EEE130

LECTURE 3 – CIRCUIT
THEOREMS

Prepared by:

Engr. Rogelio F. Bersano Jr.

Outline
❖ Linearity Property

❖ Superposition

❖ Source Transformation

❖ Thevenin’s Theorem

❖ Norton’s Theorem

❖ Maximum Power Transfer

A large complex Simplify circuit
circuits analysis

Circuit
Theorems

▪ Linearity Property
▪ Superposition
▪ Source Transformation
▪ Thevenin’s Theorem
▪ Norton’s Theorem
Linearity
Linearity
Linearity
Linearity
Example 1: For the circuit given below, find Io when
vs=12 V and vs =24 V.
Superposition
Superposition
Application of Superposition
How to turn off independent sources
Superposition
Example 2: Use the superposition theorem to find v
in the circuit below.
Superposition
Example 2: Solution

Since there are two independent sources, let

𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2

where 𝑣1 voltage contribution due to 6V voltage source

𝑣2 voltage contribution due to 3A current source

Superposition
Example 2: Solution
I. Kill the 3A current source

Using voltage division,

4 4∗6
𝑣1 = 𝑥 𝑉𝑠 = v1
8+4 8+4

𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐 𝑽
Superposition
Example 2: Solution
II. Kill the 6V voltage source

Solve for the parallel combination of 8Ω

and 4Ω,
−1
1 1 8∗4 8
𝑅𝑡 = + = = Ω
8 4 8+4 3

Solve for v2,

8 Therefore,
𝑣2 = 𝑅𝑡 ∗ 𝐼𝑠 = ∗3
3
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 8 + 2
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟖 𝑽
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑽 Ans
Superposition
Example 3: Find Io in the circuit given below using
superposition.
Superposition
Example 3: Solution

Since there are two independent sources, let

𝑖0 = 𝑖0 ′ + 𝑖0 ′′

where 𝑖0 ′ current contribution due to 4A current source

𝑖0 ′′ current contribution due to 20V voltage source

Example 3: Solution
I. Kill 20V voltage source
For mesh 1, 𝑖1 = 𝐼𝑠 = 4 𝐴

For mesh 2,
(3.1)

For mesh 3,
(3.2)
KCL at node 0
(3.3)

Substitute eqn 3.3 to eqn 3.1 and 3.2

Solve for 𝑖0 ′
Example 3: Solution
II. Kill 4A current source
For mesh 4,
(3.4)
For mesh 5,
(3.5)

But, . Substitute this to eqn 3.4

and 3.5 gives us,

Solve the two (2) simultaneous eqns,

Therefore,
52 60 −8
𝑖0 = 𝑖0 ′ + 𝑖0 ′′ = − = 𝑜𝑟 − 0.4706 𝐴
17 17 17
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
Example 4: Use source transformation to find vo in
the circuit below.
Example 4: Solution
Transform the current and voltage sources Simplify this circuit

Solve for v0

8∗2
𝑣0 = 8||2 ∗ 𝐼𝑠 = ∗ 2 = 3.2 𝑉
8+2
Source Transformation
Example 5: Find vx in the circuit below using source
transformation.
Example 5: Solution
vx

0.25vx +7.5 0.25vx +4.5

Solve for vx

𝑣𝑥 = 0.8 ∗ 𝑖 = 0.8 0.25𝑣𝑥 + 7.5 = 0.2𝑣𝑥 + 6

𝒗𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝑽
Example 5: Solution using Nodal Analysis
KCL at the center node,

𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 − 6 𝑣𝑥 − 18
+ + − 0.25𝑣𝑥 = 0
2 2 4

1 1 1 6 18
𝑣𝑥 + + − 0.25 = +
2 2 4 2 4

𝒗𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝑽
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Thevenin’s theorem
Example 6: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
the circuit shown below, to the left of the terminals a-
b. Then find the current through RL = 6,16, and 36 Ω.
Example 6: Solution
I. Find Rth
Kill all independent sources, II. Find Vth or VOC
Open circuit the terminal a-b,

4 ∗ 12 KCL at top center node,

𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 4||12 + 1 = +1
4 + 12 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑡ℎ − 32
+ =2
12 4
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟒 𝜴
1 1 32
𝑉𝑡ℎ + = 2+
12 4 4

𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝟑𝟎 𝐕
Example 6: Solution
The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
When RL = 6 Ω

𝟑𝟎
𝒊𝑳 = =𝟑𝑨
𝟒+𝟔

When RL = 16 Ω

𝟑𝟎
𝒊𝑳 = = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑨
𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔
Find iL
When RL = 36 Ω
𝑉𝑇𝐻 30
𝑖𝐿 = =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿 4 + 𝑅𝐿 𝟑𝟎
𝒊𝑳 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑨
𝟒 + 𝟑𝟔
Thevenin’s theorem
Example 7: Find the Thevenin equivalent of the
circuit shown below at terminals a-b.

1 2
Example 7: Solution
I. Find Rth
Kill all independent sources and apply
a 12V voltage source at terminal a-b.
KCL at SN
SN
𝑣𝑥 𝑣2 𝑣2 − 12 𝑣2
𝑖0 + + =0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑥 =
4 6 2 3
1 1 1
𝑣2 + + =6, 𝑣2 = 8 𝑉
12 6 2

𝑣0 − 𝑣2 12 − 8
𝑖0 = = =2𝐴
0 2 2

From the SN, Solve for RTH

2𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑣0 12
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = =
𝑖0 2
𝑣2
𝑣𝑥 =
3 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟔 𝜴
Example 7: Solution
II. Find Vth or VOC
KCL at SN
SN 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑂𝐶 𝑣𝑂𝐶
+ =5 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑥 =
4 6 3
1 1
𝑣𝑂𝐶 + =5
12 6
𝑣𝑂𝐶
𝒗𝑶𝑪 = 𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑽

From the SN,

2𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑂𝐶 − 𝑣𝑥 The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

𝑣𝑂𝐶
𝑣𝑥 =
3
Thevenin’s theorem
Example 8: Determine the Thevenin equivalent
circuit in Fig(a).
Example 8: Solution
The circuit is dead since no
independent source is connected in
the given circuit. Therefore, VTH = 0

Add an independent source at terminal a-b

is
The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖4Ω + 𝑖2Ω + 2𝑖𝑥

4 4 −4
𝑖𝑠 = + +2 = −1 𝐴
4 2 2
𝑣𝑠 4
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = =
𝑖𝑠 −1

𝑹𝑻𝑯 = −𝟒 𝜴
Norton’s theorem
Norton’s theorem

Norton equivalent circuit.

Norton’s theorem
Norton’s theorem
Example 9: Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the
circuit shown below.
Example 9: Solution
I. Find RN
Kill all independent sources,

II. Find IN or ISC

Short circuit the terminal a-b,

20 ∗ 5 isolated
𝑅𝑁 = 8 + 4 + 8 ||5 =
20 + 5
𝑹𝑵 = 𝟒 𝜴 For mesh 1, 𝑖1 = 2 𝐴
For mesh 2,

Solve for 𝑖2

𝒊𝟐 = 𝟏 𝑨 = 𝒊𝑺𝑪 = 𝑰𝑵
Example 9: Solution
The Norton Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s theorem
Example 9: Using Norton’s theorem, find RN and IN of
the circuit shown below at terminals a-b.
Example 9: Solution
I. Find RN
Kill all independent sources,

II. Find IN or ISC

Short circuit the terminal a-b,

Since the 4Ω resistor is isolated,

therefore 𝑖𝑥 = 0

𝑹𝑵 = 𝟓 𝜴 KCL at node a,
10 10
𝐼𝑁 = 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑖5Ω = 2 +
4 5
𝑰𝑵 = 𝟕𝑨
Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum Power Transfer
Example 10: Find the value of RL for maximum
power transfer in the circuit shown below. Find the
maximum power.
Example 10: Solution II. Find Vth or VOC
Open circuit the terminal a-b,
I. Find Rth 1 2 3
Kill all independent sources,

𝑉1 = 12 𝑉 , 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉3
KCL at node 2
𝑉2 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 12 𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑇𝐻
+ + = + + =0
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = (6| 12 + 3 + 2 12 6 3 12 6 3
1 1 1 𝑉𝑇𝐻 7𝑉2 𝑉𝑇𝐻
6 ∗ 12 𝑉2 + + − =2 , − =2 (1)
12 6 3 3 12 3
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = +5
6 + 12 KCL at node 3
𝑉𝑇𝐻 − 𝑉2 −𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6 (2)
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟗 𝛀 =2 ,
3
Solve for the simultaneous eqns (1) & (2)

𝑉2 = 16 𝑉 𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝟐𝟐 𝑽
Example 10: Solution
The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Solve for maximum power transfer,
9Ω
𝑉𝑇𝐻 2 222
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
4𝑅𝑇𝐻 4 ∗ 9
22 V
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾

To achieve maximum power transfer, RL

should be equal to RTH.

𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟗 𝛀