AP Q Chapter 4

Answer Key with Questions
Regulation of gene expression
1) Which of the following series of events is associated with the formation of cancer?
The proto-oncogenes mutate and become oncogenes which are continuously active. There is also an
associated loss of tumor suppressor gene activity allowing uncontrolled growth of cells.
The oncogenes mutate and become proto-oncogenes which are continuously active. There is also an
associated loss of tumor suppressor gene activity allowing uncontrolled growth of cells.
The proto-oncogenes mutate and become oncogenes which stop functioning altogether. There is also an
associated increase in the tumor suppressor gene activity allowing uncontrolled growth of cells.
The oncogenes mutate and become proto-oncogenes which stop functioning altogether. There is also an
associated increase in the tumor suppressor gene activity allowing uncontrolled growth of cells.
Correct Answer
The proto-oncogenes mutate and become oncogenes which are continuously active. There is also an associated
loss of tumor suppressor gene activity allowing uncontrolled growth of cells.
2) The term "operon" comes from the Latin root word for
gene.
structure.
controller.
works.
copy-producing.
Correct Answer
works.
3) List, in order, the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
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4) Which component in an operon is incorrectly matched with its function?

promoter—where RNA polymerase first binds to DNA
regulator gene—binds to the repressor protein
structural gene—makes mRNA by transcription
operator—if not bound to the repressor, allows RNA polymerase to bind to the DNA
Correct Answer
regulator gene—binds to the repressor protein
5) Explain how the trp operon is regulated in a prokaryotic cell when tryptophan is present.
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
6) The level of genetic control that involves the life span of the mRNA molecule and the ability of the mRNA to bind
to ribosomes is _____ control.
feedback
translational
transcriptional
posttranscriptional
posttranslational
Correct Answer
translational

7) Which statement is NOT correct about the lac operon?

It regulates the production of a series of five enzymes.
It is normally turned off if glucose is present.
Lactose binds to the repressor protein and inactivates it.
It is an inducible system.
The structural genes make products that allow lactose metabolism.
Correct Answer
It regulates the production of a series of five enzymes.
8) Which statement is NOT correct about the trp operon?

The structural genes make products that are part of an anabolic pathway for the synthesis of tryptophan.
It is normally turned off if tryptophan is present.
Tryptophan acts as the corepressor.
Tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and inactivates it.
Correct Answer
9) Arrange in the proper sequence those events that take place in the lac operon as lactose is introduced to a
bacterial culture.
Step 3 The structural genes are transcribed.
Step 4 A regulator gene normally codes for a repressor
Step 1 that binds to the operator and prevents
transcription.
Step 2 Lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it
from binding to the operator.
RNA polymerase binds to a promoter on the
DNA to begin RNA synthesis.
Correct Answer
Step 3 RNA polymerase binds to a promoter on the DNA

to begin RNA synthesis.
Step 4 The structural genes are transcribed.
A regulator gene normally codes for a repressor

Step 1 that binds to the operator and prevents
transcription.
Step 2 Lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it

from binding to the operator.

10) The universal regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes for controlling gene expression includes
control of the genes transcribed and the rate they are transcribed.
control of the processing of mRNA after it is transcribed from DNA but before it leaves the nucleus, and
control of the rate it leaves the nucleus.
control of mRNA in the cytoplasm after it leaves the nucleus, including changes to mRNA before
translation begins.
control of polypeptides after they have been synthesized but before they are functional.
All of these mechanisms are used; there is no single universal mechanism.
Correct Answer
All of these mechanisms are used; there is no single universal mechanism.
11) All of these are considered carcinogens EXCEPT

cigarette smoke.
ultraviolet light.
cabbage and related vegetables.
ethylene dibromide (EDB).
ziram, a chemical used to prevent fungal diseases on crops.
Correct Answer
cabbage and related vegetables.
12) "Jumping genes" that have the ability to move within and between chromosomes are called
introns.
oncogenes.
transposons.
retroviruses.
exons.
Correct Answer
transposons.

13) A deletion of one base pair that alters the sequence of codons is called a(n)
transposon.
substitution mutation.
carcinogen.
oncogene.
frameshift mutation.
Correct Answer
frameshift mutation.
14) Which of the following is a method of posttranscriptional control?

transcription factors
the lifespan of an mRNA molecule
differential processing of mRNA
how fast the mRNA leaves the nucleus
Both C and D are methods of posttranscriptional control.
Correct Answer
Both C and D are methods of posttranscriptional control.
15) Mutagens and carcinogens are associated with

induced mutations.
spontaneous mutations.
transposon activity.
None of the above.
Correct Answer
induced mutations.
16) The DNA of a _____ is wrapped around histone molecules to form a "beaded string."
prokaryote
eukaryote
bacterium
All of the answer choices are correct.
Correct Answer
eukaryote

17) Identify the major tumor suppressor gene that is more frequently mutated in human cancers than any other
known gene.
p53 gene
hemoglobin gene
ras oncogene
p16
RB tumor-repressor gene
Correct Answer
p53 gene
18) Thymine dimers

form when DNA is exposed to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke.
are rarely removed by DNA repair enzymes.
form when DNA is exposed to UV radiation.
result in abnormal protein structure which causes red blood cells to sickle.
Correct Answer
form when DNA is exposed to UV radiation.
19) Transposons
are specific DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes.
alter the expression of neighboring genes especially if the transposon is a regulator gene.
have been discovered in corn, fruit flies, bacteria, and humans.
All of the choices are correct.
Correct Answer
20) An oncogene is
a viral gene with no relation to the host cell's genes.
a mutated form of a proto-oncogene.
a bacterial gene that causes cancer in the host.
always seen in human cancer cells.
a gene that turns off cellular reproduction.
Correct Answer

21) You are more likely to develop some form of cancer if you
are exposed to higher doses of radiation including X-rays.
are exposed to carcinogens.
have a high incidence of cancer in your family history.
Correct Answer
22) Point mutations

are due to a change in one DNA nucleotide.
may change a specific codon.
can cause a genetic disease such as sickle-cell disease that is due to a base change that codes for valine
rather than glutamate.
Correct Answer
23) Frameshift mutations

most often happen when one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA.
can result in a completely new codon sequence that results in the production of non-functional proteins.
applies to the reading frame (sequence of codons) being changed.
Correct Answer
24) Androgen insensitivity is characterized by

a lack of male hormones, such as testosterone.
external female genitalia.
a female karyotype.
the internal sex organs of a female and may bear children.
Correct Answer
external female genitalia.

25) A change in a regulatory gene

must be dominant to be effective.
is what happens in the production of sickle-cell hemoglobin.
is always beneficial to the organism in which it occurs.
can increase or decrease the expression of a structural gene.
Correct Answer
can increase or decrease the expression of a structural gene.
26) Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves changes in the polypeptide chain before it
becomes functional?
feedback control
translational control
transcriptional control
posttranscriptional control
posttranslational control
Correct Answer
27) In transcriptional control in eukaryotic cells

a different combination of DNA-binding proteins (transcriptional factors) may regulate the activity of a
particular gene.
enhancers may be involved in the promotion as well as regulation of gene transcription.
the control may be due to the phosphorylation of transcriptional factors by a kinase.
Only two of the choices are correct.
Correct Answer
28) The mRNA strand includes both introns and exons.

TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
FALSE

29) A form of gene regulation that occurs while RNA is still in the nucleus is
differential intron removal and exon splicing.
feedback control.
enzymatic cleavage of a polypeptide.
rate of binding to ribosomes.
Correct Answer
differential intron removal and exon splicing.
30) The level of genetic control that involves the processing of early RNA transcripts to mRNA and the rate at which
mRNA leaves the nucleus is
feedback control.
translational control.
transcriptional control.
posttranscriptional control.
posttranslational control.
Correct Answer
posttranscriptional control.
31)

_____ occurs as _____ builds up in the system if Enzyme A is nonfunctional because of an inherited mutation.

albinism; melanin
xeroderma pigmentosum; tyrosine
phenylketonuria; phenyalanine
androgen insensitivity; tyrosine
Correct Answer
phenylketonuria; phenyalanine

32) Germ-line mutations

occur in sex cells.
can be passed to subsequent generations.
may range from having no effect to completely inactivating protein activity.
All of the answer choices are true about germ-line mutations.
Only two of the answer choices are true.
Correct Answer
All of the answer choices are true about germ-line mutations.
33) Explain how the actions of the lac operon are different from the trp operon.
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
34) The regulator gene codes for the DNA-binding proteins that act as repressors.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
TRUE
35) A Barr body

exists within the cell in the form of euchromatin.
is an inactive Y chromosome that produces reduced amount of gene products.
is an inactive X chromosome that does not produce gene products.
exists within the cell in the form of heterochromatin.
Two of the above answers are correct.
Correct Answer
Two of the above answers are correct.

36) Identify which of the operon elements plays the most critical role in determining gene regulation in
prokaryotes.
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
37) Compared to just a century ago, a much larger percentage of the population is living to be 80–90 years old.
Why does cancer seem to be a much larger problem today than a century ago?
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
38) Which of the following structures is not part of an operon?

regulator gene
promoter
operator
structural gene
All of these are part of an operon.
Correct Answer
All of these are part of an operon.

39) When a bacterium is introduced to a new environment with plenty of nutritional resources, binary fission will
allow for rapid growth of the population (2-4-8-16-32-64 . . . etc.). However, there is usually a slight lag before
the rapid growth begins. What is the best explanation for this lag period?
It takes time for bacterial cells to duplicate enough organelles to digest new media.
It takes time to induce and amplify the production of the enzymes needed for binary fission.
Binary fission becomes more and more efficient after each cell division.
The new media contains compounds that turn on repressor proteins.
Structural genes act more slowly than metabolic genes.
Correct Answer
It takes time to induce and amplify the production of the enzymes needed for binary fission.
40) All genes are active at the same time in a prokaryotic cell and controlled by positive regulation, but not in a
eukaryotic cell.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
FALSE
41) In the lac operon, if lactose is present, which of the following occurs?
Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape so that it can bind to the operator and the structural
genes are not expressed.
Lactose bind to RNA polymerase, which then binds to the promoter and transcribes the needed genes.
Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape so that it does not bind to the operator. RNA
polymerase then transcribes the needed genes.
Lactose binds to the operon, which attracts RNA polymerase, then transcription of the needed genes
occurs.
Correct Answer
Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape so that it does not bind to the operator. RNA polymerase then
transcribes the needed genes.
42) Which of the following problems can arise during posttranscriptional control?
Differential splicing of exons that can lead to an altered gene expression.
Incomplete excising of all introns from the pre-mRNA strand, leaving fragments to be joined with the
exons.
Excising an exon from the pre-mRNA strand.
All of these are errors that can occur during posttranscriptional control of gene expression.
Correct Answer
All of these are errors that can occur during posttranscriptional control of gene expression.

43) Active genes in eukaryotic cells are associated with

euchromatin.
heterochromatin.
methylated RNA and histones.
DNA with many methyl groups.
Correct Answer
euchromatin.
44) Once proteins are functional, they are no longer subject to cellular control.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
FALSE
45) The genes of a single operon are all regulated by the same repressor, operator, and promoter.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
TRUE
46) In the transcription of DNA, remodeling proteins push the histone portion of the nucleosome aside so that
transcription may begin.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
TRUE
47) One-third of all cancer deaths are due to mutations that arise from smoking tobacco.
TRUE
FALSE
Correct Answer
TRUE

48) Which of the following situations would be considered an example of positive regulation of gene expression in
a prokaryote?
The CAP protein activating the lac operon when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
The CAP protein activating the lac operon when lactose is absent and glucose is present.
The repressor protein activating the lac operon when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
The repressor protein activating the lac operon when lactose is absent and glucose is present.
Correct Answer
The CAP protein activating the lac operon when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
49) If CAP is absent from a cell, what are the potential consequences?
The individual cannot activate the catabolism of various other metabolites in the absence of glucose.
The individual does not have a backup system for survival when glucose is absent.
The individual will not be able to metabolize enough energy if glucose is absent.
All of these are consequences of the absence of CAP.
Correct Answer
All of these are consequences of the absence of CAP.
50) The most critical level of eukaryotic genetic control is _____ control.
feedback
translational
transcriptional
posttranscriptional
posttranslational
Correct Answer
transcriptional

51) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

Place the correct word(s) into each sentence to describe the different types and causes of mutations.

A gene is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA.
(Blank 1)

These changes in bases can affect production, protein activity, or have no effect on
(Blank 2)
protein production or activity at all.

Germline mutations are those that occur in cells and be passed
(Blank 3) (Blank 4)
on to future generations.

Somatic mutations occur in cells of an individual.
(Blank 5)

Some mutations are and happen for no apparent reason.
(Blank 6)

Other mutations are called induced mutations and are the result of to toxins or radiation.
(Blank 7)
Blank 1 options Blank 2 options Blank 3 options Blank 4 options Blank 5 options
body body body body body
can can can can can
cannot cannot cannot cannot cannot
exposure exposure exposure exposure exposure
gonad gonad gonad gonad gonad
ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion ingestion
inherited inherited inherited inherited inherited
mutation mutation mutation mutation mutation
sex sex sex sex sex
spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous
protein protein protein protein protein
Blank 6 options Blank 7 options
body body
can can
cannot cannot
exposure exposure
gonad gonad
ingestion ingestion
inherited inherited
mutation mutation
sex sex
spontaneous spontaneous
protein protein
Correct Answer
mutation
protein
sex
can
body
spontaneous
exposure

52) Classify the following descriptions based on what type of operon is described. One choice will not be used.
When substrate is present, the operon is
trp Operon turned on
Repressor typically able to attach to
operator
Repressor is typically unable to attach to
lac Operon the operator
When substrate is present, the operon is
turned off
When repressor is bound, enzymes are
produced
Correct Answer
Repressor is typically unable to attach to the

trp Operon operator
, When substrate is present, the operon is turned
off
When substrate is present, the operon is turned

lac Operon on
, Repressor typically able to attach to operator

53) Place each of the following choices into the appropriate box to distinguish between a repressible operon and
an inducible operon.
Inducible Operon
Repressible Operon
Transcription of the genes in this operon produce a substance needed by the cell.
Enzymes resulting from the transcription of this type of operon need only be present when a molecule, usually
a nutrient, is present.
This type of operon is usually involved in anabolic pathways.
The trp operon is an example of this type of operon.
This type of operon is usually involved in catabolic pathways.
The lac operon is an example of this type of operon.
Correct Answer
The lac operon is an example of this type of

operon.
, This type of operon is usually involved in
Inducible Operon catabolic pathways.
, Enzymes resulting from the transcription of this
type of operon need only be present when a
molecule, usually a nutrient, is present.
Transcription of the genes in this operon produce

a substance needed by the cell.
Repressible Operon , This type of operon is usually involved in
anabolic pathways.
, The trp operon is an example of this type of
operon.


Complete the following paragraph to describe positive and negative gene expression.

When a molecule is active and promotes the activity of a(n) , it is an example of
(Blank 1)
control. An example of this is the protein. When the
(Blank 2) (Blank 3) (Blank 4)
protein is active, the operon is . When a molecule is active and inhibits
(Blank 5) (Blank 6)
the activity of a(n) , it is an example of control. An example of this is the
(Blank 7) (Blank 8)
protein. When the protein is active, the operon is .
(Blank 9) (Blank 10) (Blank 11)
lac lac lac lac lac
trp trp trp trp trp
CAP CAP CAP CAP CAP
active active active active active
inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive
negative negative negative negative negative
operon operon operon operon operon
positive positive positive positive positive
repressor repressor repressor repressor repressor
lac lac lac lac lac
trp trp trp trp trp
CAP CAP CAP CAP CAP
active active active active active
inactive inactive inactive inactive inactive
negative negative negative negative negative
operon operon operon operon operon
positive positive positive positive positive
repressor repressor repressor repressor repressor
Blank 11 options
lac
trp
CAP
active
inactive
negative
operon
positive
repressor
Correct Answer
operon
positive

CAP
CAP
lac
active
operon
negative
repressor
repressor
inactive

Place the correct word into each sentence for more information on the different types of mutations.

Point mutations include changes in base of a segment of DNA.
(Blank 1)

A point mutation can result in no change in protein synthesis, or in a protein being made,
(Blank 2)
like in the example of hemoglobin above.

Sometimes a point mutation can lead to an improper codon, resulting in the termination of
(Blank 3)
synthesis before the protein is completely made.
Blank 1 options Blank 2 options Blank 3 options
one one one
similar similar similar
start start start
three three three
stop stop stop
different different different
Correct Answer
one
different
stop


Complete the following paragraph to describe transcriptional control of gene expression.

Transcriptional control involves , or proteins that help
(Blank 1)
bind to the promotor region of a DNA strand. Proteins called
(Blank 2)
bind to DNA regions called
(Blank 3)
. These proteins form hairpin loops, which connect the
(Blank 4)
region to the
(Blank 5)
, thus
(Blank 6) (Blank 7)
transcription. These proteins typically require activation, usually in the form of
by
(Blank 8) (Blank 9)
enzymes, before they can function.
DNA polymerase DNA polymerase DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA polymerase
decreasing decreasing decreasing
enhancers enhancers enhancers
transcription activators transcription activators transcription activators
transcription factors transcription factors transcription factors
enhancer enhancer enhancer
transcription factor complex transcription factor complex transcription factor complex
increasing increasing increasing
phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
kinase kinase kinase
Correct Answer
transcription factors
RNA polymerase

transcription activators
enhancers
enhancer
transcription factor complex
increasing
phosphorylation
kinase


Complete the following paragraph to describe translational and posttranslational gene regulation.

control of gene expression involves the activity of
(Blank 1)
at the where translation takes place.
(Blank 2) (Blank 3)
The presence of a 5' and a 3' allow
(Blank 4) (Blank 5)
translation to take place. Once they are , translation stops.
(Blank 6)
control of gene expression involves the activity of
(Blank 7)
after they have been synthesized. They cannot be activated until they
(Blank 8)
have been into their active form. Enzymes called
(Blank 9)
are contained within structures called
(Blank 10) (Blank 11)
where are broken down when necessary.
(Blank 12)
Blank 1 options Blank 2 options Blank 3 options Blank 4 options

Posttranslational Posttranslational Posttranslational Posttranslational
Translational Translational Translational Translational
cap cap cap cap
degraded degraded degraded degraded
folded folded folded folded
mRNA mRNA mRNA mRNA
poly-A tail poly-A tail poly-A tail poly-A tail
proteins proteins proteins proteins
ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome
tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA
proteases proteases proteases proteases
proteosomes proteosomes proteosomes proteosomes
Posttranslational Posttranslational Posttranslational Posttranslational
Translational Translational Translational Translational
cap cap cap cap
degraded degraded degraded degraded
folded folded folded folded
mRNA mRNA mRNA mRNA
poly-A tail poly-A tail poly-A tail poly-A tail
proteins proteins proteins proteins
ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome
tRNA tRNA tRNA tRNA
proteases proteases proteases proteases
proteosomes proteosomes proteosomes proteosomes
Blank 9 options
Posttranslational Blank 10 options Blank 11 options Blank 12 options
Translational Posttranslational Posttranslational Posttranslational
cap Translational Translational Translational
degraded cap cap cap
folded degraded degraded degraded
mRNA folded folded folded
poly-A tail mRNA mRNA mRNA
proteins poly-A tail poly-A tail poly-A tail
ribosome proteins proteins proteins
tRNA ribosome ribosome ribosome
proteases tRNA tRNA tRNA
proteosomes proteases proteases proteases
proteosomes proteosomes proteosomes

Correct Answer
Translational
mRNA
ribosome
cap
poly-A tail
degraded
Posttranslational
proteins
folded
proteases
proteosomes
proteins


Complete each statement to explain how mutations may cause cancer.

Although mutations are not passed on to future generations, they can lead
(Blank 1)
to the development of cancer.

Many mutagens, which cause mutations, are
(Blank 2)
, or cancer-causing mutagens. The in
(Blank 3) (Blank 4)
tobacco smoke as well as several forms of are examples of such
(Blank 5)
mutagens.

The development of cancer involves the accumulation of mutations; mutation of
leads to unregulated stimulation of .
(Blank 6) (Blank 7)

When tumor suppressor genes are and oncogenes are
(Blank 8)
, cells divide uncontrollably.
(Blank 9)

Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes often code for transcription factors or proteins that control
transcription factors. Thus, when mutated, normal control of transcription, and thus gene expression, is
.
(Blank 10)

germ-line germ-line germ-line germ-line
somatic somatic somatic somatic
induced induced induced induced
carcinogens carcinogens carcinogens carcinogens
organic chemicals organic chemicals organic chemicals organic chemicals
radiation radiation radiation radiation
proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes
cell division cell division cell division cell division
spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous
apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis
inactive inactive inactive inactive
active active active active
oncogenes oncogenes oncogenes oncogenes
disrupted disrupted disrupted disrupted
maintained maintained maintained maintained
germ-line germ-line germ-line germ-line
somatic somatic somatic somatic
induced induced induced induced
carcinogens carcinogens carcinogens carcinogens
organic chemicals organic chemicals organic chemicals organic chemicals
radiation radiation radiation radiation
proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes
cell division cell division cell division cell division
spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous
apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis
inactive inactive inactive inactive
active active active active
oncogenes oncogenes oncogenes oncogenes
disrupted disrupted disrupted disrupted
maintained maintained maintained maintained
germ-line germ-line
ti
somatic somatic
induced induced
carcinogens carcinogens
organic chemicals organic chemicals
radiation radiation
proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes
cell division cell division
spontaneous spontaneous
apoptosis apoptosis
inactive inactive
active active
oncogenes oncogenes
disrupted disrupted
maintained maintained
Correct Answer
somatic
induced
carcinogens
organic chemicals
radiation
proto-oncogenes
cell division
inactive
active
disrupted

59) Use the figure below to place the sentences in chronological order to describe how small RNAs regulate
gene expression.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
These small RNA molecules can sometimes loop back and increase DNA compaction.
This molecule is cleaved and produces many small RNA molecules.
These small RNA molecules may also become siRNA molecules, which break down mRNA molecules
by binding with RISC to form an active silencing complex.
DNA undergoes the process of transcription, which creates double-stranded RNA.
These small RNA molecules can form miRNA molecules, which can reduce translation by binding to
mRNA molecules.
Correct Answer
1. DNA undergoes the process of transcription, which creates double-stranded RNA.
2. This molecule is cleaved and produces many small RNA molecules.
3. These small RNA molecules can sometimes loop back and increase DNA compaction.
4. These small RNA molecules can form miRNA molecules, which can reduce translation by binding to mRNA
molecules.
5. These small RNA molecules may also become siRNA molecules, which break down mRNA molecules by
binding with RISC to form an active silencing complex.


Place the correct word into each sentence to describe alternative splicing of pre-mRNA.

contains both introns and exons.
(Blank 1)

The manner in which the pre-mRNA is cut and arranged is due to RNA
(Blank 2)
.

In some cases, RNA splicing can take genes as well as out of pre-
(Blank 3)
mRNA.

The resulting will be altered depending on how the RNA was spliced.
(Blank 4)

This is one form of control of gene expression.
(Blank 5)

RNA RNA RNA RNA
arrangements arrangements arrangements arrangements
enzyme enzyme enzyme enzyme
exons exons exons exons
posttranscriptional posttranscriptional posttranscriptional posttranscriptional
pretranscriptional pretranscriptional pretranscriptional pretranscriptional
protein protein protein protein
Pre-mRNA Pre-mRNA Pre-mRNA Pre-mRNA
splicing splicing splicing splicing
introns introns introns introns
Mature RNA Mature RNA Mature RNA Mature RNA
Blank 5 options
RNA
arrangements
enzyme
exons
posttranscriptional
pretranscriptional
protein
Pre-mRNA
splicing
introns
Mature RNA
Correct Answer
Pre-mRNA
splicing
introns
protein
posttranscriptional

61) Select all of the following ways that gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes.
Presence of genes located on an operon
Ability of the protein to fold itself into a functioning structure
Chromatin is packed to prevent transcription
The persistence of the 3' poly-A tail as mRNA leaves the nucleus
The amount of introns present in mRNA
The persistence of the 5' cap as mRNA leaves the nucleus
The presence of transcription factors to increase or decrease transcription
mRNA must be processed before entering the cytoplasm
The amount of exons present in tRNA
Chromatin is uncoiled to allow for replication
Correct Answer
Presence of genes located on an operon
Ability of the protein to fold itself into a functioning structure
Chromatin is packed to prevent transcription
The persistence of the 3' poly-A tail as mRNA leaves the nucleus
The amount of introns present in mRNA
The persistence of the 5' cap as mRNA leaves the nucleus
The presence of transcription factors to increase or decrease transcription
mRNA must be processed before entering the cytoplasm

62) Correctly match the following structures of the lac operon to each label.

A mRNA
B enzymes
C active repressor
D inactive repressor
E RNA polymerase bound to promoter
F DNA
G lactose
Correct Answer
A DNA
B RNA polymerase bound to promoter
C active repressor
D lactose
E inactive repressor
F mRNA
G enzymes

63) Correctly match the components of the trp operon to each label.

A Regulator gene
B Structural genes
C Promoter
D Enzymes
E Operator
F Inactive repressor
G RNA polymerase
Correct Answer
A Regulator gene
B Promoter
C Operator
D Structural genes
E Inactive repressor
F RNA polymerase
G Enzymes


Use your knowledge of genetic mutations to complete the following statements. Responses can be used
more than once.

A is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA.
(Blank 1)

This can have effects on the organism because a change in DNA
(Blank 2)
bases can change the resulting .
(Blank 3)

Mutations that occur in body cells are called , and those that oocur
(Blank 4)
in sex cells are called .
(Blank 5)

There are several different types of mutations.Those that involve a change in a single base are called
.
(Blank 6)

Those that insert or delete one or more bases are called .
(Blank 7)

An example of a disorder caused by a is sickle-cell disease.
(Blank 8)

An example of a disorder caused by a is cystic fibrosis.
(Blank 9)

cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis
frameshift mutation frameshift mutation frameshift mutation
frameshift mutations frameshift mutations frameshift mutations
genetic mutation genetic mutation genetic mutation
germline mutations germline mutations germline mutations
point mutation point mutation point mutation
point mutations point mutations point mutations
positive positive positive
sickle-cell disease sickle-cell disease sickle-cell disease
somatic mutations somatic mutations somatic mutations
negative negative negative
protein protein protein
positive positive positive


positive point mutations positive
Correct Answer
cystic fibrosis
negative
protein
somatic mutations
germline mutations
point mutations
frameshift mutations
point mutation
frameshift mutation


Use the images below to complete the discussion on mutations and their effects. Figure 1 shows no
mutation. Responses can be used more than once.

Figure 1 depicts a , in which a single

(Blank 1)
has been . These
(Blank 2) (Blank 3)
changes have effects on within the sequence, and therefore
(Blank 4)
.
(Blank 5)

Figure 2 is an example of a , in which a single
(Blank 6)
has been . These
(Blank 7) (Blank 8)
(Blank 9)
.
(Blank 10)

Figure 3 depicts a , in which a single
(Blank 11)
has been . These
(Blank 14)
.
(Blank 15)

DNA nucleotide DNA nucleotide DNA nucleotide
all following codons all following codons all following codons
many amino acids many amino acids many amino acids
changed changed changed
a single codon a single codon a single codon
a single amino acid a single amino acid a single amino acid
deleted deleted deleted
inserted inserted inserted


Correct Answer
point mutation
DNA nucleotide
changed
a single codon
a single amino acid
frameshift mutation
DNA nucleotide
inserted
all following codons
many amino acids
frameshift mutation
DNA nucleotide
deleted
all following codons
many amino acids


Complete the following statement to describe the structure and function of an operon. Choices may be used
more than once.

Prokaryotes contain genes that are arranged in a(n) and undergo
(Blank 1)
at the same time.
(Blank 2)

These genes typically include a(n) located upstream of the operon that
(Blank 3)
codes for a(n) .
(Blank 4)

This controls whether occurs or not.
(Blank 5) (Blank 6)

When the repressor protein is bound to the , RNA polymerase cannot bind
(Blank 7)
to the region, so transcription cannot occur and the genes
(Blank 8)
expressed.
(Blank 9)

When the repressor protein is not bound to the , transcription occurs and
(Blank 10)
the genes expressed because can
bind to the region.
(Blank 13)

are not are not are not are not
operator operator operator operator
operon operon operon operon
promoter promoter promoter promoter
promotor promotor promotor promotor
receptor protein receptor protein receptor protein receptor protein
regulator gene regulator gene regulator gene regulator gene
replication replication replication replication
repressor protein repressor protein repressor protein repressor protein
transcription transcription transcription transcription
are are are are
RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA polymerase
are are are are

are are are are
Blank 13 options
are not
operator
operon
promoter
promotor
receptor protein
regulator gene
replication
repressor protein
transcription
are
RNA polymerase
Correct Answer
operon
transcription
regulator gene
repressor protein
repressor protein
transcription
operator
promoter
are not
operator
are
RNA polymerase
promoter


Complete the following paragraph to describe how chromatin structure regulates gene expression.

The degree to which chromatin is compacted greatly affects its accessability for
, and thus, gene expression. Active genes contain
(Blank 1)
coiled DNA called
(Blank 2)
, while nonactive genes contain
(Blank 3)
coiled DNA called
(Blank 4)
. In , the
(Blank 5) (Blank 6)
tails of contain
(Blank 7)
groups; whereas in
(Blank 8)
, the tails contain
(Blank 9)
groups. When these tails are acetylated, a
(Blank 10)
pushes away the
(Blank 11)
, unpacking the DNA. Many loose coils radiate from the
(Blank 12)
and is
free to proceed.
acetyl acetyl
central axis central axis
chromatin remodeling complex chromatin remodeling complex
euchromatin euchromatin
heterochromatin heterochromatin
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
replication replication
tightly tightly
transcription transcription
translation translation
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly
acetyl acetyl
histones histones
loosely loosely
methyl methyl
tightly tightly

Correct Answer
transcription
loosely
euchromatin
tightly
heterochromatin
heterochromatin
histones
methyl
euchromatin
acetyl
chromatin remodeling complex
histones
central axis
transcription


Place a single word into each sentence to accurately describe the levels of control regulating gene
expression.

Gene expression in eukaryotes can be regulated in both the nucleus and the .
(Blank 1)

In one control mechanism, chromatin is used as a way to keep genes turned off by
(Blank 2)
preventing access to the DNA for transcription.

Transcriptional control is used to determine the degree to which a is transcribed into
(Blank 3)
mRNA.

How fast the mRNA leaves the is the basis for posttranscriptional control.
(Blank 4)

Translational control regulates when translation in the cytoplasm.
(Blank 5)

Posttranslational control occurs after translation is complete, ensuring a protein.
(Blank 6)
DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA
begins begins begins begins begins
cell cell cell cell cell
cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm
functional functional functional functional functional
gene gene gene gene gene
increases increases increases increases increases
nucleus nucleus nucleus nucleus nucleus
ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome
smaller smaller smaller smaller smaller
packing packing packing packing packing
Blank 6 options
DNA
begins
cell
cytoplasm
functional
gene
increases
nucleus
ribosome
smaller
packing
Correct Answer
cytoplasm
packing
gene
nucleus
begins
functional

69) Barr bodies would be observable in all but which of the following conditions?
XXY
XXXY
XXYY
XYY
Correct Answer
XYY
70) Eukaryotic protein synthesis differs from that of prokaryotes because

transcription and translation occur simultaneously in eukaryotes.
ribosomal subunits are larger in prokaryotes.
operons regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.
related prokaryotic genes are organized into groups called operons.
Correct Answer
related prokaryotic genes are organized into groups called operons.
71) Which of the following is true about prokaryotic gene regulation?

A regulator gene codes for a repressor protein that controls the operon.
An operator is the sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches.
Promoters code for enzymes and are transcribed as a unit.
Structural genes are located outside the operon and code for enzymes.
Correct Answer
A regulator gene codes for a repressor protein that controls the operon.
72) When a trp operon is in the "off" condition,

the repressor will code for an operator and change shape.
tryptophan will bind to the repressor.
the binding site for tryptophan will change shape.
RNA polymerase will attach to the promoter, and tryptophan is produced.
Correct Answer
tryptophan will bind to the repressor.

73) Which of the following is a post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes?

adding extra nucleotides to the DNA
the removal of introns from the nucleotide sequence by snRNPs
Inducers bind with the repressor, causing a shape change and release from the operator.
Regulatory genes make repressor proteins that bind with the operator and prohibit the function of RNA
polymerase.
Correct Answer
the removal of introns from the nucleotide sequence by snRNPs
74) Which of the following types of control determines which structural genes are transcribed?
transcriptional
posttranscriptional
translational
posttranslational
Correct Answer
transcriptional
75) Which type of mutation is most likely to be the least deleterious?

frameshift
substitution in the first base
deletion
point
Correct Answer
point
76) Which of the following does not clearly describe the structure or function of micro-RNA?
These molecules are nonprotein-coding.
They are able to inhibit translation.
They can cause degradation of the mRNA.
They are unable to cause disease.
Correct Answer
They are unable to cause disease.

77) Under what conditions are repressible products made in prokaryotes?

when the substrate is in the environment and needs to be metabolized
when a signal molecule is scarce
when a metabolite activates the repressor
when a repressor is in its active form
Correct Answer
when a signal molecule is scarce
78) Cells prefer to use glucose over other energy sources. Therefore, in prokaryotes
high levels of glucose will prevent expression from other operons that metabolize lactose.
low levels of glucose will cause the lactose mechanism to be turned off.
cAMP binds to activators to slow down transcription of the lac operon.
lactose will be synthesized only when there is ample glucose in the cell.
Correct Answer
high levels of glucose will prevent expression from other operons that metabolize lactose.
79) Which of the following describes a structural gene?

DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed
segment of DNA that a regulatory gene binds to
DNA sequence(s) for a particular trait
section of DNA that is not transcribed
Correct Answer
DNA sequence(s) for a particular trait
80) Which of the following is a characteristic unique to prokaryotic gene expression?

promoters
mRNA caps
exon processing and intron excision
coupled transcription and translation
Correct Answer
coupled transcription and translation

81) Regarding the lac operon, if lactose is present which of the following occurs?
Lactose binds to the operator, preventing the promoter from attracting RNA polymerase and preventing
transcription.
Lactose binds to RNA polymerase, which then binds to the promoter and transcribes the needed genes.
Lactose binds to the repressor, which prevents the binding to the operator, and RNA polymerase
transcribes the needed genes.
Lactose binds to the operon, which attracts RNA polymerase, and then transcription of the needed genes
occurs.
Correct Answer
Lactose binds to the repressor, which prevents the binding to the operator, and RNA polymerase transcribes the
needed genes.
82) Which of the following types of DNA is likely to be transcribed?

euchromatin in a prokaryotic cell
heterochromatin in a eukaryotic cell
DNA with many methyl groups
DNA with histone acetylation
Correct Answer
DNA with histone acetylation
83) Which of the following is a method of posttranscriptional control?

transcription factors and the life span of an mRNA molecule
the life span of an mRNA molecule
microRNA
differential RNA processing and how fast mRNA leaves the nucleus
Correct Answer
differential RNA processing and how fast mRNA leaves the nucleus
84) Which gene in an operon is incorrectly matched with its function?

promoter—section where enhancers bind to DNA to start transcription
regulator—binds to the repressor protein
structural—contains section of DNA that will be transcribed into enzymes
operator—RNA polymerase attaches and binds with DNA
Correct Answer
regulator—binds to the repressor protein

85) Which statement is correct about the trp operon?

The structural genes make products that act in a metabolic pathway to produce tryptophan.
It is normally turned off when tryptophan is present.
Tryptophan acts as the repressor in a positive feedback loop.
Correct Answer
The structural genes make products that act in a metabolic pathway to produce tryptophan.
86) Genetic control differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which statement below describes a difference?
RNA polymerase must bind to a promoter on the DNA to begin DNA synthesis in prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at the level of translation.
An active repressor protein keeps RNA polymerase from binding to DNA in prokaryotic cells.
Multiple genes are controlled by one promoter in prokaryotic cells.
Correct Answer
Multiple genes are controlled by one promoter in prokaryotic cells.
87) When the tumor suppressor gene p16 mutates, the production of a growth factor is not regulated and too much
is produced. How could a drug control the production of the protein product?
Enhance the transcription of antisense RNA from ordinarily inactive DNA; this will bind with sense mRNA
and prevent the ribosome from further translating it.
Use the drug to induce regulator genes to produce repressor proteins that physically bind to mRNA and
stop its activity in ribosomes.
Provide a repressor that will be activated by the growth factor to prevent transcription of more.
Activate other genes to produce enzymes that digest the mRNA.
Correct Answer
Provide a repressor that will be activated by the growth factor to prevent transcription of more.
88) What is the correct order of events in eukaryotic gene control?

acetylation, transcription activation, alternative splicing, translational control, posttranslational control
methylation, transcription activation, removal of exons, addition of microRNA, cleaving of polypeptide
chain
replication, unpacking of DNA, phosphorylation, addition of methylated cap, folding of protein
transcription activation, acetylation, alternative splicing, translational control, posttranslational control
Correct Answer
acetylation, transcription activation, alternative splicing, translational control, posttranslational control

89) Alzheimer's disease is associated with misfolded proteins. At which level of gene control does the misfolding of
proteins occur?
feedback
translational
posttranscriptional
posttranslational
Correct Answer
posttranslational
90)
What has occurred in the DNA (pictured above) to make it active?

The DNA has been unlooped to form a cursive B and is called a Barr body.
The heterochromatin has been exposed to an alkaline solution which results in the loss of H+ from the
methyl groups.
The DNA has become unpacked and is called a chromosome.
The DNA is no longer attached to the histones and now is now called lampbrush chromosomes.
Correct Answer
The DNA is no longer attached to the histones and now is now called lampbrush chromosomes.

91)
The immune system produces specific antibodies in response to an antigen. Which hypothesis would best
explain this ability?
If differential intron removal and splicing occurs, then the resulting protein can be varied.
If the antigens present in the bloodstream exert a feedback control, then transcription will not occur.
If the binding of the antigen to DNA occurs, then the correct sections of the genes will be activated.
If the antigen acts as an enhancer, then only the correct genes will be transcribed to produce a unique
antibody.
Correct Answer
If differential intron removal and splicing occurs, then the resulting protein can be varied.
92) Human red blood cells can live from two to four months without a nucleus, and yet they continue to synthesize
hemoglobin. This
means that the necessary ribonucleases are continually translating DNA.
suggests that there is a low level of RNA polymeraseto degrade the mRNA.
means that both the necessary mRNAs must persist and there must be a low level of RNA-degrading
enzymes present.
is a chemical process that does not require continued living pathways; the red blood cells are essentially
dead after they lose their nuclei.
Correct Answer
means that both the necessary mRNAs must persist and there must be a low level of RNA-degrading enzymes
present.

93) An oncogene is
a viral gene with no relation to the host cell's genes.
a bacterial gene that causes cancer in the host.
a gene that turns off cellular reproduction.
Correct Answer
94) Thomas is an 18-year-old freshman at State University. He worked as a lifeguard at the local pool the last three
summers. There is no incidence of cancer in his family, yet he has just been diagnosed with an aggressive form of
prostate cancer. In answering questions about his health, family history, and environment, Thomas indicated that his
family lived near an old Air Force base that had illegally disposed of solvents during World War II. The doctors
contacted an environmental company for soil testing around his family home. The Ames test came back positive.

Thomas has an increased risk of cancer because
he was exposed to higher doses of radiation, including X-rays.
he was exposed to carcinogens.
he had a high incidence of cancer in the family history leading to an inherited form of cancer.
he was exposed to ultraviolet light.
Correct Answer
he was exposed to carcinogens.

After genetic testing of the abnormal cells in Thomas's tumor, the base sequence of p53 gene was found to be
mutated. This gene normally
stimulates apoptosis.
blocks the formation of free radicals.
turns off the repair enzymes.
allows the formation of free radicals.
Correct Answer
stimulates apoptosis.


An alternate hypothesis on the action of p53 genes involves the activity of transcription factors. Which of the
following could be used to explain the role of transcription factors in controlling tumors?
The transcription factors are still present in the cell, but cannot be phosphorylated.
The transcription factors are still present in the cell, but the mutation of the promoter prevents attachment.
The transcription factors cannot be folded into the correct transcription activators for transcription
enhancement.
The abnormal transcription factors prevent the mediators and enhancers from forming a complex to activate
transcription.
Correct Answer
The transcription factors are still present in the cell, but the mutation of the promoter prevents attachment.
97) Transposons are specific DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes. Suppose a transposon
containing four bases was inserted in the gene for melanin production. The transposon would result in
xerodermapigmentosum.
alack of a repair enzyme.
a frameshift mutation.
an oncogene.
Correct Answer
a frameshift mutation.
98) Point mutations

are changes in codons that can cause a defective enzyme.
can cause a genetic disease such as sickle-cell disease.
can result in a sexual change.
are changes in multiple nucleotides.
Correct Answer
can cause a genetic disease such as sickle-cell disease.

99)
The portion labeled "b" _________________

functions as part of an operon.
is found only in prokaryotes.
is normally located outside the operon.
functions as an attachment site for RNA polymerase.
Correct Answer
is normally located outside the operon.
100)
The portion of the DNA labeled "d."represents the

promoter site.
operator site.
regulator gene.
CAP site.
Correct Answer
operator site.

101)
Which statement below justifies the relationship between a portion of the DNA and its role in the production of
an enzyme?
section A: produces an inactive repressor that cannot bind
section B: produces an activator to start transcription
section C: allows RNA polymerase to attach
section D: allows section A to fold over and attach
Correct Answer
section C: allows RNA polymerase to attach
102)
If this diagram represented the lac operon, then this operon is

a repressible operon.
turned on.
mutated.
Correct Answer

103) Cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays a role in catabolic activity in prokaryotes. cAMP enhances the lac operon's
transcription by binding to a catabolic activator protein. Based on this, cAMP is an example of
negative feedback.
phosphorylation.
positive feedback.
translational control.
Correct Answer
positive feedback.
104) Cells in the lining of the stomach produce a protein called pepsinogen. When this protein is released into the
chamber of the stomach, the stomach acid cleaves off a section of the protein, which now becomes an
enzyme called pepsin. In this form, pepsin will actively begin the breakdown of proteins in food. This is an
example of which type of eukaryotic gene regulation?
transcriptional control
posttranscriptional control
translational control
Correct Answer
105) Researchers can distinguish the process of transcription occurring in a(n) _________ cell because a
____________ is present.
prokaryotic …gene
prokaryotic…promoter
eukaryotic…transcription factor complex
eukaryotic…RNA polymerase
Correct Answer
eukaryotic…transcription factor complex
106) Steroid hormones act as signals by entering cells, binding to receptors, and becoming transcription activators.
How might this cause the transcription of certain genes to occur?
The transcription activator recognizes and binds to certain enhancers, initiating transcription.
The transcription activator must be attached to RNA polymerase in order for transcription to occur.
Transcription activators will play the role of RNA polymerase, generating the production of tRNA.
Transcription activators block access to large regions of DNA, leaving only certain areas accessible.
Correct Answer
The transcription activator recognizes and binds to certain enhancers, initiating transcription.

107) A scientist has been measuring the amount of a particular mRNA strand being produced by certain cells. He
notes that although a large amount of the mRNA is produced, he is finding relatively little of the protein
product that the RNA codes for. His assistant suggests that they look for the presence of microRNA (miRNA).
What would be suggested by the presence of miRNAs?
miRNAs indicate the presence of various RNA poisons which might prevent RNA translation.
The original mRNA may have been transcribed from junk DNA, and it has dissolved into miRNAs.
There may not be enough tRNA to translate the original mRNA, since
miRNAs are what is left over after tRNAs disintegrate.
miRNAs will bind to and disable the translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm, telling the researcher why
there is no protein product.
Correct Answer
miRNAs will bind to and disable the translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm, telling the researcher why there is no
protein product.
108) While identical twins often appear truly "identical" at first glance, their friends and family can easily tell them
apart. Which most likely explains the differences people use to distinguish one identical twin from the other?
differential operon control
epigenetics
X chromosome accumulation
base substitution
Correct Answer
epigenetics
109) Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring substance found in moldy grain and peanuts. While some aflatoxins are
poisonous, others are considered to be mutagens, meaning that they
will "mute" or reduce the effect of ultraviolet light.
cause cancer.
cause damage to DNA.
will enhance transcription of DNA.
Correct Answer
cause damage to DNA.

110) A DNA sequence that has had methyl groups added to it will likely
be silenced or weakened.
be transcribed faster and more efficiently.
attract large amounts of small RNAs.
attract additional acetyl groups to bind to the methyl groups.
Correct Answer
be silenced or weakened.
111) Which event must occur before transcription of a eukaryotic gene can begin?
RNA polymerase attaches to the gene
tRNA brings amino acids to a ribosome
the histone portion of the nucleosome containing the gene is unpacked
transcription factors, transcription activators, and mediator proteins join together
Correct Answer
the histone portion of the nucleosome containing the gene is unpacked
112) Gene expression must be regulated in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

(a) Describe the functional components of an operon.
(b) Explain how the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes differs from gene expression in eukaryotes.
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.

113) Gene regulation is an important process to the life of a cell.

A. Describe the advantages of a cell being able to control its gene activity.
B. Using either the trp or the lac operon as an example, explain how a prokaryote can control its gene activity.
C. Describe one method by which a eukaryote might control expression of a gene.

Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
114) Lung and colon cancer are two of the most common induced forms of cancer.
Describe the difference between cancers caused by induced and spontaneous mutations.
Propose and support a hypothesis regarding the high incidence of lung and colon cancer.
How can the development of new miRNA-based drugs control tumor growth?
Correct Answer
Answers may vary.
115) Which of the following deletion mutations would most certainly stop any polypeptide production from the
nucleotide sequence: TAC AAA GGA TAG?
TAA AAG GAT G
TAC AAG GAT AG
TAC AAA GGT AG
TAC AAA GGA TA
Correct Answer
TAA AAG GAT G



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Answer Key with Questions

Regulation of gene expression

3) List, in order, the levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.

Copyright © 2022, McGraw-Hill Education. 1/56

4) Which component in an operon is incorrectly matched with its function?

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7) Which statement is NOT correct about the lac operon?

8) Which statement is NOT correct about the trp operon?

Step 3 RNA polymerase binds to a promoter on the DNA

Step 4 The structural genes are transcribed.

A regulator gene normally codes for a repressor

Step 2 Lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it

Copyright © 2022, McGraw-Hill Education. 3/56

11) All of these are considered carcinogens EXCEPT

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14) Which of the following is a method of posttranscriptional control?

15) Mutagens and carcinogens are associated with

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18) Thymine dimers

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22) Point mutations

23) Frameshift mutations

24) Androgen insensitivity is characterized by

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25) A change in a regulatory gene

27) In transcriptional control in eukaryotic cells

28) The mRNA strand includes both introns and exons.

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32) Germ-line mutations

35) A Barr body

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38) Which of the following structures is not part of an operon?

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43) Active genes in eukaryotic cells are associated with

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51) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

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Repressor is typically unable to attach to the

When substrate is present, the operon is turned

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The lac operon is an example of this type of

Transcription of the genes in this operon produce

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54) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

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55) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

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56) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

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57) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.

Blank 1 options Blank 2 options Blank 3 options Blank 4 options

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58) Fill in the blanks using the available answer choices.