General and bioorganic chemistry department

International medical institute

Basic concepts and laws of chemistry.

Solutions composition

@ assistant professor
Grigorieva T.M.
Kursk - 2023
 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
IN EVERYDAY LIFE AND MEDICINE?
 Everything is made of chemicals; Many of the
changes you observe in the world around you are
caused by chemical reactions;
 Many industries are chemical-base like food,
petroleum, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, etc.
 Your body is made up of chemical compounds,
which are combinations of elements.
 Chemistry is necessary for the creation and
improvement of drugs
 Chemistry is important in medicine because most
diseases, injuries, and treatments involve
chemicals and chemical processes
• Main term and concepts of chemistry
• Atom is the smallest particle of an element which
cannot be divided by chemical reaction.
• The word "atom" has a Greek origin from the verb
"temnein" meaning "to cut.“ Thus atom means
something that is indivisible.
Molecule is the smallest particle of substance which has
all of its properties. Molecules are two or more atoms
combined together. Molecules have bonds between
atoms
 CLASSIFYING THE ELEMENTS: THE PERIODIC

Prentice-Hall © 2002
LAW AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

General Chemistry: Chapter 10

 1869, Dimitri
Mendeleev
Lother Meyer

When the elements are arranged in order of

increasing atomic mass, certain sets of
properties recur periodically.
HOW DO YOU READ THE PERIODIC TABLE?
 Amount of substance (mole)
The mole is an amount of substance that
contains the same number of specific
particles as there are carbon-12 atoms in
exactly 12 g of carbon-12 isotope.
Mass of a mole of any substance called
Molar mass (abbreviation M)
The units of molar mass is g/mol
 Mole can be calculated by the next
formulas:
m
n STP –standard
M temperature and
pressure conditions
V
n (only at S.T.P.) 1 mol of gas occupies
VM VM (molar volume) is
22,4 liters

N (number of particles)
n
N A (6.02  10 )
23

NA – Avogadro
constant
EXCISES
1. Find how many moles in 100 gr of SiO2
n=100/60 = 1,67 moles
2. Calculate how many molecules in 2,56 gr of S8

n =2,56/257 = 0,01 mole

N = 0,01 X 6,02X1023 = 6,02X1021
 STP
• Gas properties depend on conditions.
• Define standard conditions of
temperature and pressure (STP).

P = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg= 101.325 kPa = 101325 Pa

T = 0°C = 273 K
 Combining the Gas Laws:
General gas equation
( or Clapeyron –Mendeleev law)

• Boyle’s law V  1/P nT

• Charles’s law V T V 
P
• Avogadro’s law V  n

PV = nRT
 The Gas Constant
PV = nRT
PV
R=
nT
R = 0.082057 L atm mol-1 K-1
R = 8.3145 m3 Pa mol-1 K-1
R = 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1
R = 62.363 67 L mmHg K-1mol-1
 Mass Determination

PV = nRT m
and n=
M
m
PV = RT
M
Excises
The vital capacity of lungs is 4 liters of air.
The exhaled air contains 16% of oxygen.
Calculate the mass of this gas at the
temperature of 37°C and pressure 1 atm.
A solution is a homogenous mixture (Uniform
throughout) of 2 or more substances
The solute is the substance present in the smaller amount
The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

For quantitative expression of solutions composition used a

fraction of component and various kinds of concentration.
FRACTION OF COMPONENT
Mass fraction. (Percent by Mass)

mass of solute
ω= x 100%
mass of solute + mass of solvent
mass of solute x 100%
=
mass of solution
Example:
Calculate the mass fraction of sodium chloride
solution if 20 g of sodium chloride dissolve in 80 g of
water.
 Example: Calculate the mass fraction of sodium chloride solution if 20 g
of sodium chloride dissolve in 80 g of water.

20 20
Mass fraction.    0,2
80  20 100

0,2* 100% = 20%

20% solution , it means that 20 g of solute

you can find into 100 g of solution
 Mole Fraction (X)

moles of solute
X=
moles of solute + moles of solvent

Example:
Calculate the molar fraction of 20 % of sodium
chloride solution (NaCl).
 Example:
Calculate the molar fraction of 20 % of sodium chloride solution (NaCl).

in 100 g of solution keeping 20 g NaCl and 80 g Н2О

20
nNaCl  58  0.34
80
nH 2O  18  4,44
0,34 0,34
   0,07
0,34  4,44 4,78
Volume fraction

Vs te

Vs on

Example:
to 50 g of С2H5OH (d =0,91 g / ml) is added to 100.0 ml of Н2О
and have received solution with density 0,98 g/ml. Calculate
the volume fraction of this solution.
Volume fraction
Example:
to 50 g of С2H5OH (ρ =0,91 g / ml) is added to 100.0 ml of Н2О and have received
solution with density 0,98 g/ml? Calculate the volume fraction of this solution.
m 50
V    55ml
d 0.91 V H O  mH O
2 2

Find mass of received solution 50 g + 100 g = 150 g

And volume of received solution V = 150 g/0,98 g/ml =

153 ml

55
  0,36
153
 Concentration Units
Molarity (C) – molar concentration
moles of solute Mole/Liter (M)
C=
liters of solution
Molality (B)
moles of solute
B = Mole/kg
mass of solvent (kg)

Mass concentration (P)

m s  te
P g/L
V s on
Calculate molality of 10 % of sodium hydroxide
solution (NaOH)

10 % is 10 g NaOH into 100 g of solution,

solvent is 100-10=90 g = 0,09 kg

B
n ( NaOH )  m ( NaOH )  10 g
 2,78
g
m ( H O ) M * m( H O ) 40 mol * 0,09
2 2

Mole/kg