CHAPTER IV:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FLOW RATE TESTING COMPUTATION

Q=Velocity x Width x Deptheq.12

ft
Q=(1.7485 x 2.42 ft x 2.17 ft )
s

ft
Q 1=9.1821 x 0.85= 7.8048 ftᵌ/s
s

Q=Velocity x Width x Depth

ft
Q=(4.12 x 3.92 ft x 1.17 ft )
s

ft ftᵌ
Q 2=18.895968 x 0.85= 16.062
s s

Q=Velocity x Width x Depth

ft
Q=(6.72 x 3.42 ft x 0.6275 ft )
s

ft ftᵌ
Q 3=14.4074 x 0.85= 12.24629
s s

1
 FLOW RATE VALUE

Q1 (Flow Rate Test 1 Results) 7.8048 ftᵌ/s

Q2 (Flow Rate Test 2 Results) ftᵌ

16.062
s

Q3 (Flow Rate Test 3 Results) ftᵌ

12.24629
s

Table 6. Variation in the Value of Incoming Flow Rate during Data Gathering

Period

FIGURE 9. Specific values of the incoming flow rate testing

Real-time measurements of the water flow rate under test conditions are

made at the height of falling water directly at the turbine. At maximum flow, the

2
flow rate is measured. According to the measurement results, the highest water

discharge for Q2 was 16.062 feet per second, the average water discharge for

Q3, with half of the turbine inlet submerged in water, was 12.24629 feet per

second, and the lowest water discharge for Q1, with three-quarters of the turbine

inlet submerged in water, was 7.8048 feet per second. These results are shown

in Figure 8 and Table 5.

OVERALL POWER GENERATED BY THE TURBINE SYSTEM

P=I x V eq.13

P=I x V = ( 0.07 ) ( 40.0 )=2.8 wat ts

P=I x V = ( 0.06 ) (39.6 )=2.376 watts

P=I x V = ( 0.07 ) ( 39.9 )=2.793 watts

COMPUTATION OF HYDRAULIC AND GENERATOR POWER

Pavailable= pQgH eq. 14

H=L sin θ

H=0.350 msin ( 45 )=0.247 m

Pin=pQgH

(
Pavail able= 1000
kg
mᵌ)(
0.2210
mᵌ
s )(
9.81
m
s2 )
( 0.247 m)

Pavailable =535.498Watt

3
 Pextracted =T ( 2 πN )

Pextracted =0.10542(2 π ( 105/60 ) )

Pextracted =69.549Watt

P= pQgH

(
Pavailable = 1000
kg
mᵌ )(
0.6548
mᵌ
s
9.81)(
m
s2 )
( 0.247 m )

Pavailable =1102.01Watt

Pextracted =T (2 πN ) eq. 15

Pextracted =0.21605(2 π ( 296 /60 ))

Pextracted =401.889 Watt

(
Pavail able= 1000
kg
mᵌ )(
0.34677
mᵌ
s
9.81 )(
m
s2
( 0.247 m ))
Pavailable =843.158Watt

Pextracted =T ( 2 πN )

Pextracted =0.09033(2 π ( 253 /60 ))

Pextracted =143.529Watt

It's important to note that the hydraulic output represents the energy

available from the flowing water, while the generator output represents the

electrical power generated by the generator.

4
EFFICIENCY:
Pextracted
η= eq. 16
P available

Pextracted 69.549 Watt

η= = =0.1703 x 100=17.03 %
P available 535.498 Watt

Pextracted 401.889Watt
η= = =0.36488 x 100=36.488 %
P available 1102.01 Watt

Pextracted 143.529 Watt

η= = =0.1298 x 100=12.98 %
P available 843.158 Watts

To calculate the efficiency of an Archimedes turbine, you would typically

use the hydraulic output and generator output. The efficiency of a turbine is

defined as the ratio of useful output power to the input power. In this case, the

useful output power refers to the power extracted by the turbine, which is the

generator output. The input power is the hydraulic power provided by the flowing

water, which is the hydraulic output.

TORQUE COMPUTATION
P=2 πTN eq.17

253
2.8 watts=2 πT ( )
60

5
 T =0.10542 N−m

P=2 πTN

105
2.376 watts=2 πT ( )
60

T =0.21609 N−m

P=2 πTN

296
2.8 watts=2 πT ( )
60

T =0.09033 N−m

FLOW HYDRAULIC GENERATOR OVERALL RPM TORQUE EFFICIENCY

RATE POWER POWER POWER
GENERATED

ftᵌ watt watt

watt N-m
s

Q1 7.8048 535.498 69.549 2.79 105 0.10542 17.03 %

Q2 16.062 1102.01 401.889 2.8 296 0.21609 36.488 %

Q3 12.24629 843.158 143.529 2.376 253 0.09033 12.98 %

TABLE 7. DATA PARAMETERS

6
 Table 7 describes the findings related to the target parameters of the

Archimedes turbine generator. It highlights the relationship between torque and

rotational movement, indicating that an increase in rotation speed leads to higher

torque which is 16.062 ftᵌ/s. The table also demonstrates the interconnection

between flow rate, rotation speed, and power output, with the maximum power

output occurring at a specific flow rate. Maintaining high water flow conditions

results in maximum torque and power output.

From Table 7, it can be observed that the highest flow rate (Q2) results in

the highest hydraulic power, generator power, and overall power generated. This

indicates that a higher flow rate leads to increased power output from the

Archimedean turbine generator. Additionally, it can be seen that the generator

power output is slightly lower than the hydraulic power output, indicating some

losses in the conversion process from hydraulic power to electrical power.

Head Requirement:

Head Requirement = Hydraulic Power / (Flow Rate * Acceleration Due to Gravity)

Given data: Flow Rate:

Q1: 7.8048 cubic feet per second

Q2: 16.062 cubic feet per second

Q3: 12.24629 cubic feet per second

Hydraulic Power:

7
Q1: 535.498 watts

Q2: 1102.01 watts

Q3: 843.158 watts

Acceleration Due to Gravity: 9.1821 ft/s^2 (for Q1), 18.895968 ft/s^2 (for Q2),

14.4074 ft/s^2 (for Q3)

Calculating the head requirement for each case:

Q1: Head Requirement = 535.498 / (7.8048 * 9.1821) = 7.683 feet

Q2: Head Requirement = 1102.01 / (16.062 * 18.895968) = 3.351 feet

Q3: Head Requirement = 843.158 / (12.24629 * 14.4074) = 4.929 feet

The given data and calculations provide insights into the flow rate,

hydraulic power, acceleration due to gravity, head requirement variation, and

design considerations of the Archimedes turbine. Flow rate affects the power

output and may require a higher head. Q2 has the highest flow rate of 16.062

cubic feet per second. Hydraulic power indicates the turbine's efficiency in

converting water flow into mechanical power. Q2 has the highest hydraulic power

of 1102.01 watts. The head requirement varies for each case, with Q1 having the

highest at 7.683 feet, followed by Q3 at 4.929 feet, and Q2 at 3.351 feet.

Design considerations include installation height and water source based on the

head requirement.

8
 Figure 10. Graph of torque varies as the turbine undergoes different
rotational movement

The graph shows that as the rotation of the Archimedes screw increases

which is 296 rpm, the torque generated by the system also tends to increase

which is equivalent to 0.21690 N-m. This is due to the increased rotation leading

to a higher mechanical force being exerted on the screw, resulting in greater

torque. As the Archimedes turbine produces an average rotation of 253 RPM,

therefore it is rotating at a value of 0.09033 N-m which is at its lowest and this

might be due to Mechanical issues specifically screw misalignment and bearing

problems that contribute to lower torque despite high rotation. These issues can

impede the transfer of rotational force, resulting in reduced torque output. And as

9
the Archimedes turbine produces second to the highest gathered result of

rotation which is equivalent to 253 RPM, the torque produces a higher value of

0.10542 N-m this is the result of increased fluid resistance within the turbine that

is a result of high blockages in the run-off river system.

Figure 11. Relationship between flow rate, rotation, and power

According to the test results, the highest rotation and turbine power occur at a

ftᵌ
flow rate of 16.062 in which the value of rotation is 296 rpm and 2.8 watts. The
s

results of this study indicate that to obtain maximum torque and power, flow

conditions must be maintained at the highest water flow rate conditions, even

though the efficiency obtained is not the maximum value. Lesser fluid interacting

ftᵌ
with the screw turbine which is 7.8048 results in a reduced power of 2.376
s

watts and, therefore, lowers rotation of 105 rpm. When the average flow rate is

ftᵌ
considered, it represents an average value of 12.24629 . This means that the
s

10
overall fluid input to the turbine is relatively consistent during that period, leading

to an average rotation speed of 253 rpm and power output of 2.79 watts.

The flow rate of water has a significant influence on the performance of the

portable Archimedes screw turbine. Higher flow rates result in increased rotation

speed and power output, while lower flow rates lead to reduced rotation speed

and power output.

Figure 12. Actual power output of the generator relative to the power
extracted from the fluid flow

The graph illustrates the relationship between hydraulic power and

generator power in an Archimedes turbine generator. The x-axis represents the

generator power, while the y-axis represents the corresponding hydraulic power.

ftᵌ
The graph shows that as the flow rate increases which are 16.062 , both the
s

hydraulic power and generator power also increase which are equivalent to the

following 1102.01 watts and 401.889 watts. This indicates that a higher flow rate

results in higher power output from the generator. It is observed that the

generator power is slightly lower than the hydraulic power across all flow rates

11
with a given hydraulic power of 532.498 watts it will yield a generator power of

69.549 watts. Likewise, 843.158 watts of hydraulic power produces 143.529

watts of generator output.

RETURN OF INVESTMENT

To calculate the ROI using the payback period method, we divide the total

investment by the annual cash inflow. The payback period formula is as follows:

Payback Period = Total Investment÷ Annual Cash Inflow

Based on the information you provided:

Total Investment = 7157.50 pesos (assuming this is the correct value)

Annual Cash Inflow = 4551.649524 pesos per month

Payback Period = 7157.50 pesos ÷ 4551.649524 pesos per month= 1.57 month

Discussion

The purpose of the graphs (Figure 10, 11, and Figure 12) in relation to the

objectives is as follows:

Figure 10: This graph shows the relationship between torque and rotational

movement of the Archimedes screw. It demonstrates how the torque generated

by the system varies with different rotational speeds. The graph helps evaluate

the effectiveness of the screw design in generating torque and identifies potential

issues such as mechanical problems or fluid resistance that may affect torque

12
output. This information is relevant to Objective A (designing a portable

Archimedes screw) and Objective C (evaluating performance in terms of

rotational speed).

Figure 11: We can infer the following relationships in relation to the stated

objectives: The design of a portable Archimedes screw seems to have been

effective in achieving different levels of rotational speed (RPM) within the system.

The results show that higher rotation leads to greater torque, indicating that the

design factors considered, such as screw geometry, may have contributed to the

successful functioning of the screw for power generation.

Figure 12: This graph illustrates the relationship between hydraulic power and

generator power in the Archimedes turbine generator. It shows how the power

output of the generator corresponds to the power extracted from the fluid flow.

The graph provides insights into the efficiency of power conversion and highlights

any losses in the conversion process. This information is relevant to Objective C

(evaluating performance in terms of power generation capacity and efficiency)

and Objective D (analyzing feasibility and practicality).

Both graphs contribute to the overall understanding of the performance and

efficiency of the Archimedes turbine generator, helping assess its suitability for

pico hydropower generation. They provide quantitative data and visual

representations of key parameters, supporting the evaluation of objectives A, C, D, and

E.

13
 In Based for the Longevity of Archimedes Turbine, table 6 presented that

the Archimedes turbine continuously generates power as long as there is a water

flow and the turbine components remain functional. The flow rate of water directly

affects the rotation and power output of the turbine.

It's important to note that the efficiency of the turbine varies depending on the

flow rate. The calculated efficiencies for Q1, Q2, and Q3 were 17.03%, 36.488%,

and 12.98%, respectively. These efficiencies represent the ratio of power output

to power input.

The Archimedes turbine will continuously generate power as long as water

flows through it. The power output and efficiency will depend on the flow rate,

with higher flow rates generally leading to higher rotation speeds and power

outputs. However, even at lower flow rates, the turbine can still produce power.

The target market of the Archimedes turbine generator primarily consists of

rural communities in third-world nations and rural areas of developed nations.

These communities face challenges in accessing electricity and have limited

infrastructure and affordability. The generator offers a solution to provide low-cost

and reliable electricity to households, farms, small villages, and factories in these

rural areas.

Additionally, the target market includes individuals, organizations, and

policymakers who promote renewable energy and seek sustainable alternatives.

The Archimedes turbine generator appeals to those actively involved in

14
advocating for renewable energy solutions and aiming to transition away from

fossil fuel-based electricity generation.

By targeting these specific markets, the Archimedes turbine generator aims to

address the energy needs of underserved rural communities and contribute to

the promotion of renewable energy on a global scale.

CHAPTER V:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

 Table 6 highlights the relationship between torque and rotational

movement, showing that higher rotation speeds lead to higher torque

15
 (16.062 ftᵌ/s). The table demonstrates the interconnection between flow

rate, rotation speed, and power output. The highest flow rate (Q2) results

in the highest hydraulic power, generator power, and overall power

generated.

 Figure 9 shows that as the rotation increases (296 rpm), the torque also

increases (0.21690 N-m). Lower rotation values (e.g., 253 rpm) can be

attributed to mechanical issues like screw misalignment and bearing

problems, causing lower torque despite high rotation.

 Figure 10 reveals that the highest rotation and turbine power occurs at a

flow rate of 16.062 ftᵌ/s, with corresponding values of 296 rpm and 2.8

watts. Higher flow rates result in increased rotation speed and power

output.

 Figure 11 illustrates the relationship between hydraulic power and

generator power. As the flow rate increases (16.062 ftᵌ/s), both hydraulic

and generator power increases. The generator power output is slightly

lower than the hydraulic power across all flow rates.

 The Archimedes turbine continuously generates power as long as there is

water flow and the turbine components remain functional. The flow rate of

water directly affects rotation and power output.

 The target market primarily includes rural communities in third-world

nations and rural areas of developed nations, aiming to provide low-cost

and reliable electricity to underserved areas. And appeals to individuals,

16
 organizations, and policymakers promoting renewable energy and seeking

sustainable alternatives.

 The design of the portable Archimedes screw achieves different levels of

rotational speed, and higher rotation leads to greater torque, indicating the

effectiveness of the screw design for power generation.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the given results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

a) Flow Rate and Turbine Performance: The flow rate has a significant

impact on the performance of the Archimedes turbine. Higher flow rates

result in higher rotation, torque, and power output. The highest flow rate of

16.062 ftᵌ/s leads to the highest rotation of 296 rpm and the highest

turbine power of 2.8 watts. Lower flow rates, such as 7.8048 ftᵌ/s, result in

reduced power and rotation.

b) Torque and Rotation Relationship: There is a direct relationship between

torque and rotation. As the rotation of the Archimedes screw increases,

the torque generated by the system tends to increase. The highest

rotation of 296 rpm corresponds to a torque of 0.21690 N-m, while the

lowest rotation of 253 rpm results in a lower torque of 0.09033 N-m.

Mechanical issues such as screw misalignment and bearing problems can

contribute to lower torque despite high rotation.

c) Optimal Flow Rate for Power Generation: To achieve maximum torque

and power, it is necessary to maintain flow conditions at the highest water

17
 flow rate. However, it should be noted that even though the highest power

output is achieved at the highest flow rate, the efficiency obtained may not

be the maximum. This suggests that a trade-off exists between power

output and efficiency.

d) Relationship between Hydraulic Power and Generator Power: The

relationship between hydraulic power and generator power follows a

similar pattern. As the flow rate increases, both hydraulic power and

generator power increase. However, the generator power is slightly lower

than the hydraulic power due to losses and inefficiencies in the system.

It is important to note that these conclusions are based on the specific data

and conditions provided. Further analysis and experimentation are recommended

to validate these findings and explore the relationship between flow rate, torque,

power, and efficiency in Archimedes turbine generators under different operating

conditions.

Recommendations:

The recommended areas of future research presented in this section

address several aspects of design or operating parameters as necessary.

Also presented are recommendations for the experimental procedure,

18
incorporating the modifications to evaluate their impact on the ASG

performance. Other recommendations are as follows:

1) To optimize the generator's performance under various flow

circumstances, experiment with various screw profiles, geometries,

and materials.

2) To improve the screw, housing, and other component designs for

increased efficiency and power output, do computational modeling and

simulation studies.

3) To verify the generator's functionality and dependability, carry out

thorough field testing in a range of flow scenarios.

4) Gather operational data over an extended period of time to assess the

generator's effectiveness, upkeep needs, and overall economic

sustainability.

5) Repeat the experimental procedure incorporating the modifications to

evaluate their impact on the ASG performance.

6) Based on the analysis results, make adjustments to the ASG design or

operating parameters as necessary.

19
 REFERENCES

[1] Dellinger, G., Garambois, P.-A., Dufresne, M., Terfous, A., Vazquez, J., &

Ghenaim, A. (2016). Numerical and experimental study of an Archimedean

Screw Generator. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 49,

102002. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/49/10/102002

[2] Rorres, C (2000, January). The turn of the screw optimal design of an

Archimedes Screw. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 74-79. Retrive from

https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/screw/screw.pdf

[3] Dragomiresu, A.(2021). Design consideration for Archimedes Screw hydro

turbine, 3-10. Retrive from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-

1315/664/1/012034/pdf

[4] Dellinger, G., Terfous, A., Garambois, P.-A., & Ghenaim, A. (2016).

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doi:10.1080/00221686.2015.1136706 10.1080/00221686.2015.1136706

[5] Nuernbergk, D. M., & Rorres, C. (2013). Analytical Model for Water Inflow

of an Archimedes Screw Used in Hydropower Generation. Journal of Hydraulic

Engineering, 139(2), 213–220. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000661

10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000661

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[6] Lubitz, W. D., Lyons, M., & Simmons, S. (2014). Performance Model of

Archimedes Screw Hydro Turbines with Variable Fill Level. Journal of Hydraulic

Engineering, 140(10), 04014050. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000922

10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000922

[7] Lee, K. T., Kim, E.-S., Chu, W.-S., & Ahn, S.-H. (2015). Design and 3D

printing of controllable-pitch archimedean screw for pico-hydropower generation.

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[8] Erinofiardi, Nuramal, A., Bismantolo, P., Date, A., Akbarzadeh, A., Mainil,

A. K., & Suryono, A. F. (2017). Experimental Study of Screw Turbine

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13. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.094 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.094

[9] Rohmer, J., Knittel, D., Sturtzer, G., Flieller, D., & Renaud, J. (2016).

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xiii
 APPENDICES

External Parameters Calculations

Volume of water “one cycle of the screw”

2
π R O Λ …..eq. 6

2 3
¿ π (1.65 ) ( 0.92 )=7.869 inch

Volume of water “one cycle of the screw”:

2 π 2 R O3
VT= …… eq. 7
K

2 π 2 (1.65)3
¿ =1.83
48.58

Volume of chute

V¿ π (Rₒ ¿ ¿2−Ri2 )L/ N ¿….eq. 8

= π (1.65 ¿ ¿ 2−0.462)13.8/ 1 ¿

= 108.86 inᵌ

14
Dimensionless Parameters

Radius Ratio:

Ri
… .eq. 9
Rₒ

1.65
=3.59
0.46

Pitch Ratio:

Kᴧ
λ¿ ….eq. 10
2 π Rₒ

48.58( 0.92)
λ= =4.311
2 π (1.65)

Volume Ratio:

VT
v= 2
…eq. 11
π RO Λ

1.83
¿ =0.232
7.869

15