Science Investigatory Project

CODES
DEXTER JOHN T. MAGDAMIT

Justice Eliezer R. Delos Santos National High School
Regional Orientation on Scientific Research for Science Education Program

Supervisors and Research Advisers
Held last July 24 & 25, 2018
Dalandanan Library Hub
CODES
FOLDER CODE
RS-T/I-DO17
RS/LS/PS Category
RS-Robotics
LS-Life Science
PS-Physical Science
T/I Team or Individual
DO Division Office
1-17 Division Code
Department of Education
1 Caloocan
CODES
2 Navotas
3 Manila
4 Marikina
5 Makati
6 Muntinlupa
7 Malabon
8 Mandaluyong
9 Las Pinas
10 San Juan
11 Quezon City
12 Pasay
13 TAPAT
14 Pasig
15 Paranaque
16 Valenzuela
17 Quezon City Science High School
CODES
CONTENT OF THE FOLDER

1.Manuscript
LS-T-DO17-Name of the School
LS-T-DO17-Taguig Science High School
CODES
CONTENT OF THE FOLDER
2. Forms
LS-T-DO17-Attachments
LS-T-DO17-ISEF FORMS
LS-T-DO17-LOgbook
CODES
PS-I-DO1
PS-I-DO1-Caloocan Science High

School
PS-I-DO1-Logbook
PS-I-DO1-ISEF Forms
All must be in pdf format
LOGBOOK


Regional
http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/me
Orientation mo/2016/DM_s2016_176.pdf
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
L
O
G
B
O
O
K
Regional
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
Code of the Logbook

Scanned data
logbook as
merged pdf
http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/memo/2016/DM_s2016_
176.pdf
Regional
Merge the files via combine pdf apps
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
Regional
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
Tips in Preparing the Project

Data Logbook
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_laboratory_notebook.shtml
Regional
Tips in Preparing the Project Data Logbook
Orientation https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_laboratory_notebook.shtml
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Spiral notebooks
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
can be used as a
project data book
Bound composition notebook

A bound spine (not spiral
binding) makes it difficult for
pages to be easily torn out and
lost.
Regional https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_laboratory_notebook.shtml
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Write the names of the researchers, teacher,
Education
Program
contact information, email address or phone
Supervisors
and Research numbers in a prominent location of the
Advisers
logbook
Orientation
on Scientific
Numbering the pages of the logbook

Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
is only required when a new chapter
and Research
Advisers is presented.
Number the pages

Numbering the pages of your lab notebook
from the start of the research keeps your
notebook organized.
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers Create a table
of contents so
you can quickly
find your notes
at a later date.
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Program
Write a title for each
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
section clearly.
Orientation
on Scientific
If something is wrong on a page

Research for
Science
Education
Program
Supervisors
or if you discover an accidental
and Research
Advisers blank page, remove the pages
from the logbook immediately.
Do not remove the pages,

instead cross and sign.
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for Record only experimental
Science
Education procedures, observations and findings
Program
Supervisors related to ongoing investigation.
and Research
Advisers
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Use liquid or pencil erasers when
Education
Program deleting some errors, information or
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
data.
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Sign every entry in the logbook.
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers
Orientation
on Scientific
Research for
Science
Education
Sign every entry in the logbook
Program
Supervisors
and Research
Advisers

Intel International Science
and Engineering Fair
SCIENTIFIC WRITING


SCIENTIFIC WRITING - IMRaDC
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS & METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
23
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
❑ Many of the projects sent by the

INTRODUCTION country to the Intel ISEF have written
this part in two or four paragraphs with
no subsections
❑ It must present the (1) background of

the study, (2) hypothesis and
statement of the problem, (3)
objectives, (4) significance and (5)
limitations of the study
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,242014)


❑ Subsections can be used (usually 1 short

MATERIALS
& METHODS paragraph per subsection)
❑ It should provide enough details so that others

can repeat the experiments following the
methods written in the research paper,
however, conciseness should be maintained.
❑ It should include the significant steps such as

gathering of materials, preparing of set-ups,
tests and experimentations, data analysis, etc.,
the materials used for each step must also be
included
❑ Official title of international/established procedures
or tests used in the experiments can be written
MATERIALS instead of describing its detailed steps (Retting
& METHODS
Process, Resazzurin Test, ASTM #); however
modifications for these international/established
procedures or tests must be indicated.
❑Tests and procedures conducted by a regulated

research institution do not need to be described in
detail; however, details should be elaborated in tests
and procedures personally designed and performed
by the students.
❑ Include photographs, layouts, schematic diagrams or

drawings especially for inventions and new products


RESULTS ❑ It includes all data gathered from the

experiments which can be presented through
tables, graphs, figures, etc.
❑ Appropriate data presentation must be

observed. (table vs. graph, bar graph vs. line
graph
❑ Tables, graphs, figures should each have their

respective captions. A good caption must have a
Table/Graph/Figure Number and a short
description.
❑ Captions for tables must be placed on top of the

table. While those for graphs, figures, diagrams,
etc. should be placed under them.
RESULTS ❑ Each table , graph, figure, etc may be accompanied

with short descriptions on the trends derived from
the data analysis conducted
❑ Subsections may be used especially if multiple

distinct tests were conducted (eg. Results from Test
No. 1, Results from testNo. 2)
❑ This part of the research paper may begin with: This

study determined the _______ as prepared with the
following tables, graphs and figures.
❑ No discussion should be presented in this part of the

reserach paper, more than 90% of this part shows
only tables, graphs, figures, etc.

❑ This part of the research paper should be

DISCUSSION treated as the “soul” of the research paper and
not just as an accessory part
❑ Most of the related literatures are integrated in

this part and not in the Introduction
❑ Subsections can also be used especially if

multiple distinct tests were conducted (eg.
Discussion for results in Test No. 1, discussion
for results in test No. 2)
❑ This part of the research paper usually answers

the following

❑ This part of the research paper usually answers
DISCUSSION the following questions:
➢ What are the implications of the results and the

trends derived from the data analysis
conducted?
➢What are and how did these factors cause such

results and trends?
➢What are the other related research that agree

with such results and trends? ( If any, indicate
how these research varied from the research
especially in terms of materials and methods
used?

➢ What are the established scientific knowledge

DISCUSSION (eg. Science laws, basic facts that can explain or
justify such results and trends?
➢What are and how did these factors cause such

results and trends?
➢What are the other related research and/or

scientific knowledge that contradict such results
and trends? And what are the possible causes of
these contradictions?
➢What are and how did these possible errors (eg.

Unwanted factors) affect such results and
trends?
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)

33
CONCLUSION ❑ It summarizes the results of the research
❑ Usually two to three sentences with no

subsections
❑ It should not generalize and should present

only conclusion based on the results and
trends discussed . Eventually, it should answer
the objectives presented in the introduction.
❑ It should mention a practical application.

34

❑-It presents
It ehat else
presents can beelse
what done to improve
can be the research,
done to
to widen the knowledge about this research topic, and other
RECOMMENDATIONS
improve
variables thatthe research,
can be to widen
tested in relation the (other
to the research
researchers of the same interest will usually read this part to
knowledge about this research topic,
conceptualize their own research topic)
and other variables that can be tested
-Usually a short paragraph with no subsections
in relation to the research (other
researchers of the same interest will
usually read this part to conceptualize
their own research topic)
❑ Usually a short paragraph with no

subsections

❑ It includes a FORMAL AND DIRECT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT message of thanks to the people who
contributed SIGNIFICANTLY to the
research.
❑ It usually includes the names of the

adult-sponsor, qualified scientist,
regulated research institute, and
sponsors if there are any.
❑ Usually a short paragraph with no

subsections

REFERENCES/ ❑ It includes all books, journals,

BIBLIOGRAPHY credible websites and all other
resources that were used as reference
❑ Citation style must be consistent;

usual formats include APA style, MLA
style, Chicago Manual of Style

SCIENTIFIC WRITING – IMRaDC
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PAPER PARTS
1. TITLE
❑ It should not be placed on a separate page and should be
placed on top of the first page
2. NAME/S OF STUDENT/S
❑ It is placed directly under the title
❑ Name/s of students are arranged in alphabetical order by
surnames
❑ Names are written in one line separated by commas
3. NAME OF SCHOOL
❑ Full name of school, with address, if placed under the names

SCIENTIFIC WRITING – IMRaDC
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PAPER PARTS
4. ABSTRACT
❑ It is placed under the name of school with two lines (above and below)
5. KEYWORDS
❑ It is placed directly below the abstract
❑ Usually 3 to 4 words that describes the research
6. APPENDICES
❑ Attached documents (eg. Codes for computer programs)
7. PAGE NUMBERS
❑ Page numbers are suggested to be placed at the center of each page
❑ Make sure that the font style and size of the page numbers are the
same as that of the body


42
*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide inDEPARTMENT
Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)
OF EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
❑Should be written AFTER the whole research

paper was written but not before the deadline of
submission for the research paper
❑Must include (1) short background of the study,

(2) objectives of the study, (3) materials and
methods, (4) results, (5) conclusion and
significance.
❑DO NOT INCLUDE (1) acknowledgements and (2)

details of the procedures conducted by the adult
sponsor, qualified scientist or adult-supervisor at
RRI (give highlights to those conducted by the
students

TITLE
❑Science fair is not a competition of who has

the longest, most jargonized, car-banging,
eye-blinding title. Instead of sounding smart,
those kinds of title may just annoy or irritate
audience.
❑Titles should be written simply but at the

same catchy and interesting
❑Title, just by reading or two, must already

five ideas to the audience what the research
is all about

The following are some titles of the research that were sent to the Intel
International Science and Engineering Fair


Writing Style in Science
PASSIVE VOICE
▪ Always use the passive voice, which stresses the subject being
observed or tested, rather than the active voice, which stresses the
researcher.
Active: I recorded the temperature of the solution and then added
3mL of HCl
Passive: After the temperature of the solution was recorded, 3mL of

HCl were added
Note: Some scientific journals require the use of the active voice to
save space, since sentences in the active voice tend to be shorter.
48
VERB TENSE
▪ Use the past tense when reporting the results of your own work
(which includes most of the Abstract, Materials and Methods, and
Results sections) and the present tense for established
research(which includes most of the Introduction and Discussion)
Some exceptions should be noted:
Use the past tense when you refer to the author directly.
For example:
Bednark (1959) found that this Drepanidea was extremely sensitive to
light.
Use present tense when you refer directly to a table or figure in your
own paper
For example:
Figure 1 shows that the population was adversely affected.
49
JARGON
▪ Scientists use simple, straightforward writing and avoid the use of
jargon. A narrower meaning implies intentionally excessive
wordiness and the use of obscure terminology.
Jargon: As part of a daily routine, the Microtidea specimens were

manually transported by the experimenter to the predetermined
observation cage. Each subject was examined carefully and any
indications of fighting or other aggressive behaviors were noted. The
specimens were returned to the holding facility upon completion of the
data collection.
Revised : The experimental mice were observed daily. All indicators of

aggressive behavior were recorded.
50
WORDINESS
▪ Since note taking concentrates on the recording of information, first
drafts tend to be somewhat wordy. It is important to revise your
work one sentence at a time, being careful to retain the content
while simplifying your language. Changing even one word can
produce dramatic results. You should omit words or phrases that do
not add to the meaning of your sentence.
Wordy Concise
More often than not Usually
It is apparent that Apparently
In the light of the fact Because
In only a small number of Occasionally, rarely
cases
In the possible event that If
51
Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative
Instead of Consider Using

This reaction is not uncommon This reaction is common
This reaction is rare
This reaction occurs about 405 of
the time
This transition was not unexpected This transition was expected
We knew that such tarnsitions were
possible
This strategy is infrequently used This strategy is frequently used
This strategy is occasionally used
This result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur
This result is possible
52
Words and Phrases to avoid
Omit excess words.
Instead of Consider Using

It is a procedure that is often used. The procedure is often used.
There are seven steps that must be Seven steps must be completed.
completed.
This is a problem that is… This problem is..
53
Use single words instead of phrases.
Instead of Use
A number of Many, several
A small number A few
Are in agreement Agree
Are found to be Are
Are known to be Are
At present Now
At the present time Now
Based on the fact that Because
By means of By
Despite the fact that Although
Due to the fact that Because
54
Instead of Use
During that time While
Fewer in number Fewer
For the reason that Because
Has been shown to be Is
If it is assumed that If
In color,eg. Red in color Just state the color, eg. Red
In consequence of this fact Therefore, consequently
In length Long
In order to To
In shape, eg. Round in shape Just state the size, eg. Small
In spite of the fact that Although
55
Instead of Use
In the case of In, for
In view of the fact that Because
Is known to be is
It is clear that Clearly
It is likely that Likely
It is possible that Possibly
It would appear that Apparently
Of great importance Important
On the order of About
Owing to the fact that Before
Reported in the literature reported
56
5 C’s
❑ Clarity
❑Conciseness
❑Concreteness
❑Coherence
❑Context
57
INTEL-ISEF FORMS

INTEL-ISEF FORMS
KEY PEOPLE IN THE CONDUCT OF SIP
Student
Adult Sponsor
Qualified Scientist
Designated Supervisor
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
THE STUDENT
●Conceptualizes for his/her research topic
●Prepares and writes the research plan
●Seeks guidance from adult sponsor and qualified scientist
●Conducts the experiment
●Takes all necessary photo-documentation
●Writes all data obtained in the data logbook
●Conducts data analysis
●Writes the whole research paper
●Writes the abstract
●Prepares and fills-out necessary Intel ISEF Forms
●Personally presents research during science fairs
●Personally answers questions during science fairs
●Prepares research posters for display during science fairs
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
THE ADULT SPONSOR
●In the Philippine context, the Coach or the Research Adviser
●Should have a solid background in the research topic
●Evaluates risks of the project of the student
●Ensures safety and health of the student
●Reviews student’s Research Plan
●Reminds (ONLY) students of the things s/he needs to prepare
and perform
●Should always be available for student consultation
●Edits (eg. grammar and language) research paper, abstract, and
posters of the students
●Makes sure the student is emotionally and mentally ready for
oral presentation & defense
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
THE QUALIFIED SCIENTIST
●Should have a doctoral degree or master’s degree with
equivalent experience in the field of study of the student
●May still be the adult sponsor if s/he meets the above
qualifications
●Needed for research that include high risks
●May or may not come from the Regulated Research Institution
(RRI) where experimentation is to be conducted; if not from RRI,
a separate adult-supervisor from the RRI must be present to
supervise the experimentation to be conducted at the RRI
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
THE DESIGNATED SUPERVISOR
●Sees the over-all conduct of the experiment
●Can still be the Adult-Sponsor
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
• Intel ISEF forms are very critical especially to the
Philippine representatives to the annual Intel
ISEF.
• Judges or the Scientific Review Committee
during the National Science and Technology Fair
will be looking for research that have
completely and correctly filled out Intel ISEF
forms.
• As early as the division science fair, these Intel
ISEF forms are already attached and
scrutinized.
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
FORMS NEEDED FOR ALL TYPE OF RESEARCHES

Student Checklist (1A)
Checklist for Adult with attached
Sponsor (1) Research Plan
Approval Form (1B) Qualified Scientist

Form (2)
BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT

INTEL-ISEF FORMS
NEEDED THEAFTER
EXPERIMENT
Regulated Research
Institutional/Industrial
Setting Form (1C)
(if experimentation was conducted at a regulated
research institute)
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
Other forms needed depending on the nature of your research
FORMS DESCRIPTION
Risk Assessment Form before; for research involving hazardous
chemicals, activities or devices and
microorganisms
Human Participants before; for research involving human
Form participants not in a regulated research
institute
Human Informed before; this serves as the official consent of
Consent Form the human participants for research
involving human participation
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
FORMS DESCRIPTION
Vertebrate Animal Form before; for research involving vertebrate
(5a) animals conducted not in the regulated
research institution
Vertebrate Animal Form before; for research involving vertebrate
(5b) animals conducted in a regulated research
institution
Potentially Hazardous before; for research involving
Biological Agents Risk microorganisms, recombinant DNA, fresh or
Assessment Form (6a) frozen tissue, blood and blood products,
and body fluids
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
FORMS DESCRIPTION
Human and Animal before; an additional form to 6a if the
Tissue Form (6b) research involves fresh or frozen tissue,
blood and blood products, and body fluids
Continuation/ Research before; for research that are a continuation
Progression Projects of a previous year’s research
Form
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
THE RESEARCH PLAN
• Serves as the guide and “preliminary blueprint” in the conduct of
a research.
• It must be reviewed properly by the adult-sponsor and (if any)
the qualified scientist.
• Risks and special procedures needed for the conduct of the
experiment must be assessed.
• Students must sit with the adult sponsor, the qualified scientist
and even the parents to discuss their research plan.
• Improvements, simplifications, and corrections can then be made
by the students upon the advice of the adults (especially in cases
when adults think that the student cannot perform certain parts
or is very risky for the student’s safety).
• Only then when the student and all the adults agree can the
research plan be approved and the research process proceeds.
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PLAN
a. RATIONALE: Include a brief synopsis of the background that supports your
research problem and explain why this research is important and if applicable,
explain any societal impact of your research.
b. RESEARCH QUESTION(S), HYPOTHESIS(ES), ENGINEERING GOAL(S), EXPECTED
OUTCOMES: How is this based on the rationale described above?
c. Describe the following in detail:
• Procedures: Detail all procedures and experimental design including
methods for data collection. Describe only your project. Do not include
work done by mentor or others.
• Risk and Safety: Identify any potential risks and safety precautions
needed.
• Data Analysis: Describe the procedures you will use to analyze the
data/results.
d. BIBLIOGRAPHY: List major references (e.g. science journal articles, books,
internet sites) from your literature review. If you plan to use vertebrate
animals, one of these references must be an animal care reference.
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED
- this is one or two statements (interrogative OR declarative) that

state the problem - to make it easier, simply transform the
research topic chosen.
Research Topic: Coconut Water in Prolonging Vase-life of Rose
Interrogative: Can coconut water be used in prolonging vase-life of

roses?
Declarative: Coconut water potentials in prolonging vase-life of
roses should be explored and evaluated.
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED
- this is one or two statements that state the final output of the
research topic - most of the time, hypothesis is used; however, goals
and expected outcomes are also good choices.
Goal:
(1) To determine the number of days in the vase and visible changes in
characteristics of roses subjected to coconut water treatments and
(2) To compare these data from the coconut water treatments to those data from
plain water.
Expected Outcomes:
Roses under coconut water treatments will have longer vase-life as compared to
roses with only plain water.
Hypothesis:
If roses under coconut water treatments extend the number of days, with minimum
visible changes in characteristics, as compared to plain water, then coconut water is
effective in prolonging the vase-life of roses.
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
PROCEDURES (Avoid recipe type)
- -these are the detailed steps to be taken in the whole research -
should be written in paragraph form and not only through flow
charts (which can also be added) –
The research plan should answer the following questions:

1. What will be the steps involved in preparing the coconut water treatments
(amount, concentrations per vase, etc.)?
2. How will the roses be gathered, prepared and placed on these treatments?
3. How will the set-ups (coconut water treatments with roses) be placed in the
experimenting area?
4. How often will the set-ups be observed and recorded?
5. What are the specific visible characteristics that are to be observed and
recorded? How will observation and recording for each specific visible
characteristic be performed?
6. How will the set-ups be controlled from unwanted factors such as insects?
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
RISKS AND SAFETY
- this discusses the risks that may be involved in the whole research
- should be written in paragraph form - copies of
international/local standards or procedures can be attached –

1. Are there risks involved in preparing the coconut water treatments, roses and other
materials needed for the research (eg. special chemicals, microorganisms, etc)?
2. If yes, what are existing rules and regulations that control these risks?
3. How will these risks be effectively handled during the whole duration?
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
DATA ANALYSIS
- this presents how data gathered from the whole research

are to be analyzed

1. What accepted standards will be used in evaluating qualitative data,?
2. What statistical tool will be used to analyze the data for the differences in the vase-life of
the roses?
3. Are there international or local standards that will be used as comparison?
INTEL-ISEF FORMS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-Include at least 5 major references (books, science journals or
credible internet sites
Ethics in Research
Regional Orientation on Scientific Research

for Science Education Program Supervisors & Research Advisers
Curriculum & Learning Management Division

Department of Education – National Capital Region
International Rules for Pre-college Science Research:
Guidelines for Science and Engineering Fairs
2016–2017
The purpose of these rules is to:

• protect the rights and welfare of the student researcher
• protect the rights and welfare of human participants
• protect the health and welfare of vertebrate animal
subjects
• ensure adherence to federal regulations
• ensure use of safe laboratory practices
• protect the environment
• determine eligibility for competition in the Intel ISEF
The Designated Supervisor
✓ The Designated Supervisor is an adult who is

directly responsible for overseeing student
experimentation.
✓ The Designated Supervisor need not have an

advanced degree, but must be thoroughly familiar
with the student’s project, and must be trained in
the student’s area of research.
✓ The Adult Sponsor may act as the Designated

Supervisor.
Scientific fraud and misconduct
• Scientific fraud and misconduct are not condoned

at any level of research or competition.
• This includes plagiarism, forgery, use or

presentation of other researcher’s work as one’s
own, and fabrication of data.
• Fraudulent projects will fail to qualify for

competition in affiliated fairs and the Intel ISEF.
• Society for Science & the Public reserves the right

to revoke recognition of a project subsequently
found to have been fraudulent.
Research: Cost and Benefits-Analysis
• Ethics in research are very important when you're going to conduct

an experiment.
• Ethics should be applied on all stages of research, such as planning,

conducting and evaluating a research project.
• The first thing to do before designing a study is to consider the

potential cost and benefits of the research.
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
• is a committee
• must evaluate the potential physical and/or psychological risk
of research involving humans.
• All proposed human research must be reviewed and approved
by an IRB before experimentation begins.
• This includes review of any surveys or questionnaires to be
used in a project.
• An IRB is responsible for assessing risk and documenting the

determination of risk level on Human Participant
• in reviewing projects just prior to a fair, if the SRC serving at that level
of competition judges an IRB’s decision as inappropriate, thereby
placing human participants in jeopardy, they may override the IRB’s
decision and the project may fail to qualify for competition.
• protect the human research participant and the student researcher.

• research with humans, the rights and welfare of the participants must
be protected.
• Most human participant studies require preapproval from an
Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Human Subjects Participant Program
(HSPP) and informed consent/assent from the research participant.
Ethical Standards - Researchers Should...
avoid any risk of considerably harming unnecessarily

• people
• the environment
• property
In research using human subjects, several
categories of persons maybe involved:
▪ Normal healthy adults, including the investigator,
and elderly persons
▪ Sick adults, including the acutely and terminally ill
▪ People living in highly controlled situations, such as,
prisoners, soldiers, and students
▪ Children, both healthy and ill
▪ Mentally incompetent persons, whether adults or
children
▪ Unborn fetuses or still living aborted fetuses
Use of Vulnerable Persons
• Not forbidden by ethical codes or regulations
• Need for justification for their inclusion

–Unsuitability of less vulnerable populations
–Use of mitigation to address vulnerability
NUREMBERG CODE: Informed Consent
▪ The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
▪ This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to
give consent;
▪ Should be . . . able to exercise free power of choice, without the

intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, . . . or
coercion;
▪ Should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension . . . .

NUREMBERG CODE: Informed Consent
• The duty and responsibility for

ascertaining the quality of consent rests
upon . . .each individual who initiates,
directs, or engages in the experiment.
• It is a personal duty that may not be

delegated
DO NO HARM
• Experiment should . . . avoid all

unnecessary physical and mental suffering
and injury. (Nuremberg, #4)
Forms of Harm to Human Subjects in Behavioral
Research
• Psychological harm – recalling a traumatic

event
• Social stigma – loss of reputation
• Cultural effects – going against existing
cultural norms
• Political effects – disturbing existing power
relationships
• Economic repercussions – loss of jobs
HOW TO AVOID HARM
• The experiment should be conducted only

by scientifically qualified persons.
(Nuremberg #8)
• . . . human subject should be at liberty to

bring the experiment to an end . . . (#9)
• . . . terminate the experiment at any stage,

if . . . continuation of the experiment is
likely to result in injury, disability, or death
(#10)
HOW TO AVOID HARM
• [Ensure that] risks involved have been

adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily
managed.
• Cease . . . investigation if:
1. the risks are found to outweigh the potential

benefits, or
2. there is conclusive proof of positive and
beneficial results (Helsinki #17)
The Difficulty of Balancing Deception and Research
• Deception in research is one area where balancing the needs for

statistical accuracy and validity against ethics is always a very
difficult process.
• For most studies, the informed consent policy is used
• an ethical committee must approve that the deception does not

cause harm or distrust of research.
Ethics in research
• obtain informed consent from all involved in the study.
• preserve privacy and confidentiality whenever possible.
• take special precautions when involving populations

or animals which may not be considered to understand fully the
purpose of the study.
Ethics in research
• not offer big rewards or enforce binding contracts for the study. This
is especially important when people are somehow reliant on the
reward.
• not plagiarize the work of others
• not skew their conclusions based on funding.

Ethics in research
• not commit science fraud, falsify research or otherwise

conduct scientific misconduct.
• not use the position as a peer reviewer to give sham peer

reviews to punish or damage fellow scientists.
• research must follow all regulations given

Ethics in research
• Competition is an important factor in research, and may be both a

good thing and a bad thing
- possible ethical problems in their research.
• Whistleblowing is one mechanism to help discover misconduct in

research.
Science fraud, falsify research , plagiarism
Falsification
• manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or
changing or omitting data or results such that the research is
not accurately represented in the research record. In science, it
is defined as publishing or reporting misleading facts associated
with a study, research or experimentation.
Fabrication
• is making up results and recording or reporting them. It is
literally making up data.
Scientific Misconduct
• retraction of articles/papers published

• involuntary leave
• restrictions on the ability to apply for grants and
supervise students
• stripped-off PhD degree
• debarred from any research, teaching or
administrative post
Vertebrate Animals Rules
Rules involving vertebrate animals
• to protect the welfare of both animal subjects

and the student researcher.
• Health and well-being is of high priority when

students conduct research with animal
subjects.
• strongly endorses the use of non-animal

research methods and encourages students to
use alternatives to animal research.
• If the use of vertebrate animals is necessary,

students must consider additional alternatives to
reduce and refine the use of animals.
• Alternatives to the use of vertebrate

animals for research must be explored and
discussed in the research plan.
The guiding principles for the use of animals in
research include the following “Four Rs”
a. Replace vertebrate animals with invertebrates,

lower life forms, tissue/cell cultures and/or computer
simulations where possible.
b. Reduce the number of animals without

compromising statistical validity.
c. Refine the experimental protocol to minimize pain

or distress to the animals.
d. Respect animals and their contribution to

research.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
(IACUC)
• All vertebrate animal studies must be reviewed

and approved before experimentation begins.
• Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee,

IACUC is the institutional animal oversight
review and approval body for all animal studies
at a Regulated Research Institution
All vertebrate animal studies must have a
research plan that includes:
(a) Justification why animals must be used

- including the reasons for the choice of species, the
source of animals and the number of animals to be
used; description, explanation, or identification of
alternatives to animal use that were considered, and
the reasons these alternatives were unacceptable;
explanation of the potential impact or contribution
this research may have on the broad fields of biology
or medicine.
All vertebrate animal studies must have a
research plan that includes:
(b) Description of how the animals will be used.

• - Include methods and procedures, such as
experimental design and data analysis;
description of the procedures that will
minimize the potential for discomfort, distress,
pain and injury to the animals during the
course of experimentation; identification of the
species, strain, sex, age, weight, source and
number of animals proposed for use.
Studies involving behavioral observations of animals
are exempt from prior SRC review if ALL of the
following apply:
(a) There is no interaction with the animals being

observed,
(b) There is no manipulation of the animal

environment in any way, and
(c) The study meets all federal and state

agriculture, fish, game and wildlife laws and
regulations.
Animal Care & Use
• Research projects which cause more than momentary

or slight pain or distress are prohibited.
• All animals must be monitored for signs of distress.
• Because significant weight loss is one sign of stress,

the maximum permissible weight loss or growth
retardation (compared to controls) of any
experimental or control animal is 15%.
• If the illness or distress is caused by the study, the

experiment must be terminated immediately.
Animal Care & Use: Prohibited Studies
(a) Induced toxicity studies with known toxic
substances that could cause pain, distress or death,
including but not limited to alcohol, acid rain,
pesticides, or heavy metals.
(b) Behavioral experiments using conditioning with

aversive stimuli, mother/infant separation or induced
helplessness.
(c) Studies of pain.
(d) Predator/vertebrate prey experiments

Animal Care & Use
• Euthanasia for tissue removal and/or pathological

analysis is not permitted for a project conducted
in a school/home/field site.
• Livestock or fish raised for food using standard

agricultural/aquacultural production practices
may be euthanized by a qualified adult for carcass
evaluation
Animal Care & Use
• Animals must be treated kindly and cared for
properly.
• Animals must be housed in a clean, ventilated,
comfortable environment appropriate for the species.
• They must be given a continuous, clean water and
food supply.
• Cages, pens and fish tanks must be cleaned frequently.
• Proper care must be provided at all times, including
weekends, holidays, and vacation periods.
• Animals must be observed daily to assess their health
and well-being.
THANK YOU!
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CODES

DEXTER JOHN T. MAGDAMIT

Regional Orientation on Scientific Research for Science Education Program

CONTENT OF THE FOLDER

LS-T-DO17-Taguig Science High School

CONTENT OF THE FOLDER

PS-I-DO1-Caloocan Science High

DEXTER JOHN T. MAGDAMIT

Regional Orientation on Scientific Research for Science Education Program

Code of the Logbook

Tips in Preparing the Project

Bound composition notebook

Numbering the pages of the logbook

Number the pages

If something is wrong on a page

Do not remove the pages,

Held last July 24 & 25, 2018

Regional Orientation on Scientific Research for Science Education Program

Held last July 24 & 25, 2018

❑ Many of the projects sent by the

❑ It must present the (1) background of

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,242014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,252014)

❑ Subsections can be used (usually 1 short

❑ It should provide enough details so that others

❑ It should include the significant steps such as

❑Tests and procedures conducted by a regulated

❑ Include photographs, layouts, schematic diagrams or

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,272014)

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,282014)

RESULTS ❑ It includes all data gathered from the

❑ Appropriate data presentation must be

❑ Tables, graphs, figures should each have their

❑ Captions for tables must be placed on top of the

RESULTS ❑ Each table , graph, figure, etc may be accompanied

❑ Subsections may be used especially if multiple

❑ This part of the research paper may begin with: This

❑ No discussion should be presented in this part of the

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,302014)

❑ This part of the research paper should be

❑ Most of the related literatures are integrated in

❑ Subsections can also be used especially if

❑ This part of the research paper usually answers

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,312014)

➢ What are the implications of the results and the

➢What are and how did these factors cause such

➢What are the other related research that agree

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang,322014)

➢ What are the established scientific knowledge

➢What are and how did these factors cause such

➢What are the other related research and/or

➢What are and how did these possible errors (eg.

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)

CONCLUSION ❑ It summarizes the results of the research

❑ Usually two to three sentences with no

❑ It should not generalize and should present

❑ It should mention a practical application.

*Road to ISEF: Practical Guide in Local Science Fairs (Galang, 2014)