COURSE:

KKKH3113 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

SEMESTER 1

2021/2022

TITLE:

WATER RETICULATION PIPE DESIGN REPORT

LECTURERS:

DR. WAN HANNA MELINI BINTI WAN MOHTAR

DR. IRFANA BINTI KABIR AHMAD

GROUP 6 MEMBER’S NAME:

SYED FAKHRUL BAKHTIAR BIN SYED AHMAD SHAFRIZAL (A180012)

NURUL ANIS SHAHIRA BINTI MOHD NOOR (A180041)

AIMAN BASYIR BIN WAHID (A180025)

ASMIAHTI BINTI JUNAIDI (A180044)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO CONTENTS PAGE

1 Introduction 2

2 Problem Statement 3-5

3 Objectives 6

4 Basic Design Consideration 7-8

5 Design Equation 9

6 Example Design Calculation 10-17

7 Results 18-21

8 Conclusion 22

9 References 23

1
INTRODUCTION
This project is an integrated project of reticulation pipe and sewer network design for
a small population area, made compulsory to the third year student (session 2019/2020)
undertaking the course of Water Supply and Sewerage System (KH3113). This project is
under the supervision of Prof Madya Dr Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar and Dr Irfana Binti
Kabir Ahmad.
Water reticulation systems are water distribution networks which have to be collected
and then treated before distributed to the consumer. Nowadays, water systems are often
distributed via an infrastructure comprised of pipes made of materials such as plastic, metal,
or even concrete. Water is typically conveyed to its destination using pressure and the energy
generated by that pressure. These delivery networks are usually owned by local governments.
Before installation, the system must be designed and planned by municipal planners, city
engineers, and consultants who are paid to work out every detail of the system. The size of
the pipes to be utilised, the position of the pipe, plans for future extension, calculation of the
possibility of leakage, various pressure variables, and how close these systems are to fire
departments are all factors to consider while implementing the system.
Another consideration when planning and developing the system is the volume of
water necessary. Water travels with the assistance of energy and must overcome any
resistance encountered when shifting heights. The system's materials, such as the pumps,
tanks, and other components, are easily interchangeable. Buried pipelines are used for a
longer time period. PVC, polythene, galvanised and/or black steel, and copper are common
materials utilised in the construction of these systems. In addition, to minimise leakage or
inconsistent water supply, the system must be regularly monitored and examined by
maintenance to ensure pressure consistency and water quality.

2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
To ensure the water continuously distributed among the site area, the water
reticulation need to be design by calculating the expected amount of water needed by
different type of premises such as high-rise condominium, terrace house, school, shopping
centre, low rise apartment, hospital, recreational park and industrial park that shown in the
Figure 1.
In this project, we had to create water reticulation systems based on the city's
information, including the facility's location, its topography, its contributing regions, and the
height of the ground surface (see Figure 1). To optimise the pressure and velocity of the water
flow, the pipeline network is stimulated using hydraulic software. The Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara's Uniform Technical Guidelines for Water Reticulation and
Plumbing Guideline should be followed when designing water reticulation systems (SPAN).

Figure 1 ( Group 3)

3
Table 1: Given information on street length, contributing area and ground surface elevation of
sewer network area

4
Table 2: Population density base on type of area

5
OBJECTIVES
1. To ensure the layout, shape, pipe size and pump power works effectively supply the
water around the area.
2. To ensure the operation and distribution systems such as pumping stations, pipe
networks and storage tanks can distribute the water needed in different types of
premises in the site area.
3. To allow the pipes, valves, and pumps to be easily maintained.
4. To make sure the reticulation systems are economical and long-lasting.
5. To ensure the customers are satisfied to receive good water quality with a good water
pressure.

6
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATION
1. Water Demand
The water reticulation system is designed based on the Uniform Technical Guidelines
Water Reticulation and Plumbing Guideline issued by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air
Negara (SPAN).

7
2. Location
The topography shown in Table 1 is used to build the water reticulation system.
Shape, pipe size, and pump power are chosen in accordance with the daily water
demand. The storage tanks, pipe networks, and pumping stations are situated in
suitable or high elevation areas. The installation of the pipes should be done in a place
that is economically accessible for maintenance tasks.

3. Distance
Supply lines and exterior reticulation networks should be routed as far away from the
crest of an engineered slope or retaining structure as practicable, particularly if trench
excavation is necessary. Water-carrying underground pipelines often shouldn't be
installed within a slope. Pipelines must be placed at least as far away from the slope
crest horizontally as the slope is tall vertically. If this requirement cannot be reached,
steps must be taken to reduce any potential negative consequences of leakage on slope
stability.

4. Flow rate
Water is meant to flow in a gravitational pull process, starting at higher elevations and
moving downward. When constructing exterior reticulation, the peak flow should be
2.5 times the daily average flow of water demand in compliance with the Uniform
Technical Guidelines for Water Reticulation and Plumbing.

5. Material and Size of Pipe

Assume all the pipes to have a minimum diameter of 100 mm (Uniform
Technical Guidelines Water Reticulation and Plumbing Guideline). The pipe's
diameter will be adjusted to ensure the velocity in the pipe in range.
Material of pipe. Depending on the soil types and laying conditions, the pipe material
is placed. PVC pipes were chosen for this project. PVC pipes provide an obvious
environmental advantage over conventional materials, which is a benefit. PVC pipes
are very resilient, need little upkeep, and are readily recyclable. The second kind of
pipe we pick has a Hazen-Williams coefficient of 100 and is made of ductile iron.
Additionally, ductile iron is appropriate for use in all laying conditions.

8
DESIGN EQUATION

1. Daily Water Demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛 = (𝑃 × 𝐶 × 𝐹) + 𝐷𝑛

2. Peak Water Demand = 𝑊𝑑𝑛 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

3. Hazen-Williams Equation;
𝑛
a. Head loss, ℎ𝐿 = 𝑘𝑄 , where n=1.85
2.63 0.54
b. 𝑄 = 0. 279𝐶𝐷 𝑆
1

c. 𝑆(𝑚/𝑚) = 𝑆 0.54

d. ℎ = 𝑆(𝑚/𝑚) × 𝐿(𝑚)

4. Hardy-Cross Method;
−Σℎ
a. Correction factor, ∆𝐿 = ℎ
1.85(Σ 𝑄 )

b. 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 + ∆𝑄

𝑄
5. Velocity, 𝑉 = 𝐴

9
EXAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATION
1. High-rise condominium
Density = 8500 / units
Average daily water demand = 2000 L / unit.day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 8500 units × 2000 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 17000000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 17000000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 11. 8056 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 11. 8056 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 29.5139 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

2. Terrace houses 1 ; single storey house

Density = 1500 / units
Average daily water demand = 1300 L / unit.day
Daily water demand,𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1500 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1300 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1950000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1950000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

3. School
Density = 3600 / students
Average daily water demand = 50 L / student.day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 3600 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 50 𝐿/ 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 180000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 180000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 0. 125 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 0. 125 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 0. 3125 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

10
 3
Fire demand = 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 3
Total water demand = 0. 3125 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1. 3125 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

4. Shopping centre
2
Density = 14800 / 𝑚
2
Average daily water demand = 1000 / 100 𝐿/𝑚 .day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛
2 2
(
= 14800 𝑚 × 1000 / 100 𝐿/𝑚 . 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 148000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦 )
3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 148000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 0. 1028 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 0. 1028 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 0. 2569 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

3
Fire demand = 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 3
Total water demand = 0. 2569 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1. 2569 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

5. Low-rise apartment 1
Density = 1200 / units
Average daily water demand = 1500 L / unit.day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1200 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1500 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1800000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1800000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 25 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 25 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 1250 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

6. Hospital
Density = 1500 / beds
Average daily water demand = 1500 L / bed.day

11
 Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1500 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1500 𝐿/𝑏𝑒𝑑. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 2250000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 2250000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 5625 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 5625 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 9063 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

3
Fire demand = 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 3
Total water demand = 3. 9063 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.. 9063 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

7. Terrace houses 2 ; single storey house

Density = 1500 / units
Average daily water demand = 1300 L / unit.day
Daily water demand,𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1500 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1300 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1950000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1950000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

8. Recreational park ;
2
Density of recreational = 2650 𝑚
2
Average daily water demand = 1000 / 100 𝐿/𝑚 .day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛
2 2
= 2650 𝑚 × 1000/100 𝐿/𝑚 . 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 26500 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦
3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 662500 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 0. 0184 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 0. 0184 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 0. 0460 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

12
9. Terrace houses 3 ; single storey house
Density = 1500 / units
Average daily water demand = 1300 L / unit.day
Daily water demand,𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1500 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1300 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1950000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1950000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

10. Low-rise apartment 2

Density = 1200 / units
Average daily water demand = 1500 L / unit.day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1200 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1500 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1800000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1800000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 25 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 25 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 1250 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

11. Terrace houses 4 ; single storey house

Density = 1500 / units
Average daily water demand = 1300 L / unit.day
Daily water demand,𝑊𝑑𝑛

= 1500 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 1300 𝐿/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1950000 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑦

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 1950000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 3541 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 3. 3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

13
 12. Industrial park ;
Density = 3500 / workers
Average daily water demand = 50 L / worker.day
Daily water demand, 𝑊𝑑𝑛

=3500 /workers × 50 L/worker.day = 175000 L/day

3
𝐿 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚 3
= 175000 𝑑𝑎𝑦
× 1440 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
× 1000 𝐿
= 0. 1215 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Peak factor = 2.5

3 3
Peak water demand = 1. 1215 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 2. 5 = 0.3038 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

3
Fire demand = 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 3
Total water demand = 0. 3038 𝑚 + 1 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1. 3038 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Total water demand

𝑊𝑑𝑛high rise condominium + 𝑊𝑑𝑛terrace house 1 + 𝑊𝑑𝑛school + 𝑊𝑑𝑛shopping centre +

𝑊𝑑𝑛low rise apartment + 𝑊𝑑𝑛hospital + 𝑊𝑑𝑛terrace house 2 + 𝑊𝑑𝑛recreational park + 𝑊𝑑𝑛

terrace house 3 + 𝑊𝑑𝑛low apartment 2 + 𝑊𝑑𝑛terrace house 4 + 𝑊𝑑𝑛industrial park

3 3 3 3
= 29.5139 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 3.3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 1.3125 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 1.2569 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 3.1250
3 3 3 3 3
𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 4.9063 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 3.3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 3.1250 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 3.3854 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 1.3038
3
𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3
= 58.1311 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

14
Water Demand Using Excel

15
LOOP RUN CALCULATION
3
All measurements are in 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Example Calculation of Loop

First Run: Line Pipe AB
1. Flow rate, Q
3
Q = 28. 4371 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3
= 28. 4371 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 ÷ 60
3
= 0. 4740 𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

Pipe diameter (Assume) = 0.5m

Pipe length (Assume) = 100m

2. By using Hazen-Williams Equation,

0.54 𝑄 0.4739511
𝑆 = 2.63 = 2.63
0.279×100×𝐷 0.279×100×(0.5)

= 0.1052

1 1

3. S(m/m) = 𝑆 0.54
= 0. 1052 0.54

= 0.0154 m/m

16
4. h(m) = 𝑆(𝑚/𝑚) × 𝐿(𝑚)
= 0. 0154 × 100
= 1.5438 m

5. h / Q ( 3
𝑚
𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 )= 1.63
28.44

= 0.0543

6. ∑ ℎ(𝑚) = − 1. 3696 𝑚

∑
ℎ
𝑄 ( 3
𝑚
𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 0. 5598
−Σℎ
7. Hardy Cross Method, ∆𝑙 = ℎ
1.85(Σ 𝑄 )

−1.3696
=− 1.85×0.5598

=1.3225

𝑄
8. Velocity, 𝑉 = 𝐴

0.4740
=
( )
2
π (0.5)
4

=2.4135 m/s

17
RESULTS
Using Hardy-Cross Method in Excel for Loop Calculation

18
19
Using EPANET

Network Nodes

Network Links

20
Comparison between EPANET and Hardy- Cross Method

Comparison between EPANET and Hardy-Cross Method

Velocity

Pipe Length (m) Hardy-Cross Differences (%)

EPANET
Method

AB 100 2.49 2.50 0.46

BC 91 2.4 2.39 0.41

CD 53 2.11 2.10 0.34

DH 69 1.09 1.12 2.40

HG 100 0.25 0.25 0.92

GF 91 2.16 2.17 0.31

FE 100 0.74 0.74 0.20

EA 69 2.32 2.33 0.23

HL 75 0.21 0.21 1.38

LK 70 0.91 0.93 2.01

KJ 100 1.33 1.34 1.02

JI 100 1.78 1.79 0.74

IE 100 0.87 0.88 0.70

21
CONCLUSION
Piping design is an important part of engineering projects and industrial plants. Pipe
engineering is the discipline of constructing efficient piping operations that securely convey
fluids and gases across industrial plants. A well-designed piping system can maximise space
use, ease construction, simplify maintenance and accessibility, and increase overall piping
system performance. As engineers, we can design the water reticulation system based on the
data provided, such as the height of the area and the distance between each location. We must
build water reticulation systems based on the distance, density, and water demand in the
region depicted in Figure 1. The water reticulation system must be both cost-effective and
rational. The diameter of the main pipe is considered to be 1m, while the diameter of the
other pipes is assumed based on their condition.
In this pipe reticulation, we did not use a pump in this pipe reticulation since we rely
on gravity to allow the water flow naturally. We also provide a loop system within the pipes
to transfer water to the consumer. Depending on the elevation, water moves in either a
negative or positive direction. Furthermore, we can determine the peak water demand for
3
each location, and the total water demand is 58.13𝑚 /𝑚𝑖𝑛.
The goal of constructing a water reticulation system is to guarantee that the layout,
shape, pipe size, and power pump adequately supply water across the area. Furthermore, this
system ensures that water distribution systems such as pumping stations, pipe networks, and
storage tanks can distribute water in various sorts of premises. In addition, the system allows
the pipes, valves, and pumps to be easily maintained.
The Hardy-Cross Method can be used to calculate the velocity of water flow in a
conduit. We compared velocity in this project utilising EPANET software and excel. We used
Excel to incorporate the Hardy Method formula, and the calculation was repeated six times.
In addition, the area's information (diameter, length, and base demand) was entered into the
EPANET and run. The value of velocity in software EPANET was compared to the sixth run
of excel. It turns out that all the differential values are within the 15% range. The comparison
between the software EPANET and the Hardy-Cross Method is slightly the same.

22
REFERENCES
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Technologies. (2017, November 14). CADE Engineered Technologies.

https://cadeengineering.com/engineering-services-and-capabilities/plant-engineering-s

ervices/piping-design-stress-analysis/

2. mburns. (2019, September 17). Pipe systems and materials: Design considerations |

Consulting - Specifying Engineer. Consulting - Specifying Engineer.

https://www.csemag.com/articles/pipe-systems-and-materials-design-considerations/

3. FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2 FEEDLOT DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION 14. Water reticulation system. (n.d.).

https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/research-and-development/progra

m-areas/feeding-finishing-and-nutrition/feedlot-design-manual/014-water-reticulation

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