Don Honorio Ventura State University

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001

GRADUATE SCHOOL
“Opening Minds, Progressing Technologies, Creating Brighter Future.”

Research Methodology 1 (Quantitative Research)

Worksheet #2 - Identifying Variables through Review of Related Literature

Topic or Problem Literature Related to the Topic or Problem Variables from the Independent Dependent Variables
Related Literature
Variable

Teacher 1. Teacher professional learning is a complex Teacher professional Teacher professional Teacher’s improvement
process, which requires cognitive and learning learning
Professional emotional involvement of teachers
individually and collectively, the capacity Teacher’s improvement
Learning and willingness to examine where each one
stands in terms of convictions and beliefs
and the perusal and enactment of
appropriate alternatives for improvement or
change. (Teaching and Teacher Education,
Vol. 21 Iss, 1, January 2010-2011)

2. Teacher professional learning is of Teacher professional Teacher professional Student Learning

increasing interest as a critical way to learning learning
support the increasingly complex skills
Student Learning
students need to learn to succeed in the 21st
century.
(Linda Darling-Hammond, Maria E.
Hyler, and Madelyn Gardner, with
 Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001
GRADUATE SCHOOL
“Opening Minds, Progressing Technologies, Creating Brighter Future.”

assistance from Danny Espinoza,May

2017)

3. Studies of teacher professional learning Teacher professional Teacher professional Student learning
learning learning
suggest that experienced teachers have
varied and unique professional needs
Student learning
according to personal and professional
circumstances, histories, and contexts and
not merely due to career length or life stage.
Matching appropriate professional
development provision to particular
professional needs (immediate and
developmental) must be taken into account.
This “fit” is critically important in ensuring
that there is a positive impact for student
learning within the context of the classroom
and school (Goodall et al., 2005).
4. Teacher professional learning is an ongoing Teacher professional Teacher professional Student’s Understanding
learning learning
cycle that begins with schools identifying
Valued outcomes
the educational outcomes they value for Student’s Understanding
their students. Then they need to identify the
Valued outcomes
 Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001
GRADUATE SCHOOL
“Opening Minds, Progressing Technologies, Creating Brighter Future.”

knowledge and skills that teachers need so

that students can bridge the gap between
current understandings and the valued
outcomes. (By Helen Timperley University
of Auckland in 2008 by the International
Academy of Education (IAE)
5. Improving the quality and effectiveness of Teachers’ professional Teachers’ professional Teacher’s standards
learning learning
teachers’ professional learning has been
new teaching ideas
identified as an essential underpinning to Teacher’s standards
Teacher’s improvement
raising standards, implementing new ideas
new teaching ideas
about teaching and learning, and managing
Teacher’s improvement
change (McLaughlin, 1997; DfEE, 1998).
6. Teacher professional learning (TPL) helps Teacher professional Teacher professional Teacher’s improvement
learning learning
teachers gain insight into and knowledge of
New approaches to
their craft. It encourages the development of Teacher’s improvement teaching
new ways of thinking about content and
New approaches to Student achievement
new approaches to teaching. This will teaching
substantially affect student achievement
Student achievement
over a sustained period of time. Changes in
teaching practice and improved student
 Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001
GRADUATE SCHOOL
“Opening Minds, Progressing Technologies, Creating Brighter Future.”

achievement need to be observed and/or

measured.  (Desimon,(2009)
7. The centrality of teachers’ professional Teacher Professional Teacher Professional Student Learning
learning in securing better outcomes for Learning Learning
students is widely acknowledged and
Student Learning
accepted. There is evidence about the
teacher practices that have the largest effects
upon student learning
(Hattie Citation2009)

8. The way teachers learn and develop Teacher Professional Teacher Professional Teacher’s mastery
professionally has changed over time. Learning Learning
Professional development has historically Teacher’s competence
Teacher’s mastery
focused on single events, such as lectures
and workshops led by external experts, to Teacher’s competence
promote a teacher’s mastery of certain skills
and competencies. Often, such development
was based on a deficit approach: teachers
are lacking the sufficient skills and
knowledge and need to be educated by
experts (Clarke and
Hollingsworth Citation2002).

9. Reflecting global efforts to scale teacher Teacher Professional Teacher Professional Increased Attention
professional learning is the need for Learning Learning
increased attention to, and additional High Quality Facilitation
 Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001
GRADUATE SCHOOL
“Opening Minds, Progressing Technologies, Creating Brighter Future.”

research on, the facilitation of high-quality Increased Attention

PD (Kennedy, 2016; National Academies
of Science, Engineering and Medicine, High Quality Facilitation
2015; Prediger et al., 2019). 

10. Teacher’s value content, curriculum, and Teacher Professional Teacher Professional
tools that they can implement immediately, Learning Learning
that address specific needs, and that support Student’s learning
their learning as professionals. Instead of a
one-size-fits-all approach, districts need to
consider the demographics of their students Student’s learning
Quality Learning
and teachers. For example, educators who are
new to the field might need foundational Teacher’s growth
support, while experienced professionals Quality Learning
would benefit from quality learning
opportunities to continue their growth as Teacher’s growth
professionals. (By Beth Holland,  Tate, June 10,
2022)

Prepared by:

Mrs. Carla Bianca C. Pacho