Power Plant Engineering

Grading System
𝑃𝐺 = [((𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.3) + (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1) + (𝑆𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1)) + (𝑃𝐸 𝑥 0.5)]

𝑀𝐺 = 1/3 𝑃𝐺 + 2/3[((𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.3) + (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1) + (𝑆𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1)) + (𝑀𝐸 𝑥 0.5)]

𝐹𝐺 = 1/3 𝑀𝐺 + 2/3[(0.6(𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.3) + (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1) + (𝑆𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 0.1)) + (𝐹𝐸 𝑥 0.5)) + (0.4 𝑥 𝑂𝐵 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡)]
Introduction to Power Plant Engineering
What is Power Plant?
A power plant is an assembly of systems or subsystems that generates
electricity (i.e., power with economy and requirements)
The power plant itself must be useful economically as well as
environmentally friendly to the society.
A power plant may be defined as a machine or assembly of equipment
that generates and delivers a flow of mechanical or electrical energy.
The main equipment for the generation of electric power is a generator.
Once it is coupled to a prime mover that runs the generator, the
electricity is generated. The type of prime move determines the type of
power plant.
Classification of Power Plant (Conventional)

✓Steam Engines Power Plant

✓Steam Turbine Power Plant
✓Diesel Power Plant
✓Gas Turbine Power Plant
✓Hydro-Electric Power Plant
✓Nuclear Power Plant
Classification of Power Plant (Non - Conventional)
✓Thermoelectric Generator
✓Thermo-ionic Generator
✓Fuel-cells Power Plant
✓Photovoltaic Solar Cells Power System
✓ Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Plant
✓Biogas, Biomass Energy Power system
✓Geothermal Energy
✓Wind Energy Power System
✓Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
✓Wave and Tidal Wave
✓Energy Plantation Scheme
Major Types of Power Plant
1. Steam power plant
2. Diesel power plant
3. Gas turbine power plant
4. Nuclear power plant
5. Hydro-electric power plant

The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power Plant, Gas Turbine Power Plant
and Nuclear Power Plant are called THERMAL POWER PLANT, because
these types of Power Plant converts heat into electric energy.
Power Plant Fundamentals
• Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light.
The equation for work is the force, which is the mass time the gravity times
the distance.
• Heat is the ability to change the temperature of an object or phase of a
substance. For example, heat changes solid into a liquid or liquid into
vapor.
• Power is the rate doing work. Energy is thus required to produce power.
We need energy to run power plants and generate electricity. We need
power to run our appliances at home. Without energy we would not have
electricity.
• The units of power are watts, joules per second, and horsepower
• 1 Watt = 1 joule per second
• 1 Kilowatt = 1,000 Watts
• 1 Megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts
SOURCES OF ENERGY (to produce power):

• FUELS
• FLOWING STREAMS OF WATER
• OCEAN TIDES AND WAVES
• WIND SOLAR RAYS
• TERRESTRIAL HEAT
• ATOMIC NUCLEI
Power Plant
A machine or assemblage of equipment installed for the production
and delivery of a flow of mechanical and electrical energy. It is
permanently located on some chosen site which receives raw energy in
the form of substance capable of being operated on in such a way as to
produce electrical energy from the power plant.
Power Plant Engineering
The art of selecting and placing the necessary power generating
equipment so that a maximum return will result from a minimum of
expenditure over the working life of the plant and the operation of the
completed plant in a manner to provide cheap, reliable and continuous
service.

Two types of Power Plant (according to service):

1. Public Utility Power Plant
2. Industrial Power Plant
Elements of an Electric Power System
Variable Load

The load on a power station varies from time to time due

to uncertain demands of consumers. Energy demand of
one consumer at any given time is distinct from the energy
demand of another consumer.
Terms & Factors
• Load Curve of power vs. time - shows the value of a specific load each unit
of period covered.
• Load Duration Curve - a curve showing the total time within a specific
period during which the load equaled or exceeded the power values shown.
• Connected Load - the sum of the continuous rating of the load consuming
apparatus connected to the system under considerations.
• Peak Load - Maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of
units in a stated period of time
• Reserve – Over – Peak (ROP) - The difference between the capacity of a
plant to the maximum or peak load
Purposes of a Load Curve
✓To determine the capacity of the plant
✓To determine the rate
✓For financial study
✓For records of operation
 UNITLESS
Load Factor (LF) ALWAYS LESS THAN 1

It is defined as the ratio of the average load to the peak load during a
certain prescribed period of time. The load factor of a power plant
should be high so that the total capacity of the plant is utilized for the
maximum period that will result in lower cost of the electricity being
generated. It is always less than unity.
LF = 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒/𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where: 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒 = Average Load
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥= Maximum Load or Peak Load
Utility Factor (UF)
It is the ratio of the units of electricity generated per year to the
capacity of the plant installed in the station. It can also be defined as
the ratio of maximum demand of a power station to the rated capacity
of the power station.

UF = 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝
Where: 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum Load
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝 = rated capacity
Demand Factor
The actual maximum demand of a consumer is always less than his
connected load since all the appliances in his residence will not be in
operation at the same time or to their fullest extent. This ratio of' the
maximum demand of a system to its connected load is termed as
demand factor. It is always less than unity.

De𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 / 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Diversity Factor
The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demand to the
maximum simultaneous demand of the total group is known as diversity
factor. The diversity factor between customers gives numerical expression to
the ratio of the sum of the individual peaks to their joint peak load. It is
always greater than unity. High load and diversity factors are desirable
qualities.

DIV. F = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 max 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 max 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

Note: Diversity Factor is always > 1.

Plant Capacity Factor (CF)
Since the load and diversity factors are not involved with the reserve
capacity of the plant or system, a factor is needed which will measure
the reserve, likewise the degree of utilization of the installed
equipment. This need is met by the plant capacity factor, which is
defined as the actual energy production divided by the maximum
possible energy that might have been produced during the same
period. Simply, it is the ratio of the average loads on a machine or
equipment to the rating of the machine or equipment, for a certain
period of time considered.

CF = 𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒/𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝acity
Output Factor, OUT F or Plant Use Factor, USE F
A modification of capacity factor is obtained by using only the actual number
of hours the plant was in operation. This is the plant use factor which is the
annual kilowatt hours production divided by the kilowatts of capacity times
the number of hours the power plant was in operation.

OUT F or USE F = 𝐸/𝐸′

Where:
E = actual number of kilowatt hours produced
E’ = rated cap x h’
h’ = actual hours in operation
h’’ = hours not in use
h = h’ + h’’
Plant Operating Factor
Plant Operating Factor It is the ratio of the duration during which the
plant is in actual service, to the total duration of the period of time
considered

Operation Factor = 𝒉′/𝒉

1. A daily load curve exhibited a 15-min peak of 5,880 kW and shows
an average load of 2,330 kW. What load factor will be found based
on the 15-min peak.
2. A central station is supplying energy through two substations. One
substation feed four distributing circuits and the the other six. The
maximum daily recorded demands are: power station, 12000 kW;
substation A, 6000 kW; feeders on SSA: #1,1700 kW; #2, 1800 kW;
#3, 2800 kW; #4,600 kW; substation B,9000 kW; feeders on SSB: #1,
620 kW; #2, 1500 kW;#3,1000kW; #4,2900 kW; #5,2200 kW;
#6,3000 kW.
Calculate the diversity factor between: a. Feeders on SSA;
b. Feeders on SSB; c. Substations
3. Given a load factor of 0.48; installed capacity of 35000 kW; reserve
over peak of 3000 kW; and the number of hours that it is out of service
per year is 410. Find the capacity and use factors.

Given: LF = 0.48
Installed cap. (rated cap.) = 35 000 KW
ROP = 3 000 KW Period:
Year (h = 8 760 hrs.)
ℎ ′′ = 410 hrs.

Required: Capacity Factor and Use Factor

4. The annual duration curve of a power station can be considered as a
straight line from 20,000 kW to 3,000 kW. To meet this load; two
10,000 kW and one 5,000 kW units are installed.

Determine:
a.Installed capacity;
b.Maximum load;
c.Load factor;
d.Capacity factor;
e.Utilization factor;
f. Reserve over peak
5. A 100 MW capacity power plant experiences linear changes in load such that
the daily loads are described as follows: 12 MN = 20 MW, 2 AM = 10 MW,
6 AM = 10 MW, 8 AM = 50 MW, 12NN = 50 MW, 12:30 PM = 40 MW,
1 PM = 50 MW, 5 PM = 50 MW, 6 PM = 70MW, 12 MN = 20 MW.

Plot the daily load curve and determine

a) Load Factor
b) Capacity Factor
c) Output Factor
d) Operating Factor
6. The max demand of a powerplant is 15 MW w/ annual factors as
follows: load capacity, 40%; USE F, 45%. Determine the no. of days the
station was not used.

7. A powerplant has a quarterly energy output of 11,100,000 Kw-hr. Its

utilization factor is 80% and the reserve over and above the peak load
is 4,000 KW. Calculate the rated capacity and load factor.

8. The daily power production schedule of a power station of 100 MW

capacity are as follows: 100 MW for 2 hrs.; 50 MW for 6 hrs.; remaining
hrs. of the day. Thus, the power station will also be shut off 15 days a
year for maintenance reason. Determine the daily and annual load
factor of the power station.
9. A substation supplies power by four feeders to its
consumers. Feeder no. 1 supplies six consumers whose
individual daily maximum demands are 70 kW, 90 kW, 20 kW,
50 kW, 10 kW and 20 kW while the maximum demand on the
feeder is 200 kW. Feeder no. 2 supplies four consumers whose
daily maximum demands are 60 kW, 40 kW, 70 kW and 30 kW,
while the maximum demand on the feeder is 160 kW. Feeder
nos. 3 and 4 have a daily maximum demand of 150 kW and
200 kW respectively while the maximum demand on the
station is 600 kW. Determine the diversity factors for feeder
no. 1. feeder no. 2 and for
the four feeders.
10. The yearly load duration curve of a certain power station
can be approximated as a straight line ; the maximum and
minimum loads being 80 MW and 40 MW respectively. To
meet this load, three turbine generator units, two rated at 20
MW each and one at 10 MW are installed.
Determine the following:
(i) installed capacity;
(ii) plant factor;
(iii) kWh output per year; and
(iv) load Factor.