Solar-Powered Electrical Management System: through Wireless Monitoring

Mobile Android Application

Rexi Franz T. Ababa

Mayrie Clarie Macaraig

Sandra A. Pardiñas

Alexandra L. Adap

Glenton P. Bermudo

Prince Benedict DL. Belen

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2

Pili National High School

Pili, Camarines Sur

September 2022
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Every day, people use electricity, one of the most important inventions that

humanity has ever used to speed up and ease their lives. Electricity is used by 90.5% of

the world's population. Over the years, people have always been dependent on

electricity to expedite their daily tasks. However, there are instances where there is no

electricity or there are emergency power outages, which causes people to become

slightly incapacitated of doing something or being unable to perform their tasks

because the majority of their duties require connectivity or the use of electricity, such

as utilizing, operating, or controlling conventional home appliances.

Electric supply is the major reason we are able to work around the clock. It

would be foolish to speculate about life without electricity or electric phenomena. In

fact, without electricity, there would be no life—all living creatures rely on electricity

to send impulses to and from nerves and muscles, Gellings, P.E. (2005). In the absence

of power, most of our domestic appliances would cease to function, industries would

cease to run, and there would be absolute chaos. Basic life activities rely upon through-

the-wires power. Lighting, cooking, heating, grooming, computers, and entertainment

—all require volts and watts, Scott S., Pellman K., (2016).
 The study focused on developing Solar-Powered Electrical Management

System through Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application. In this work,

the advanced automation system is accomplished by utilizing wireless technologies

such as Bluetooth, Android applications, various electrical and electronic components,

and solar panels. And, because the Android smartphone has become the most

extensively used operating system around the globe, and solar energy has emerged as

the best alternative for a clean renewable energy source, this has caused us to base the

study's control terminal on it. With solar energy as an alternative source of energy for

the electrical management system, the automation and wireless technology allow us to

monitor and access home appliances from one location to another, as well as monitor

current electricity consumption without the use of cables in a secure and efficient

manner, even when commercial electricity is not available. In addition, if the device

becomes overloaded, a siren will ring indefinitely unless some appliances are

unplugged from the system.

The advantage of this system is that the elderly and physically disabled could

use a smartphone to operate electrical devices from one place to another, with the

device functioning even in the absence of electricity due to solar power. The main

drawback of conventional home controlled systems is that they require commercial

electricity and the user's mobility, so as time is a valuable resource, everyone wants to

save as much time as they can and be able to control it without having any physical

limitations such as power outages or interruptions.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to make an innovative intervention of Android

Mobile Devices to monitor and manage the installed Solar Power System. Specifically,

it seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the percentage accuracy of Lighting outlet and Convenience Power

Outlet in utilizing wireless monitoring mobile Android monitoring and control

Application?

2. Is there significant difference of using Solar Panel, Power Inverter and Solar

batteries in the stability of the devices?

3. Is there significant relationship between the respondent and researcher results in

the acceptability level of the devices in the implementation of research study?

4. What is the effectiveness level of Solar-Powered Electrical Management

System: through Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application in terms of:

1.1 Functionalities

1.2 Design/Structure

1.3 Safety Measures

5. What is the significant difference between Solar-Powered and Electrical Power

generated by Electric Company in power rating efficiency level ?

6. What are the features of final design after the development of Solar-Powered

Electrical Management System: Application along:

2.1 Hardware Design

2.2 Software Programming Design

7. What is the integration of the device being applied in the subject area as an

instructional learning devices based on k-12 curricullum?

8. What recommendations maybe proposed to enhance the implementation of

Solar-Powered Electrical Management System: through Wireless Monitoring Mobile

Android Application?

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES

From the problems stated above, the following hypotheses were formulated:
PROBLEM2 ONE WAY ANOVA

Ho2: The solar power system has no there significant difference of using Solar Panel,

Power Inverter and Solar batteries in the stability of the devices.

Ha2: The solar power system has there significant difference of using Solar Panel,

Power Inverter and Solar batteries in the stability of the devices.

PROBLEM3   PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION

Ho3: There is no significant relationship between the respondent and researcher

results in the acceptability level of the devices.

Ha3: There is significant relationship between the respondent and researcher results

in the acceptability level of the devices.

PROBLEM5   T- TEST

Ho5: There is no significant difference of between Solar-Powered and Electrical

Power generated by Electric Company in terms of power rating efficiency.

Ha5: There is significant difference of between Solar-Powered and Electrical Power

generated by Electric Company in terms of power rating efficiency.

STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study entitled Solar-Powered Electrical Management System

through Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application is to lessen the use of

electricity by using solar panels and to monitor and control the devices through the use

of smart android applications. This study specifically aims :

(1) To calculate the percentage accuracy of the device for several testing and trials

(2) To test the significant different and relationship of the research variables in the

implementations of Solar-Powered Electrical Management System: through Wireless

Monitoring Mobile Android Application.

(3) To evaluate the level of effectiveness, integration, efficiency level and features

design of the devices.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Users. This will help the users significantly use the device even in the absence of

commercial electricity. This kind of innovation will give them the option to shift from

the use of electricity to solar powered energy through the use of smartphones which

will monitor the device, and this is an Arduino based application.

General Public. This study will help the general public increase their general

knowledge about the advantages of using the device.

Researchers. The result of the study will help the researchers gain knowledge and

understanding on assembling devices. In addition, they will acquire insights on the

intricacies of constructing the device.

School. This study will benefit the school as it helps to lessen the cost of electric bills

and also the safety measure to prevent in fire due to electrical accident.

Industry. This study will helps to automate the operation utilizing android application

for monitoring and control system of electrical equipment.

Community. This study will benefit the community as it helps households to lessen the

cost of electric bills.

Future Researchers. The conclusion and recommendations in the study will help the

future researchers to improve and enhance the current study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research study is focused on solar-powered electrical management

systems through wireless monitoring mobile android applications. This system is

capable of using solar energy as an alternative electric energy resource. This research

study uses a solar panel which can generate 100 watts. It is capable of turning on a

light and an electric fan. Electricity generated by solar panels depends on the size of

the solar panel. Access to direct sunlight is needed for solar panels to perform their

best. The use of solar and electricity can be monitored with the use of mobile android

applications that are programmed with Arduino. The data will be gather FGD,

documentary analysis, simulation test and observation to be conducted by researcher

and additional source of the data gathered by the respondent such as student,

teacher and parents each of the respondent is given survey questionnaire and

interview to answer and measure the effectiveness of the devices. The students

selected came from six different sections to prevent subjective perceptions. Study
 was conducted by the researchers from September 2022 to July 2023 in Pili National

High School, Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Android Application. A software application, a Linux based operating system for

mobile devices.

Arduino. A board or platform for electronics that is open source, as well as the

software that controls it.

Current Sensor. Is a gadget that monitors current and transforms it into an output

voltage that can be measured easily.

Electricity. It is a physical phenomenon with the presence of motion of matter. It’s the

flow of electric energy or power.

Power Inverters. Is an electrical component that converts direct current to alternating

current for use in power electronics.

Siren. Is a tool for warning that produces a loud noise.

Solar Panel. It was built with technology; it absorbs the heat of the sun to create

electricity from its energy.

Wireless Monitoring. The procedure for finding, keeping track of, and evaluating a

network’s wireless devices performance.

 END NOTES

1. Gellings, P.E. (2005). Exploring the Value of Electricity (1st ed.). River

Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003151951

2. Scott S., and Pellman K., Living Without Electricity: Lessons from the Amish.
unabridged

ed., Simon and Schuster, 2016.

https://books.google.com.ph/books?

id=Vl6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=life+without+electricity

&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the related literature and studies correlated to the use of solar

power as an alternative to electricity and monitoring the device through the use of

mobile android applications. It includes the synthesis-state-of-the-art, gap-to-be-

bridged, theoretical and conceptual framework.

Related Literature

The Use of Inverters in Solar Power Plants for Alternating Current Loads

According to Evalina et al., (2021), the utilization of solar energy is very

important to replace fossil energy as a new and renewable power source, and the

realization of the roof as a solar power plant is very possible. Nowadays, the use of

electricity is highly needed in plants and to work the appliances. Using fossils can also

be one of the things needed in alternating the use of electricity. An idea came up to

alternate the current loads and fossils to renewable power energy, the solar power can

lessen the use of those two. Through the help of a solar charge controller, it can avoid

overcharging the battery that the solar panels absorb in sunlight. A battery is a

necessary component for storing the electrical energy produced by solar power plants,

the load can still get alternating current electricity even when there is no sunlight. In

this paper, inverters and solar panels are of important devices for alternating current

loads. Developing an alternative for electricity and non-renewable sources such as

fossils through the use of solar power can lessen the increasing use of electricity and

avoid any effects on the environment. The inverter's electrical voltage output must be

maintained to gain more renewable energy that can be useful.

IoT Based on Solar Panel Monitoring System

According to Gopal et al., (2020), The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the

most important technologies of everyday life, which helps people live smarter. An IoT

is a device, which is used to enable the connection between machines and clouds. It

enables us to monitor the plants through the use of the internet. Nowadays, electricity is

one of the things that is needed for transportation and all home appliances. The use of

electricity is increasing and a way to lessen it is to use renewable power energy. Using

non-renewable sources such as natural gas and fossils can also help to decrease

electrical power use. To overcome the power load and issues with the small supply of

electricity, a proposed study about IoT-based solar panels was introduced. In this paper,

the usage of solar panels is to run home appliances without the use of electricity and

monitor them. This system uses Arduino and converts the electricity into solar energy.

It was very popular as it can be useful to run the devices and monitor them, especially

in plants.

Smart Home-Control and Monitoring System Using Smartphone

Rajeev Piyare and Seong Ro Lee, (2013), The Internet of Things (IoT) can be

described as connecting everyday objects like smartphones, Internet TVs, sensors, and

actuators to the Internet where the devices are intelligently linked together enabling

new forms of communication between things and people, and between things

themselves. IoT technology can also be used to produce a novel idea and a large area
for smart home development to deliver intelligence, and comfort, and to enhance the

quality of life

It presents a low cost for monitoring and controlling the systems in the home through

the use of smartphones. In this paper, the Internet of things helps to effectively monitor

the home and control it through the use of smartphones. This system uses an Android

based smartphone app to access and remotely operate gadgets and appliances via an

integrated micro-web server with IP connectivity. It can secure the safety of the home

and it has a switching functionality that is very useful.

Arduino-Based Solar Tracking System for Energy Improvement Of Pv Solar

Panel

Aigboviosa et al., (2018) state that solar energy nowadays is becoming one of the most

reliable sources of energy as a result of its surplus and environmental benefits. The cost

of living is extremely high, especially in the rural areas of the country, due to the rising

cost of using fossil fuels to generate electricity. The shortage of electricity in some

countries and cities uses nonrenewable sources to supply energy to work their devices.

The fossils became higher and using them had a negative impact on the environment.

It's bad for the health and also for the greenhouse because it causes pollution that may

affect the ecosystem. The risk of using non-renewable sources has a lot of possible

effects so researchers came up with the idea to use solar energy to run all home

appliances. In this paper, using solar energy is the best choice to be an alternative to

using fossils. The sun is the only source of solar energy, hence as a result lacks carbon

dioxide emissions, preventing the greenhouse effect and reducing the usage of fossils

and electricity.
Smart Living Using Bluetooth-Based Android Smartphones

According to Ming Yan and Hao Shi, (2013), Nowadays, smartphones are becoming

more powerful with reinforced processors, larger storage capabilities, richer

entertainment functions, and more communication methods. Bluetooth, which is

mainly used for data exchange, adds new features to smartphones. Using smartphones

is one of the cycle routines of everyone, when waking up, eating and even when

walking on the road smartphones are always in hand. Bluetooth can share and connect

to other smartphones. One link can be used by a host Bluetooth device to communicate

with up to seven Bluetooth modules simultaneously. Given that it typically operates

within eight meters, it is very helpful in the surroundings at home. In this paper, an idea

came up

to propose a study that can help to monitor all home appliances and to ensure safety.

Through the use of Bluetooth based on android smartphones, the control and security

of everyone are made easy because of smartphones.

Dual-axis solar tracker with IoT monitoring system using Arduino.

According to Said et al., (2020). Due to the shortage of electricity, mankind always

looked for the most available and environmentally friendly type of electric power in the

way of development. Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural resources

such as sunlight, wind, tides, hydro, biomass, and geothermal, which are naturally
replenished. Dual-axis solar helps to gather energy through the sunlight to be an

alternative to electricity. In using solar energy there was no harm to the environment,

no pollution, and no effect on the health of every person. In this paper, the purpose of

dual-axis solar is to track the sun and to collect more energy sources so it can run the

devices without using electricity. This system uses PLC, servo motors, worm gears,

photo sensors, encoders, and power relays to develop and complete the solar tracker. It

keeps improving and it helps a lot to gather more energy that will be needed.

IoT-powered wireless home automation system.

Having an automated home is no longer a fancy luxury, but a reality available to a wide

spectrum of consumers, because smart home technologies have replaced those that

previously only automated the home (Mihalache A., 2017). More IoT-based solutions

are being developed to transform homes into smart homes, but the problem is that the

benefits of home automation are still not clear to everyone because they are not

promoted sufficiently, so we cannot speak of a large mass of consumers already using

integrated or DIY solutions to improve their lives. In this study, the researchers will

present a home automation system that uses an Arduino Uno combined with suitable

modules to allow remote control of lights or fans, with modifications made based on

different sensor data. The system is intended to be low-cost and extensible, to bring

accessibility, ease of use, and energy efficiency.

Home Automation System Based on SMS

Iyer et al., (2015) state that home automation utilizing SMS-based technology is a

method of communicating with the home server using GSM technology. The SMS can

be sent from any GSM phone, and the SMS can be received using the GSM module.

The GSM module is linked to the microcontroller. This, in turn, powers numerous
household appliances. This communication is serial, and the serial interface is RS-232.

The system validates the user's identity by accepting a username and password as a new

SMS message. After being authenticated, the user can send text messages to modify

various home parameters. The drawback of the system is that it uses GSM technology

in this fast-paced world where the internet has taken over most forms of

communication. The SMS is subjected to the carrier and in case the user runs out of

balance or moves to a different state where roaming charges are applicable, it would

add to the cost of the user. The system's advantage is the GSM itself, as we do not

require an internet connection, but an interactive user experience cannot be achieved.

Arduino Based Solar Powered Battery Charging System for Rural SHS

According to Kaurbet al., (2016). Solar energy is a clean and renewable power

resource and is on its way to high-level penetration in the world electricity energy

basket. Therefore, one of the critical components in the standalone PV system. And

often the weakest link in PV systems as it influences the maintenance cost and

reliability. The developed solar-powered battery charging system for DC loads has

been designed for use in Solar Home Systems (SHS). Solar energy is a clean and

sustainable form of energy that is quickly becoming a significant portion of the global

electricity energy mix. Solar energy does face several difficulties, including

intermittency, a restricted capacity to dispatch, and non-storability. By including

energy storage systems like batteries to store electrical energy generated by solar

panels while the sun is shining and to provide electricity when the sun is not shining,

non-storability in a solo PV system can be reduced. Therefore, one of the essential

parts of a freestanding PV system is the battery. And frequently the weakest link in PV
systems because it affects the system’s reliability and maintenance costs. The goal of

this work is to design and create a low-cost solar panel system using microcontrollers.

In this study, a low-cost, microcontroller-based battery charging system is designed

and developed. The created system includes an I MPPT Arduino Uno interface, LCD,

and data storage and incorporates WI-FI modules. The created DC load solar battery

charging system is intended for use with solar home systems (SHS). A low-voltage DC

microgrid can be created for remotely controlled devices by connecting the individual

SHS.

System Design and Realization of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging

Station

Shariff et al., (2019). The article presents the design aspects and practical

implementation of the modern solar-assisted level 2 electric vehicle charging station.

The complete adaptation of a transportation system powered by renewable energy is

promoted by the worrisome state of global warming. However, it has been difficult to

deploy them sustainably on a large scale. The design elements and operational

implementation of the cutting-edge type-1 car connector-controlled level-2 solar-

assisted electric vehicle charging station are presented in this article. In the

MATLAB/Simulink environment, the planned model is produced, the circuit operation

is analyzed, and a methodological model is derived to research the parametric design

aspects. Additionally, a whole hardware setup has been created to verify the

performance of the power factor correction under a steady-state situation. Additionally,

a prototype model has been tested in the lab, and PROTEUS software has been used to

simulate the controller circuit. On a bright sunny day, the study was carried out using a

10kWh lithium-ion battery pack under the solar panels' regular test conditions.
Li-Ion Battery Charging with a Buck-Boost Power Converter for a Solar Powered

Battery Management system

According to Jaw-Kuen Shiau and Chien-Wei Ma, (2013). The Ability to charge

batteries in the air is essential for a solar-powered aircraft to remain aloft overnight. To

achieve this, advanced battery management must be incorporated into aircraft power

management systems. This battery management system monitors and controls the

storage and delivery of solar power drawn from

Related Study

Project SMART: Smart Monitoring and Access of Home Appliances through the
use of Android Application

According to Brazil et al., (2020). A few people have a habit of not plugging out their

appliances and devices. The current electricity and voltage of electrical appliances and

the lighting system are commonly neglected things. Forgetting to unplug some devices

can cause higher prices of electricity and unexpected things might happen, serious ones

such as fire. Unplugging the devices is one of the important things to do, every time the

appliances should be turned off when not in use, especially when leaving the house.

This case is a serious one that can affect a lot of things, even people, so to prevent it

from happening, a proposed study about monitoring and accessing home appliances

through the use of an android application was created. In this paper, there was a siren

that would remind everyone to unplug the appliances and turn off the light bulbs. In

this system, it uses Arduino Uno, channel relay, Bluetooth module, and android phone

to develop a device that will prevent any harmful things if the appliances are not
unplugged. It helps to secure the safety of the house and the person will be reminded to

unplug and turn off the device.

Solar Energy Management System with Supercapacitors for Rural Application

According to Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Bin Romli, (2018). Presently, the world faces

the problem of reducing reliance on fossil sources to generate energy. Fossil sources

such as coal, natural gas, etc. are non-renewable, and reserves are increasingly

becoming depleted. A long-term and renewable source of energy is needed for

alternating the use of fossils. In using renewable sources of energy, there will be no

harm to the greenhouse and the environment. As human technology has advanced and

energy use has expanded, there is a growing awareness of and focus on several related

challenges. These days, buzzwords like greenhouse gasses, global warming, pollution,

and dwindling fossil fuel reserves are very eye-catching and divisive. Because of the

use of fuels and their effect, a proposed study about solar energy management was

created. Alternating fuels to solar energy will provide more benefits. In this study, the

use of non-renewable sources is affecting the growth of nature and the environment so

using solar energy will help to lessen the cost of daily life and it’s helpful in the

community. This system uses solar photovoltaic panels, solar chargers, batteries, and

inverters. Through this study, the usage of this is greatly helpful in many ways.

Solar Power as Renewable Energy for Home Systems in Bangladesh

Utsho A Arefín and Md Akram Hossan, (2014). Bangladesh is suffering from an

acute electricity problem. Around 65% of people lack access to electricity. In this

situation, Solar Home Systems can be a smart effort to solve this problem. The solar
energy sector in Nigeria. Only it can provide more benefit to our citizens and the

environment. Harnessing the sun's energy is within our grasp, and for developing

countries, this is a golden opportunity. The present energy demand is increasing day

by day in Bangladesh due to various reasons such as the increasing population, the

aspiration for improved living standards, and general economic and industrial growth.

Applications for solar energy can be from single houses and large electrical grids to

cars, exhibiting versatility perfect for the needs of a developing country. The present

power generation system must be diversified, and indigenous energy resources must

be explored and developed. Concern for the environment is a universal issue and

conventional energy gives rise to greenhouse gasses with adverse consequences for

health and climate. Renewable energies can contribute substantially to the delivery of

alternative energy to rural Bangladeshis. The demand forecast is based on the

excellent historical correlation of electricity demand with GDP. It uses three forecasts

of GDP growth through 2025. For transmission, they drop to 3.0% in 2018 and 10%

in 2019. The highcase scenario has an annual average rate of 8.0%. The Perspective

Plan for the period 2010- 2021 has recommended an energy mix to achieve the

generation of 20,000 MW by 2021. Targets of electricity production by 2013 and

2015 are 7,000 and 8000 MW, respectively. The energy mix for power generation.

Energy can be defined as the power that can be converted into motion or which can

lead to the overcoming of resistance. The two main forms of energy are kinetic and

potential - they are the ability to do work and move in a particular way. Renewable

energy is an energy resource that is naturally regenerated over a short time scale. It

can be derived directly from the sun (such as thermal, photochemical, and
photoelectric) or indirectly from other sources such as wind, hydropower, or

geothermal energy.
Synthesis-State-of-the-Art

Evalina et al., (2021), Gopal et al., (2020), Rajeev Piyare and Seong Ro Lee, (2013),

Aigboviosa et al., (2018), Ming Yan and Hao Shi, (2013), Said et al., (2020), (Mihalache A.,

2017), Iyer et al., (2015), Kaurbet al., (2016), Shariff et al., (2019) , Jaw-Kuen Shiau and

ChienWei Ma, (2013), Sivamani et al., (2020), Brazil et al., (2020), Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Bin

Romli, (2018), and Utsho A Arefín and Md Akram Hossan (2014) conducted studies on the use of

solar power as an alternative clean and renewable energy in replacement to commercial

electricity. They stated that solar power is a good alternative to fossil fuels because of the rising

cost of such resources. Solar energy has additional benefits for our society. Another is that fossil

fuels like coal and natural gas are non-renewable, and their reserves are rapidly being depleted.

These sources significantly impact the environment and greenhouses. In this way, switching from

using electricity to solar power is not only healthy for us but also the environment.

The studies emphasize the previous project, which contrasts positively, but differs in the

solar-powered electrical management system. The studies and literature examine the relationship

of Bluetooth-based home automation to modern technologies and controlling home appliances

using an android application.

The studies also looked into the relationship between IoT and Bluetooth characteristics such as

controlling, monitoring, and home automation through the use of an android application. Some of

the studies focused on Solar Powered Battery Charging Systems and developing a Home

Automation system for monitoring and controlling home appliances.

Bridge Gap by the Study

The study fills the gap and provides information about Solar-Powered Electrical

Management systems through the use of wireless monitoring mobile Android connection. All

studies have been made to have an idea about Solar-Powered Electrical Management. However,

very few studies have been done on the Solar-Powered Electrical Management System while

monitoring it using your Android Connection. This research will contribute a more innovative

version of the previous studies, which aims to construct and improve precise Solar-Powered

Electrical Management systems through the use of wireless monitoring mobile Android

connection.
 Theoretical Framework

Nikola TESLA’s Direct Current IoT-powered

Alternating
Wireless theory wireless home
CurrentTheory
Systems automation
(A. J. Pointon &
(A. J. Pointon & system.
H. M. Howarth
(A. Waser,2000) H. M. Howarth (Mihalache A.,
1991)
1991) 2017)

Researcher’s Theory
Analyzing the use of Solar Powered System thought the use of android application to monitoring current
electricity usage
that increasing safety of the occupants inside of their Home. To ensure the success of this
study, the researchers will put the devices through its paces in terms of design, efficacy, functioning,
construction, and safety features. Through this n,
interventio
users can now save their money without thinking of
high electricity bills.
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework
Nikola TESLA’s Wireless Systems (A. Waser, 2000)

Nikola TESLA has spent more time experimenting with high voltages, high currents, and

high frequencies since his innovations regarding polyphase powering systems. One of his

objectives was to send electrical energy directly from a central plant to many users without the

use of a power network. TESLA has conducted its initial testing for this innovative technology in

New York. Then, around the turn of the century, in 1899-1900, TESLA relocated to the high hills

of Colorado Springs. There, he carried out several experiments that have yet to be replicated in

all of their intricacies and specializations. A reassessment of these amazing and significant trials

one hundred years later may be of particular interest.

Alternating Current theory (A. J. Pointon & H. M. Howarth 1991)

The mathematical examination of how electrical circuits behave in which the currents and

voltages change repeatedly throughout time is called alternating current theory, or a theory. By

focusing solely on sinusoidal fluctuations, the analysis is made simpler. This method is not

constrained since any generic periodic waveform may be represented as a sum of these values, or a

Fourier series. Guillaume Duchenne, the creator, and pioneer of electrotherapy is credited for

using alternating current in a practical way for the first time. He declared that AC was preferable

to direct current for electrotherapeutic muscle contraction triggering in 1855. Electric motors can

also be powered by AC. The only difference between a motor and a generator is that a motor

transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy (when a motor's shaft spins, a voltage is

produced at the terminals!). This is beneficial for much large AC-powered equipment, such as

refrigerators, dishwashers, and so on.

Direct Current theory (A. J. Pointon & H. M. Howarth 1991)

In 1882, Thomas Edison founded the first investor-owned electric company, relying on DC

power for its infrastructure. A DC network is created by connecting resistors together. The

resultant network will include nodes at the intersections of two or more components. It will have

loops made of network branches that come together to form closed channels, or it may have

meshed with no other loops contained within them. A direct current is the resultant constant

current, and the theory describing such currents is referred to as dc theory or dc network theory.

DC is required by anything that draws power from a battery, an AC adapter plugged into the wall

or a USB cable. DC electronics examples include Cell phones, Flashlights, and Hybrid and

electric vehicles.

IoT-powered wireless home automation system (Mihalache A., 2017)

More IoT-based solutions are being created to make homes smarter, but the benefits of

home automation are still not widely understood because they are not sufficiently promoted, so

we cannot say that a significant portion of consumers has already adopted integrated or do-it

yourself solutions to better their lives. In this study, the researchers will present a home

automation system that uses an Arduino Uno along with suitable modules to enable remote

control.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study is illustrated in Figure 2 to guide the researchers to

conceptualize this study, which consisted of the Input-Process-Output.

 F figure 2. Conceptual Framework

Input. This study considered the following as Input: Components and materials of the device

which were solar panel with 100 watts, power inverter, bulbs, outlets, and other electrical

components.
Process. Among the procedures undertaken by the researchers are: Constructing the device with

the components and materials, making the wiring and electrical circuit, programming the device

with Arduino, and testing the device. Evaluating the effectiveness, technicality, and functionality

of the device. Gathering of data from the respondents, distribution of surveys, and organization of

results through the analysis and interpretation of the responses.

Output. The output determines the effectiveness, technicality, and safety of the developed

device. If the device does not meet the expected efficacy, safety standard, and technicality, the

methods and process of developing the device should be analyzed.

Feedback. The finished product of the device user can be used to do its purpose and benefit the

respondents. The acquired data from the device can be helpful to further improve any flaw in the

device.

End Notes

1.] Evalina et al., (2021). The Use of Inverters in Solar Power Plants for Alternating Current

Loads. Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal.

2.] Gopal et al., (2020). IoT-Based Solar Panel Monitoring System. IOP Conf. Series: Materials

Science and Engineering.

3.]Rajeev Piyare and Seong Ro Lee, (2013). Smart Home-Control and Monitoring System Using

Smart Phone. ResearchGate.

4.]Aigboviosa et al., (2018). Arduino-Based Solar Tracking System for Energy Improvement of

Pv Solar Panel. IEOM Society International.

5.] Ming Yan and Hao Shi, (2013). Smart Living Using Bluetooth-Based Android Smartphone.
Academia.edu.

6.] Said et al., (2020). Dual-axis solar tracker with IoT monitoring system using Arduino.
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS).

7.] Kaur et al., (2016). Arduino-Based Solar Powered Battery Charging System for Rural SHS.

India International Conference on Power Electronics.

8.] Aswathy et al., (2017). Solar Powered Intelligent Electric Wheelchair with Health Monitoring

System. International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy.

9.] Shariff et al., (2019). System Design and Realization of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle

Charging Station. IEEE Systems Journal.

10.]Jaw-Kuen Shiau and Chien-Wei Ma, (2013). Li-Ion Battery Charging with a Buck-Boost
Power Converter for a Solar Powered Battery Management system. Department of Aerospace
Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.

11.] Khan et al., (2017). A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging
System.
12.] Sivamani et al., (2020). Solar Powered Battery Charging System Using Optimized PI

Controller for Buck-Boost Converter.

13.]Brazil et al., (2020). Project SMART: Smart Monitoring and Access of Home Appliances

through the use of Android Application.

14.] Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Bin Romli, (2018). Solar Energy Management System with

Supercapacitors for Rural Application.

15.] Utsho A Arefín and Md Akram Hossan, (2014). Solar Power as Renewable Energy for Home

Systems in Bangladesh.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research methods and procedures

adhered to by the researcher in order to answer the specific problems posed for investigation.
Alongside with the entire planning are the research design and research instruments. This part

also displays the robotic components and the scrap materials in developing the project. The

method of analysis, sources of data, data gathering, and procedure are entirely shown in this part.

Research Design

The study was descriptive quantitative research design in the form of an experimental

design. The experimental design was use in the study to evaluate the devices and know the

effectiveness of it when using. This project provide to give an alternative power through the use

of sunlight and solar panel to run the appliances such as light bulbs. It was used to give a power to

run the devices when there’s no electricity. In this method, observing and interviewing the

respondent is needed.

Planning and Development

The first stage that the innovators needed to conducted in developing this project Solar

Powered Electrical Management System: through Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android

Application is planning. The different factors are identified such as the concepts of Bluetooth

module, accessibility of materials and types of software or environment to be used in

programming and robotic components.

Materials and Methods

The following were the materials used by the researchers:

a. For programming the device: Arduino; relay; Bluetooth Module; LCD; current sensor;

voltage sensor; breadboard; connecting wires; electrical wires; android phone; laptop

b. For constructing the device: plywood; saw; screwdriver; screws; light bulb; convenience

outlet; switch; breaker; power bank; battery; solar panel; charge controller; automatic transfer

switch; power inverter.

c. For testing the device: Arduino; relay; Bluetooth Module; LCD; current sensor; voltage

sensor; light bulbs; convenience outlet; breadboard; jumping wires; electrical wires; android

phone; solar panel; charge controller; automatic transfer switch; power inverter.
 Arduino Relay Bluetooth Module

Current sensor Voltage sensor Breadboard

Connecting Wires LCD Electrical wires

Laptop charge controller battery

 USB cable Solar panel Convenience outlet

Light bulb Power Inverter automatic transfer switch

For the construction of the simulation prototype; plywood, screws, screwdriver, paint, paintbrush and

electrical tape.

Plywood Screws Paintbrush

 Electrical Tape Screw Drivers Paint

METHODS AND DESIGN PROCESS

A. Block Diagram
A. Making the Circuit of the system Device
 Before the actual installation of the device, the researchers created a design of circuit
diagram that encapsulates the design of the device. Following that, the researchers began to build
the device's circuit.
This part of the methodology shows the connection of the Relay, Bluetooth
Module, LCD, Current Sensor and Voltage sensor to the Arduino Board. The step below was the

process in making the circuit of the system device.

B. Making the Circuit of the System Device

The Researchers connected the relay’s VCC and GND to the Arduino’s 5V and
GND. Also the In1, In2, In3, In4 were connected to the Arduino’s 4, ~5, ~6, and 7.

The Researchers connected the VSS, RW, K, Vdd, and A of LCD to Arduino’s

GND and 5V. Also, the V0, RS, EN, D4, D5, D6, D7 of LCD were connected to Arduino’s

pin6, 12, 11,5,4, 3, and 2.

 The S of the sensor is connected to Analog 2 (A2) of the Arduino Uno and the – of the

sensor is connected to the GND of the Arduino Uno.

The VCC of the sensor is connected to the 5

volts supply of the Arduino Uno, the Out of the sensor is connected to the Analog 3 (A3) of the

Arduino Uno, and the GND of the sensor is connected to the GND of the Arduino Uno.

To connect the device's Bluetooth module, connect the supply, which is the VCC+ pin, to

the 5V pin of the Arduino Uno, and then the ground pin to the Arduino's ground. Insert the TX
pin into pin 10 and the RX pin into any number based on your coded program. To link the

device's

Bluetooth module as a slave, connect the supply, which is the VCC+ pin, to the 5V pin of another
Arduino Uno, and then connect the ground pin to the Arduino's ground. Insert the TX pin into

Arduino pin 10 and the RX pin into Arduino pin 11.

C. Making the Framework and Prototype

 Figure 3. Prototype Device
First, the researchers make a frame of the device before the direct installation of the

components. A design of the circuit diagram that embodied the design of the device was made.

To control the hardware, the researchers created their own software.

When the researchers put the devices and connect it with wires. In making the board

where the researchers going to put the devices, the researchers need a plywood with a measure of

1 meter for its length and width. The researcher will make a small hole for a screw to seal the

devices and other materials to the plywood.

Programming
 • Programming the codes in the software

The researchers created their own program with the Arduino Programming Software and

linked the computer to the Arduino with a USB cable. Next, launch the Arduino IDE, select the

appropriate board from the tools board, and connect the port from the Tools Serial Port. Then

after clicking the Upload Icon or going to File-Upload, create the code for the project.

Figure 4. Android Application Codes

Figure 5. LCD Codes

 Figure 6. Current Sensor Test Codes

Figure 7. Sensor Condition Amperage Codes

Figure 8. Power Rating Codes
Flowchart
Figure 9. Flowchart
Testing the Device

The researcher created an app to control the system of the devices and used program

devices which also includes the other materials such as LED and Bluetooth module.

At this step in the process, the device has been tested for functionality. The software and

hardware are checked and test to make sure that the data are accurate and efficiently effective.

The researcher devised a way to access the system via Bluetooth module to test the

effectiveness of the device. To allow the hardware and software to transmit and receive, the

researcher linked the Bluetooth module to the android application.

Figure 11. Testing of the Device

The figure below shows on how the bulb will work as start and stop when the wires are

connected to some devices such as coil, power outlet and terminal block, and when the program

is running.
 Figure 12. Testing of the Device

The figure below shows on how to run the appliances such as electric fan using the

breadboard, outlet, arduino and current sensor.

Testing Using Bluetooth Control

 Figure 13. Testing Device if it connected to the application.
The figure above shows the Bluetooth module are connected to the android phone. In this

process, the hardware and software are linked to each other to control and access the program and

devices. Through this the researcher can control the switch off and on of the bulb.

Participants and Other Source of Information

The respondent for this study consists of home owners, grade 12 STEM students and

teachers of Pili National High School. Before the survey, the respondents will be asked whether

they are interested in participating in this study. The respondents who are interested to participate

will be provided with questionnaires. The respondents were the primary source of information for

answering the necessary questions about the device's quality.

Data Gathering

Data Gathering To gather information and sharpen their scientific and critical thinking

abilities, as well as to have a deeper knowledge of the topic, the researchers will perform pre

research. Data will be gathered using surveys, questionnaires, interviews, observations, group

discussions, assessments, document analysis, reading of articles for related studies or literatures,

diagram interpretation, and viewing of YouTube videos relevant to the researchers' study that will

be used to gather and analyze data. Due to the researchers' inability to get published related

research works, the essential origin of this study primarily comes from trustworthy online sources.
Data Analysis

The gathered data analyze using statistical tool use both descriptive and inferential statistics

and interpret with the use of tables, equation and graphs the purpose is to find the solution or

answer the problem of the study. The researchers used ANOVA and correlation as statistical

tools employed on the, observational rating sheet gather by the researcher after conducting

several trials in tabulating data through experimental design and other source of data gather

through survey questionnaire ,document analysis and interview.

Problem 1: What is the percentage accuracy of the device in controlling Android

Applications such as the following: a) Lighting outlet b) Convenience Power Outlet.

LIGHTING OUTLET SCALE

Trial Description Status 4 3 2 1 SCORE

1 Bulb 1 On
2 Bulb1 Off
3 Bulb 2 On
4 Bulb 2 Off
5 Bulb 3 On
6 Bulb 3 Off
7 Bulb 4 On
8 Bulb 4 Off
9 All Bulbs On
10 All Bulbs Off
Total
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Table 1.2 Lighting Outlet
 CONVENIENCE POWER OUTLET SCALE
Trial Description Status 4 3 2 1 SCORE

1 C1 Outlet 1 On
2 C1 Outlet1 Off
3 C2 Outlet 2 On
4 C2 Outlet 2 Off
5 C3 Outlet3 On
6 C3 Outlet3 Off
7 C4 Outlet 4 On
8 C4 Outlet 4 Off
9 All Outlet On
10 All Outlet Off
Total
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Table 1:3 Convenience power outlet
The data tabulate the results in the table to calculate the percentage accuracy both lighting

outlet and convenience power outlet using descriptive statistic to calculate the experimental

results and the accepted value or theoretical value are equal to 20pts the data analysis.

The researchers aim to know the precise and accuracy of the control system in controlling

the light bulbs by the conducting a trials of 10, by checking the scale that shows the accuracy of the

system in controlling,

Problem 2: Is there significant difference of using solar panel, power inverter and solar
batteries in the stability of the devices?
The researcher used ANOVA to aim to know the significant difference of using solar panel,
power inverter and solar batteries by conducting trials.
TRIAL Solar Panel Power Inverter Solar Batteries

𝑥1 𝑥1 2 𝑥2 𝑥22 𝑥3 𝑥3 2

Problem 3: Is there significant relationship between the respondent and researcher results
in the acceptability level of the devices in the implementation of solar-powered electrical
management system?

To get the significant relationship between respondent and researcher results using
Pearson Product r Correlation to test and know the possible connection of those two.

Problem 4: What is the level of effectiveness of Solar-Powered Electrical Management

System: through wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application in terms of:

 The researcher used descriptive stat to describe the characteristics and know the effectiveness of

the design based on the data collection gathering such as observations.

1.1. Functionalities

1.2. Design/Structures

1.3. Safety Measures

Scale
4 3 2 1
Functionalities The device The device The device The device
function very well function fairly function needs function poorly
based on its task. based on its task. improvement based on its task.
based on its
task.
Structure/Design The device The device The device The device
structure is structure is structure is structure is poor
absolutely appropriate and needs and not
improvement and
appropriate and effective based effective based
not effective
effective based on its task. on its task.
based on its task.
on its task.
Safety Measures The device is The device is The device is The device is
absolutely secured and safe not secured and poor and unsafe
secured and safe based on its task. unsafe based on based on its task.
based on its task. its task.

Rating scale for the evaluation sheet

Legend

4- VERY EFFECTIVE 3- EFFECTIVE 2- NEEDS IMPROVEMENT 1- POOR

Problem 5: What is the significant difference between Solar-Powered and Electrical Power

generated by Electric Company in power rating efficiency level?

The researcher aims to test significant difference between Solar-Powered and Electrical Power
generated by Electric Company in power efficiency rating using T-test. By observing and testing
the device.

Trials DESCRIPTION OF LOAD Solar-Powered CASURECO

(WATTS) (WATTS)
1 SOLDERING IRON
2 ELECTRIC BULBS
3 ELECTRIC FAN
4 COMPUTER LAPTOP
5 ELECTRIC MOTORS
6 TELEVISION
7 PRINTER
8 WATER HEATER
9 RICE COOKER
10 CHARGER
Total Score
Average
Variance
Standard
Deviation

Problem 6: What is the features of final design after the development of Solar-Powered

Electrical Management System: through Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application

along:
To get the characteristic of the design, researcher used table to indicate the progress and the plan

in the design.

6.1. Hardware

6.2. Software

Design Describe the result

Pre-Design
Design Stage
Assembly and Testing
Stage
Final Design Test of
System Hardware and
Software

Problem 7: What is the integration of the device being applied as instructional device in the

subject area based on K-12 Curriculum of grade 12 STEM learners?

Researchers aim to know the integration of the device when applied in mathematics and

sciences. By scaling and observing.

Problem 8: What recommendations maybe proposed to enhance the implementation of

After the finding s of the research study?

To enhance the implementation of Solar-Powered Electrical Management System: through

Wireless Monitoring Mobile Android Application, researcher will observe and search for other

information that can be useful in the topic.