
A. Health problem
B. For spacing
C. Financial reasons
D. Others, specify
6. If no to question number 3, what is your main reason?
A. Side effects
B. Cost
C. Don’t know sources
D. Lack of partners consent
E. Not available
7. If no to question number 3, what do you do when you want to space the next
pregnancy?

8. How does your partner feel about birth control method?

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 A. I don’t know
B. He feels positive
C. He is indifferent
Part 7 Pregnancy and delivery
1. Age at first marriage, if ever married
2. Age at first pregnancy, if ever pregnant
3. Total number of
a) Pregnancies
b) Live births
c) Abortions
d) Still births
4. Where did you deliver your last child?
a) Home
b) Clinic
c) Hospital
d) Other, specify
5. If it was at home, who attended the delivery?
6. Did you have any health problems during?
a) Pregnancy
b) Delivery
7. Did you go to nearby health center during pregnancy?
8. If yes for above question, why?
a) Regular check up
b) Health problem, specify
9. Did you take any precaution during pregnancy in the following areas?
a) In the kind of work, you do. If yes specify
b) In hygiene
c) In nutrition
 Are there forbidden foods?

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  If yes, list them
 Do you know why they are forbidden?
d) Do you make any special preparations before pain starts that would make
delivery easier? And if yes, mention them
Part 8 Childcare practice
1) When do you wash the child after birth?
2) When do you start breast feeding after birth?
3) For how long do you breast feed the child?
4) At what age do you start complementary feeding?
5) Are there forbidden foods for infants?
A. Yes
B. No
6) If yes to above question, why?
7) Are there recommended foods for infants?
A. Yes
B. No
8) If yes to above question, why?
9) If yes to question number 7, mention them
10) Do you use bottle for feeding your child?
11) Does your under 5 child attend children’s clinic for checkup? If yes, where?
12) Which of the following do you practice on your children?
A. Female circumcision
B. Extraction of milk teeth
C. Uvula cutting
D. Other, specify
E. None

Part 9 prevalence of communicable and non -communicable disease

4.1 Was there any malarial infection in the last 12 months (yes, no?)
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4.2 If yes

a) Sex (male, female)

d) Age (<1, 1-5, 5-18, >18)
e) Days lost because of illness (<3 days, 3-7 days, >7 days)
f) Did the person seek any help? (yes, no)
g) If yes, where? (health institution, traditional healer, home level self-treatment, religious
treatment, others)
4.3 Mechanism of prevention that you have used?
a) Mosquito netting over beds (yes.no)
b) Removal of stagnant water from environment (ye.no)

4.1 Was there any measles infection in the last 12 months (yes, no?)

4.5 If yes

a) Sex (male, female)

b) Age (<1, 1-5, 5-18, >18)
c) Days lost because of illness (<3 days, 3-7 days, >7 days)
d) Did the person seek any help? (Yes, no)
If yes where? (Health institution, traditional healer, home level self-treatment, religious
treatment, others)
4.2 Have you ever take a vaccine for measles(yes.no)

4.6 If ye
a) Duration of vaccination (1st dose.>1st dose)
b) Place of vaccination ( health center, community health post, hospital, home)

4.7 Was there any non-communicable infection in the last 12 months (diabetes, genetic
disorder, cancer, hypertension, mental illness)

4.8 If yes
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 a) Sex (male, female)
b) Age (<1, 1-5, 5-18, >18)
c) Did you visit health center(yes, no)

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