Section 22
SLOPE PROTECTION
22.1 GENERAL
22.1.1 Description
This work shall consist of the construction of bank and
slope protection courses in accordance with these Speci-
fications and in reasonably close conformity with the
lines, grades, and thicknesses shown on the plans or es-
tablished by the Engineer.
22.1.2 Types
Types of slope protection are designated as follows:
(1) Riprap
Hand-Placed Riprap-hand-placed stones on earth
or gravel bedding.
Machine-Placed Riprap-machine-placed stones on
earth or gravel bedding.
Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)-stones placed in
wire fabric enclosures.
Grouted Riprap-hand-placed riprap as described
above with voids filled with sand-cement grout.
Sacked Concrete Riprap-hand-placed sacked con-
crete.
(2) Concrete Slope Paving
Cast-in-Place Slope Paving-Portland cement con-
crete, pneumatically applied mortar or, when per-
mitted, fabric forms filled with structural concrete
grout.
(3) Precast Concrete Slope Paving-Portland cement
concrete slabs, blocks, or shapes precast prior to place-
ment.
22.2 WORKING DRAWINGS
Whenever specified or requested by the Engineer, the
Contractor shall provide working drawings with design
calculations and supporting data in sufficient detail to per-
mit a structural review of the proposed design of a slope
protection system. When concrete is involved, such data
Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
shall include the sequence and rate of placement. Suffi-
cient copies shall be furnished to meet the needs of the En-
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gineer and other entities with review authority. The work-
ing drawings shall be submitted sufficiently in advance of
proposed use to allow for their review, revision, if needed,
and approval without delay to the work.
The Contractor shall not start the construction of any
slope protection system for which working drawings are
required until the drawings have been approved by the En-
gineer. Such approval will not relieve the Contractor of re-
sponsibility for results obtained by use of these drawings
or any other responsibilities under the contract.
22.3 MATERIALS
22.3.1 Aggregate
Aggregate for riprap shall conform to the requirements
of Subsection 703.16 of the AASHTO Guide Spec$ca-
tions for Highway Construction.
Aggregate for underdrains and filter blankets shall
conform to Sections 704 and 705, respectively, of the
AASHTO Guide Specijicationsfor Highway Construction.
22.3.2 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)
Gabions shall be constructed of wire mesh. The wire
mesh shall be made of galvanized steel wire having a min-
imum size of 0.120-inch diameter (U.S. Wire Gage No.
11). The tensile strength of the wire shall be in the range
of 60,000 to 85,000 psi, determined in accordance with
ASTM A 392. The minimum zinc coating of the wire shall
be 0.80 oz/sq ft of uncoated wire surface as determined in
accordance with ASTM A 90.
Selvedge, tie, and connection wire shall meet the same
strength and coating requirements specified above for
wire used in the wire mesh.
22.3.3 Filter Fabric
Filter fabric shall meet the requirements of Subsection
705.03 of the AASHTO Guide Specijicationsfor Highway
Construction.
645
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 646
22.3.4 Grout
Grout shall consist of one part Portland cement and
three parts of sand, thoroughly mixed with water to pro-
duce a workable mix.
22.3.5
Concrete for sacked concrete riprap shall consist of a
mixture of clean pitrun or washed sand and gravel, cement
and water. The mixture shall contain not less than 376
pounds of Portland cement per cubic yard and sufficient
water to obtain a slump of 3 to 5 inches. Sacks for sacked
concrete riprap shall be made of 10-ounce burlap or other
fabric having equal or greater strength. Sacks shall be
approximately 19% inches by 36 inches measured inside
the seams when the sack is laid flat, with an approximate
capacity of 1.25 cubic feet. Sound, reclaimed sacks may be
used.
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22.3.6 Portland Cement Concrete
Portland cement concrete for cast-in-place slope
paving shall conform to the provisions in Section 8, “Con-
crete Structures,” for Class B or Class B (AE) concrete
using the 1-inch maximum combined grading.
Expansion joint filler shall conform to the provisions
in Article 8.9.2.1.
22.3.7 Pneumatically Applied Mortar
Materials for pneumatically applied mortar shall con-
form to the requirements of Section 24, “Pneumatically
Applied Mortar.”
22.3.8 Precast Portland Cement Concrete Blocks
and Shapes
Precast Portland cement concrete blocks and shapes
shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 129, C 139, or C
145, grade as specified. Materials for precast Portland ce-
ment concrete slabs shall conform to the requirements in
Article 8.13. “Precast Concrete Members.”
22.3.9 Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcement shall conform to the provisions in Sec-
tion 9, “Reinforcing Steel.”
22.3.10 Geocomposite Drain
Geocomposite drain shall consist of a manufactured
core with one or both sides covered with a layer of filter
fabric.
Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Sacked Concrete Riprap
22.3.4
The manufactured core shall be a preformed grid of
embossed plastic, a mat of random shapes of plastic fibers,
a drainage net consisting of a uniform pattern of poly-
meric strands forming two sets of continuous flow chan-
nels, a system of plastic pillars and interconnections form-
ing a semi-rigid mat, or other system approved by the
Engineer, which will conduct the flow of water designated
on the plans or in the special provisions.
Filter fabric shall conform to the requirements of Arti-
cle 22.3.3 and shall be integrally bonded to the core ma-
terial.
The Contractor shall furnish to the Engineer a signed
certification from the manufacturer stating that the
geocomposite drain proposed for use is capable of
withstanding design loadings at all planned locations
without appreciably decreasing the carrying capacity of
the designed drainage voids for the entire height or length
of the drain.
22.4 CONSTRUCTION
22.4.1 Preparation of Slopes
Slopes shall be shaped to allow the full thickness of
the specified slope protection and any bedding or filter
gravel, where required. Slopes shall not be steeper than
the natural angle of repose of the slope specified in
the contract. Where the slopes cannot be excavated to
undisturbed material, the underlying material shall
be compacted to 95% standard density per AASHTO
T 99.
22.4.2 Bedding
When called for on the plans, a layer of filter gravel or
filter fabric shall be placed on the slope immediately prior
to placement of the riprap or slope paving. The layer of fil-
ter gravel shall be shaped to provide the minimum thick-
ness specified.
22.4.3 Filter Fabric
When specified in the contract, filter fabric shall be
spread uniformly over the prepared slope or surface. The
fabric shall be unrolled directly on the surface to the lines
and dimensions shown. The filter fabric shall be lapped a
minimum of 12 inches in each direction and shall be an-
chored in position with approved anchoring devices. The
Contractor shall place the riprap in a manner that will not
tear, puncture, or shift the fabric. Tracked or wheeled
equipment will not be permitted on the fabric covered
slopes.
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 22.4.4 DIVISION II-CONSTRUCTION
22.4.4 Geocomposite Drain
Geocomposite drains shall be installed at locations
shown on the plans, described in the special provisions,
and where directed by the Engineer. Collection and dis-
charge systems shall be installed as shown on the plans or
as directed by the Engineer.
Core material manufactured from impermeable plastic
sheeting having connecting corrugations shall be placed
with the corrugations approximately perpendicular to the
drainage collection system.
When only one side of the geocomposite drain is cov-
ered with filter fabric, the drain shall be installed with the
filter fabric side facing the embankment. The fabric fat-
ing the embankment side shall overlap a minimum of 3
inches at all joints and wrap around the exterior edges a
minimum of 3 inches beyond the exterior edge. If addi-
tional fabric is needed to provide overlap at joints and
wrap-around at edges, the added fabric shall overlap the
fabric on the geocomposite drain at least 6 inches and be
attached thereto.
Should the fabric on the geocomposite drain be tom or
punctured, the damaged section shall be replaced com-
pletely or repaired by placing a piece of fabric that is large
enough to cover the damaged area and provide a 6-inch
overlap all around the damaged area.
22.4.5 Hand Placing Stones
Where hand placing of stones is specified, the larger
stones shall be placed first with close joints. The larger
stones shall be placed in the footing trench. Stones shall
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be placed with their longitudinal axis normal to the em-
bankment face and arranged so that each stone above the
foundation course has a three-point bearing on the under-
lying stones. The foundation course is the course placed
on the slope in contact with the ground surface. Bearing
on smaller stones that may be used for chinking voids will
not be acceptable. Placing of stones by dumping will not
be permitted. Interstices shall be filled with smaller stones
and spalls.
22.4.6 Machine-Placed Stones
22.4.6.1 Dry Placement
Machine-placed stones shall be so placed so as to pro-
vide a minimum of voids, and the larger stones shall be
placed in the toe course and on the outside surface of the
slope protection. The stone may be placed by dumping
and may be spread in layers by bulldozers or other suit-
able equipment. At the completion of slope protection
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Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
647
work, the footing trench shall be filled with excavated ma-
terial, and compaction will not be required.
22.4.6.2 Underwater Placement
When placed under water, free dumping will not be
permitted without written permission of the Engineer.
Placement shall be by controlled methods using bottom
dump buckets or wire rope baskets lowered through the
water to the point of placement.
22.4.7 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)
22.4.7.1 Fabrication
The wire mesh shall be twisted to form hexagonal
openings of uniform size. The maximum linear dimension
of the mesh opening shall not exceed 4% inches and the
area of the mesh opening shall not exceed 8 square inches.
The mesh shall be fabricated in such a manner as to be
nonravelling. Nonravelling is defined as the ability to re-
sist pulling apart at any of the twists or connections form-
ing the mesh when a single wire strand in a section is cut.
Gabions shall be fabricated so the sides, ends, lid, and
diaphragms can be assembled at the construction site into
rectangular baskets of the specified size. Gabions shall be
of single unit construction-base, lid, ends, and sides
shall be either woven into a single unit or one edge of
these members connected to the base section of the gabion
in a manner that strength and flexibility at the point of
connection is at least equal to that of the mesh.
Where the length of the gabion exceeds its horizontal
width, the gabion shall be equally divided by diaphragms
of the same mesh and gauge as the body of the gabions,
into cells the length of which does not exceed the hori-
zontal width. The gabion shall be furnished with the nec-
essary diaphragms secured in proper position on the base
in a manner that no additional tying at this junction will
be necessary.
All perimeter edges of the mesh forming the gabion
shall be securely clip bound or selvedged so that the joints
formed by tying the selvedges have at least the same
strength as the body of the mesh.
Selvedge wire used through all the edges (perimeter
wire) shall not be less than 0.148-inch diameter (U.S.
Wire Gage No. 9) and shall meet the same strength and
coating specifications as the wire mesh.
Tie and connection wire shall be supplied in sufficient
quantity to securely fasten all edges of the gabion and di-
aphragms and to provide for at least four cross connecting
wires in each cell whose height is equal to the width and
at least two cross-connecting wires in each cell whose
height is one-half the width of the gabion. Cross-connect-
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 648
ing wires will not be required when the height of the cell
is one-third the width of the gabion. Tie and connection
wire shall meet the same strength and coating specifica-
tions as the wire used in the mesh, except that it may be
as much as two gages smaller.
In lieu of tie wire, two gauge galvanized hog rings may
be used to connect adjacent baskets and to secure basket
lids. Spacing of the hog rings shall not exceed 6 inches.
Vertical joints in the completed work shall be staggered
at approximately Y3 or YZthe length of the full baskets.
22.4.7.2 Installation
The gabions shall be placed on a smooth foundation.
Final line and grade shall be approved by the Engineer.
Each gabion unit shall be assembled by binding to-
gether all vertical edges with wire ties on approximately
6-inch spacing or by a continuous piece of connecting
wire stitched around the vertical edges with a coil about
every 4 inches. Empty gabion units shall be set to line and
grade as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engi-
neer. Wire ties, hog rings, or connecting wire shall be
used to join the units together in the same manner as de-
scribed above for assembling. Internal tie wires shall be
uniformly spaced and securely fastened in each cell of the
structure.
A standard fence stretcher, chain fall, or iron rod may
be used to stretch the wire baskets and hold alignment.
The gabions shall be filled with stone carefully placed
by hand or machine to assure alignment and avoid bulges
with a minimum of voids. Alternate placing of rock and
connection wires shall be performed until the gabion is
filled. After a gabion has been filled, the lid shall be bent
over until it meets the sides and edges. The lid shall then
be secured to the sides, ends and diaphragms with the wire
ties or connecting wire in the manner described above for
assembling.
22.4.8 Grouted Riprap
Stones shall be placed on the slope as specified in Ar-
ticle 22.4.5 and shall be thoroughly moistened with water
after placement. Grout shall be applied while the stone is
moist and shall be worked into the interstices to com-
pletely fill the voids.
Where the depth is in excess of 12 inches, the stone
shall be placed in 12-inch lifts and each lift grouted prior
to placement of the next lift. Succeeding lifts shall be
constructed and grouted before grout in the previous lift
has set.
Grout shall be placed only when the weather is suitable
and shall be protected from freezing for at least 4 days.
The surface shall be cured by covering with moist earth,
Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
HIGHWAY BRIDGES 22.4.7.1
wet rugs or curing blankets for at least 3 days after grout
placement.
Weep holes shall be provided through the riprap as
shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
22.4.9 Sacked Concrete Riprap
Sacks shall be filled with approximately 1 cubic foot of
concrete, leaving room at the top to fold the sacks and re-
tain the concrete during placement. Immediately after
being filled, the sacks shall be placed and lightly trampled
to conform with the earth face and with adjacent sacks.
The first two courses shall provide a foundation of dou-
ble thickness. The first foundation course shall consist of
a double row of stretchers (long dimension of sack paral-
lel to contour of slope) laid level and adjacent to each
other in a neatly trimmed trench. The trench shall be lo-
cated as shown on the plans, or as directed by the Engi-
neer, cut to-the proper depth and width to accommodate
placement of the first two foundation courses, and cut
back into the slope a sufficient distance to enable proper
subsequent placement of the riprap. The second founda-
tion course shall consist of a row of headers (long dimen-
sion at right angles to the stretchers) placed directly above
the double row of stretchers. The remaining courses shall
consist of stretchers and shall be placed with staggered
joints.
Dirt and debris shall be removed from the top of the
sacks before the next course is placed. Stretchers shall be
placed so that the folded ends are not adjacent. Headers
shall be placed with the folds toward the earth face. Not
more than four vertical courses of sacks shall be placed in
any tier until initial set has taken place in the first course.
When there will not be proper bearing or bond for the
concrete because of delays in placing succeeding layers of
sacks, a small trench shall be excavated back of the row
of sacks and filled with fresh concrete before the next
layer of sacks is laid. Header courses may be required at
any level to provide additional stability.
Sacked concrete riprap shall be cured with a blanket of
wet earth or by sprinkling with a fine spray of water every
2 hours during the daytime for 4 days.
Weep holes shall be provided through the riprap as
shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
22.4.10 Concrete Slope Paving
22.4.10.1 General
This work shall consist of constnicting cast-in-place
and precast portland cement concrete slope paving. At the
option of the Contractor, the cast-in-place slope paving
shall be constructed of either Portland cement concrete or
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 22.4.10.1 DIVISION II-CONSTRUCTION
pneumatically applied mortar. Where specified or permit-
ted by the Engineer, this work shall also include woven
fabric forms filled with fine aggregate Portland cement
concrete grout.
22.4.10.2 Cast-in-Place Slope Paving
Concrete shall be mixed and placed in conformance
with the provisions in Section 8, “Concrete Structures,”
and shall be spread and tamped until it is thoroughly com-
pacted and mortar flushes to the surface. If the slope is too
steep to permit the use of concrete sufficiently wet to flush
with tamping, the concrete shall be tamped until consoli-
dated and a mortar surface Yd-inch thick, troweled on im-
mediately. The mortar shall consist of one part Portland
cement and three parts of fine aggregate. The mortar sur-
face shall be considered as a part of the concrete and no
separate payment will be made therefore.
After striking off to grade, the concrete shall be hand
floated with wooden floats. The entire surface shall be
broomed with a fine texture hair push broom to produce a
uniform surface with the broom marks parallel to the
edges of the panel. Edges and joints shall be edged with a
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Y4-inch radius edger prior to the brooming.
Pneumatically applied mortar shall be placed and fin-
ished in accordance with the provisions in Section 24,
“Pneumatically Applied Mortar.”
Expansion joints shall be installed transversely at in-
tervals of 20 feet. Longitudinal expansion joints shall be
installed at the locations shown on the plans. Expansion
joints shall be filled with expansion joint filler %-inch
thick.
Cast-in-place concrete and pneumatically applied
mortar shall be cured as provided in Sections 8 and 24, re-
spectively.
Weep holes shall be provided through the slope paving
as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
When permitted or specified, the Contractor may use
woven fabric forms filled with pumpable fine aggregate
Portland cement concrete grout as the slope protection
system. The request by the Contractor to use a particular
system must be in writing accompanied by working draw-
ings and complete information as to the materials, con-
struction and performance characteristics of the propiosed
system.
Pervious backfill material, if required by the plans,
shall be placed as shown. Two cubic feet of pervious back-
fill material wrapped in filter fabric shall be placed at each
weep hole and drain hole.
At the completion of the work, footing trenches shall
be filled with excavated material and compaction will not
be required.
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22.4.10.3 Precast Slope Paving
Precast slabs, blocks, and shapes shall be laid on a 3-
inch bed of cushion sand in the pattern shown on the
plans. Blocks and shapes shall be thoroughly rammed in
place to provide a uniformly even surface and solid bed-
ding under each block or shape.
In the areas where grouting is called for, the blocks
shall be laid in running bond with the length parallel
to the slope and with Yeinch joints. Following the laying
of the blocks, in the area to be grouted, sufficient
mortar sand shall be spread over the surface and
swept into the joints to fill the latter to 4 inches from
the surface. The blocks shall be wetted to the satisfac-
tion of the Engineer before any grout is placed. The
joints shall be filled with grout flush with the top of the
block.
After grouting has been completed and the grout has
sufficiently hardened, the blocks shall be wetted, covered
and cured with curing blankets or covers for the first 7
days after grouting. Grout shall not be poured during
freezing weather.
22.5 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
22.5.1 Method of Measurement
22.5.1.1 Stone Riprap and Filter Blanket
Hand-placed riprap, machine-placed riprap, grouted
riprap, and filter blanket aggregate will be measured by
the square yard, cubic yard, or ton, as listed in the sched-
ule of bid items. The area will be that actually placed to
the limiting dimensions shown on the plans, or the plan di-
mensions as may have been revised by the Engineer, mea-
sured along the upper surface. If measured by the cubic
yard, the volume will be computed on the basis of the
measured area and the thickness specified on the plans. If
measured by the ton, the quantity shall be the number of
tons, loose measure, incorporated into the work.
22.5.1.2 Sacked Concrete Riprap
Sacked concrete riprap will be measured by the cubic
yard of concrete placed. Measurement will be based on
mixer volumes.
22.5.1.3 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)
Wire-enclosed riprap (gabions) will be measured as the
number of square yards of surface area.
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 650
22.5.1.4 Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving
Cast-in-place concrete or pneumatically applied mor-
tar slope paving will be measured on a square yard or
cubic yard basis. The area will be that actually placed to
the limiting dimensions shown on the plans, or the plan
dimensions as may have been revised by the Engineer,
measured along the upper sloped surface. If measured by
the cubic yard, the volume will be computed on the basis
of the measured area and the thickness shown on the
plans. No additional compensation will be allowed for ad-
ditional concrete or pneumatically applied mortar placed
by reason of low foundation.
22.5.1.5 Precast Concrete Slope Paving
Precast concrete slabs, blocks, or shapes placed as
slope paving will be measured in square yards computed
from the payment lines shown on the plans, or as directed
by the Engineer.
22.5.1.6 Filter Fabric
Filter fabric will be measured by the square yard on the
ground surface, excluding overlaps, complete in place.
22.5.2 Payment
22.5.2.1 General
Payment for slope protection of the various classes at
the unit prices bid will include full compensation for all
labor, materials, equipment, or other incidentals in con-
nection with the preparation of subgrade (except for the
furnishing and placement of filter blanket material and fil-
ter fabric), excavating and backfilling toe trenches where
required, furnishing and placing the stones, slabs, blocks,
shapes, grout, mortar, Portland cement concrete, pneu-
matically applied mortar, reinforcing steel, expansion
joint filler, if required, and all other work and incidental
material required to complete the work in accordance with
the plans and specifications.
22.5.2.2 Stone Riprap
Hand-placed riprap, machine-placed riprap, and
grouted riprap measured in accordance with Article
22.5.1.1 will be paid for at the price bid per square yard,
per cubic yard, or per ton as set foah in the schedule of
bid items.
22.5.2.3 Sacked Concrete Riprap
Sacked concrete riprap measured in accordance with Art-
icle 22.5.1.2 will be paid for at the price bid per cubic yard.
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Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
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HIGHWAY BRIDGES 22.5.1.4
22.5.2.4 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions)
Wire-enclosed riprap (gabions) measured in accor-
dance with Article 22.5.1.3 will be paid for at the price bid
per square yard. Such price shall include wire baskets, con-
nection hardware, anchors, aggregate filling, and any other
materials, labor, and equipment necessary to complete the
work in accordance with the plans and specifications.
22.5.2.5 Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving
Cast-in-place concrete or pneumatically applied
mortar slope paving measured in accordance with Art-
icle 22.5.1.4 will be paid for at the price bid per square
yard or per cubic yard as set forth in the schedule of bid
items.
22.5.2.6 Precast Concrete Slope Paving
Precast concrete slope paving measured in accordance
with Article 22.5.1.5 will be paid for at the price bid per
square yard. Such price shall include cushion sand and
shall include Portland cement grout or mortar, if required
by the plans or specifications.
22.5.2.7 Filter Blanket
Filter blanket or filter gravel measured in accordance
with Article 22.5.1.1 will be paid for at the price bid per
square yard, per cubic yard, or per ton as set forth in the
schedule of bid items.
22.5.2.8 Filter Fabric
Filter fabric measured in accordance with Art-
icle 22.5.1.6 will be paid for at the price bid per square
yard.
22.5.2.9 Geocomposite Drain System
Geocomposite drain system will be paid for on the
basis of a contract lump sum price. Such lump sum price
shall include full compensation for furnishing all labor,
materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing
all the work involved in constructing geocomposite drain
systems complete in place including geocomposite drain,
collection and discharge systems as shown on the plans,
as specified in the special provisions and as directed by the
Engineer.
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