Fundamentals of Graphics Communication, 5th Edition

Bertoline−Wiebe: 6.
Auxiliary Views Text © The McGraw−Hill 323

Fundamentals of Graphics Companies, 2007
Communication, Fifth
Edition
CHAPTER
Auxiliary Views
6
For the vision of one man lends not its wings
to another man.
—Kahlil Gibran
Objectives and Overview

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Create auxiliary views of inclined planes.
2. Use reference planes and fold lines when creating
auxiliary views.
3. Explain auxiliary view projection theory.
4. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary auxiliary
views.
5. Define width, height, and depth auxiliary views.
6. Create successive auxiliary views.
7. Solve dihedral angle problems.
8. Create a partial auxiliary view.
9. Plot curves in auxiliary views.
10. Use auxiliary views for reverse construction.
11. Create a view in a specified direction using auxiliary
views.
12. Understand the difference between 2-D methods and
3-D CAD in creating auxiliary views.
There are times when one of the six principal views will
not completely describe an object. This is especially true
when there are inclined or oblique planes or features on an
object. Refer to Chapter 5 for definitions for inclined and
oblique planes. For these cases, a special orthographic
view called an auxiliary view can be created. This chapter
describes how to create auxiliary views for objects that
cannot be represented clearly by the six principal views.
Also described is the use of auxiliary views to solve
spatial geometry problems, such as the point and true-length
views of lines and edges, and the true-size views of planes. 311
324 Bertoline−Wiebe: 6. Auxiliary Views Text © The McGraw−Hill
Edition
312 CHAPTER 6
6.1 Auxiliary View Projection Theory sheet. Then, position the clear plastic sheet in front of and
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is pro- parallel to the inclined surface. Trace the outline of the
jected onto any plane other than one of the six principal inclined surface on the clear plastic sheet. Use a ruler to
views. Figure 6.1A shows three principal views of an measure the perimeters of the two views of the inclined sur-
object. Surface ABCD is an inclined plane and therefore is face. Explain why the distances are not equal.
never seen in true size or shape in any of these views. In a
multiview drawing, a true size and shape plane is shown
only when the line of sight (LOS) used to create the view
6.1.1 Fold-Line Method
is perpendicular to the projection plane. To show the true
size and shape of surface ABCD, an auxiliary view can be In Figure 6.2, the object is suspended in a glass box to show
created by positioning a line of sight perpendicular to the the six principal views, created by projecting the object
inclined plane, then constructing the new view (Fig- onto the planes of the box. The box then is unfolded, result-
ure 6.1B). Two methods of creating auxiliary views are the ing in the six principal views. However, when the six views
fold-line method and the reference plane method. These are created, surface ABCD never appears true size and
are discussed in the following sections. shape; it always appears either foreshortened or on edge.
Figure 6.3 shows the object suspended inside a glass
box, which has a special or auxiliary plane that is parallel
to inclined surface ABCD. The line of sight required to
Practice Exercise 6.1 create the auxiliary view is perpendicular to the new pro-
jection plane and to surface ABCD. The auxiliary plane is
On a flat surface, place a small object that has an inclined
perpendicular to and hinged to the frontal plane, creating a
plane, such as the part shown in Figure 6.1. Determine the
fold line between the front view and the new auxiliary
principal views for this object for a three-view multiview
view.
drawing. Position a rigid, clear plastic sheet in front of and
In Figure 6.4, the auxiliary glass box is unfolded, with
parallel to a principal view such that the inclined plane
the fold lines between the views shown as phantom lines.
appears foreshortened. Using a water-soluble color marker,
In the auxiliary view, surface ABCD is shown true size
trace the outline of the inclined surface on the clear plastic
and shape and is located at distance M from the fold line.
B
B C B C AUXILIARY
Inclined VIEW
Inclined plane plane
TRUE
A SHAPE
AND C
SIZE
t
gh
A D
si
A D
of
ne
D
Li
Inclined plane Inclined

Edge view plane
A B A, B of inclined A B
A, B Edge view of plane
inclined plane
D, C D C D C
D, C
(A) (B)
Figure 6.1 Auxiliary view

An auxiliary view of an inclined plane is not one of the principal views.
Bertoline−Wiebe: 6. Auxiliary Views Text © The McGraw−Hill 325
Edition
Auxiliary Views 313
w
ie
A
V
p
To
B
A,B
D
A
Top View
C
D
D B ,C
A, B
A
C Back View Left Side View Front View Right Side View
L D wei
tfe V kca
iS D,C
ed B
iV
B
we
B
to
Fro
ot
A
n
m
t Vi
V
Bottom View
ei
ew
w
D
iew
eV
Sid
ht
Rig
Figure 6.2 Object in glass box and resulting six views when the box is unfolded
w
B
ie
V
w
p
Vie B C
To
Top View
C
A
a ry
xili
D
Au
L B
B ine of
A, Si ght A D
B B
A
M A C
ew
A
C
Vi
ry
C
DD ,C
ilia
M
x
Au
B D
A, D B
A
L wei
tfe C V
B
iS kca Fold Lines

ed B
iV A B
A
we D w
D,C
e Vie
Sid
D
ht M
Rig D C
B
Fro
to
n
ot
t Vi
m
ew
V
Front View Right Side View

ei
w
Figure 6.3 Object in glass box with special auxiliary Figure 6.4 Unfolding the glass box to create an auxiliary
plane view of the inclined plane
Edition
314 CHAPTER 6
The line A–D in the top view and right side view is also
Top View
located at distance M from its fold line. Changing the

position of the object, such as moving it closer to the
B C
frontal plane, changes distance M (Figure 6.5).
ew
A D Vi 6.1.2 Reference Plane Method
M
ry
A C
ilia
The reference plane method of creating an auxiliary view

x
Au
M
is simply a variation of the fold-line method. The refer-
D ence plane method is a technique that locates a plane rela-
Fold Lines tive to the object, instead of suspending the object in a
A B glass box. This single plane then is used to take measure-
M ments to create the auxiliary view. In Figures 6.3 and 6.4,
D C the frontal plane of projection is the frontal fold line in the
multiview drawing that is used to construct the auxiliary
Front View Right Side View
view. This fold line is used as a reference plane for trans-
ferring distances from the top view to the auxiliary view.
The reference plane can be positioned anywhere relative
Figure 6.5 Object distance from fold line to the object, as shown in Figure 6.6. In Figure 6.6A, the
Object distance from the frontal plane determines the distance reference plane coincides with the front surface of the ob-
from the fold lines in the right side, auxiliary, and top views. ject, so it appears on edge in the top and auxiliary views
and is drawn as a line. The reference line then is used to
take measurements that are transferred from the top view
to the auxiliary view.
The advantage of the reference plane method is that, if
positioned correctly, it can result in fewer measurements
Reference
Reference Reference Plane
Plane Plane
1 H
P 1 P
P
A A
H A A
H 1
A P
P P
A A
A
A
A
A
A
P R PR PR
(A) (B) (C)
Figure 6.6 Reference planes

Reference planes can be positioned anywhere relative to the object.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 315
when constructing auxiliary views. When using reference auxiliary view from an existing auxiliary view. Therefore,
planes or fold lines always remember the following: auxiliary views first are classified as: primary, secondary,
or tertiary (Figure 6.7).
1. Reference or fold lines always are drawn perpen-
dicular to the projection lines between the views. A primary auxiliary view is a single view projected from
2. Transfer measurements always are taken parallel one of the six principal views.
to the projection lines and perpendicular to the ref- A secondary auxiliary view is a single view projected
erence or fold lines. from a primary auxiliary view.
3. Reference planes always appear on edge as lines A tertiary auxiliary view is a single view projected from
in the views adjacent to the central view but never a secondary or another tertiary auxiliary view.
in two adjacent views.
Auxiliary views also are classified by the space
4. Distances from the object to the reference or fold
dimension shown in true size in the primary auxiliary
lines in the auxiliary view and the measuring view
view. For example, the auxiliary view shown in Fig-
are the same.
ure 6.5 is classified as a depth auxiliary because the depth
dimension is shown true length. Auxiliary views pro-
6.2 Auxiliary View Classifications jected from the top view are classified as height auxiliary
Auxiliary views are created by positioning a new line of views (Figure 6.7). Auxiliary views projected from a
sight relative to the object. It is possible to create any profile view are classified as width auxiliary views. (See
number of successive auxiliary views, including a new Figure 6.10 on page 319.)
Primary
Auxiliary View
D1
X Z
Secondary
C1 LOS Auxiliary View
Y
E1 A1
Y
S
LO
B1 C2
F1 D2
DT CT
B2
A2
ET FT
1 1
2
T F2 E2
AT BT
2
T 3
F
LOS
B3
X
C3 Z
A3
AF DF BF CF
F3
D3
Figure 6.7 E3
Primary, secondary, and tertiary auxiliary views Tertiary
The line of sight (LOS) determines the direction of the projection lines used in each auxiliary view. Auxiliary View
Edition
316 CHAPTER 6
6.2.1 Reference or Fold-Line Labeling Conventions planes. Since the horizontal projection plane contains the
The labeling convention for the reference or fold lines in top view, the alternate labeling would be H–F and H–1.
auxiliary view construction can vary. However, the labels The fold line located between the primary (i.e., first)
normally are descriptive in nature. For the example in Fig- and secondary auxiliary views is labeled 1–2. Similarly,
ure 6.7, the fold line located between the front and top the fold line between the secondary and tertiary auxiliary
views is labeled T–F, where the F means front and the T views is labeled 2–3.
means top. The fold line located between the top and the
6.2.2 Depth Auxiliary View
primary auxiliary view is labeled T–1, where T is for the
top view and 1 represents the first auxiliary view. Alterna- A depth auxiliary view is projected from the front view,
tively, the fold lines can be labeled by the projection and the depth dimension is shown true length. Figure 6.8
Auxiliary
Plane
Y H
B
1
A
Lin
X eo
D
X B f Si
ght
(LO
H
F Y A S)
e
Tru ze 1
Si
C P
A, B D B
A
C
Y
D D
F P
B C B C B C
A D A D A D
S
X
LO
1 H ,C H
1
F F F F 1
F
A, B A, B A B A,B A B
A B
D D D C
D, C C D, C C D, C
F P F P
X
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
B C B C B C
A A B A D B
D X D
C Y Y C A C
H H H
1
F F F F
1 1 D
X F
F
A,B A B A,B A B A,B A B
D D D
C D,C C D C
D,C
X F P F P
F P
Figure 6.8 Constructing a depth auxiliary view to determine the true size and shape of the inclined surface
Edition
Auxiliary Views 317
shows an auxiliary view that is projected from the front Only the inclined plane has been drawn in the auxiliary
view of an object, using the fold-line method. Since plane view; the rest of the object is not represented. When only
ABCD is an inclined plane in the principal views, an aux- the feature of interest is drawn in an auxiliary view and not
iliary view is needed to create a true-size view of that the whole object, the view is called a partial auxiliary
plane. A depth auxiliary view of plane ABCD is created as view. Most auxiliary views will be partial. Also, hidden
described in the following steps. features are not shown unless absolutely necessary.
6.2.3 Height Auxiliary View

A height auxiliary view is an auxiliary view projected
Step by Step: Constructing a Depth Auxiliary View from the top view, and the height dimension is shown true
Step 1. Given the front, top, and right side views, draw fold length. Figure 6.9 (on the next page) shows an auxiliary
line F–1 using a phantom line parallel to the edge view of view that is projected from the top view of an object, using
the inclined surface. Place line F–1 at any convenient the fold-line method. Since surface ABCD is an inclined
distance from the front view. plane in the principal views, an auxiliary view is needed to
Step 2. Draw fold line F–H between the front and top create a true-size view of that surface. A height auxiliary
views. Line F–H should be perpendicular to the projec- view is created as described in the following steps.
tors between the views and at a distance X from the rear
edge of the top view. Draw fold line F–P between the
front and right side views, perpendicular to the projec- Step by Step: Constructing a Height Auxiliary View
tors between the two views and at the distance X from Step 1. Given the front, top, and right side views, draw fold
the rear edge of the right side view. The distance from line H–1 using a phantom line parallel to the edge view of
fold line F–H to the top view must be equal to the the inclined surface. Place the line at any convenient dis-
distance from fold line F–P to the right side view. Draw tance from the top view.
parallel projectors between the principal views, using Step 2. Draw fold line H–F between the front and top
construction lines. views, perpendicular to the projectors between the views
Step 3. Project the length of the inclined surface from the and at a distance X from the bottom edge of the front
front view to the auxiliary view, using construction lines. view. Draw fold line H–P between the top and right side
The projectors are perpendicular to the edge view and views, perpendicular to the projectors between the views
projected well into the auxiliary view from corners A,B and at the same distance X from the rear edge of the
and D,C. right side view. The distance of fold line H–F to the front
Step 4. Transfer the depth of the inclined surface from the view must equal the distance from fold line H–P to the
top view to the auxiliary view by first measuring the right side view. Draw parallel projectors between each
perpendicular distance from fold line H–F to point C at principal view, using construction lines.
the rear of the top view. This is distance X. Measure this Step 3. Project the length of the inclined surface from the top
same distance on the projectors in the auxiliary view, view to the auxiliary view, using construction lines. The pro-
measuring from fold line F–1. The measurement used to jectors are perpendicular to the edge view and projected
locate point C could have been taken from the profile well into the auxiliary view from corners A,B and D,C.
view. Step 4. Transfer the height of the inclined surface from
Step 5. From point C in the auxiliary view, draw a line per- the front view to the auxiliary view by first measuring the
pendicular to the projectors. Depth dimension Y is trans- perpendicular distance from fold line H–F to the bottom
ferred from the top view by measuring the perpendicular edge of the front view. For this example, point C is mea-
distance from fold line H–F to point A (or D) in the top sured at distance X from fold line H–F, and distance X is
view and transferring that distance to the auxiliary view then measured along the projectors perpendicular to fold
along the projectors perpendicular to fold line F–1. Draw line H–1. From point C in the auxiliary view, draw a line
a line at the transferred point A (or D) in the auxiliary view, perpendicular to the projectors.
perpendicular to the projectors. Step 5. Height dimension Y then is transferred from the
Step 6. To complete the auxiliary view of the inclined sur- front view in a similar manner, measuring the perpen-
face, darken lines A–B and D–C. dicular distance from fold line H–F to point A (or D) of
Edition
318 CHAPTER 6
H
F H
P
H
X 1
Y Y X
Y
D A
X True
Size
C B
Line of Sight (LOS)

H P H P
A,B A A A
B A,B B A,B B
D,C D C D,C D C D,C D C

X
H H H
1 1 1
H H
F F
LO
S
D A D A X D A
C B C B C B
H P H P H P
A A A
A,B B A,B B A,B B
D,C D C D,C D C D,C D C

X Y
H H H
1 1 A 1 A
H H H
F F Y F B
Y D
X
X D A D A D A
C C C
C B C B C B
Figure 6.9 Constructing a partial height auxiliary view of an inclined surface
6.2.4 Width Auxiliary View

the front view and transferring this distance to the
auxiliary view, measuring along the projectors perpen- A width auxiliary view is an auxiliary view projected from
dicular to fold line H–1. From the transferred point A the profile view, and the width dimension is shown true
in the auxiliary view, draw a line perpendicular to the length. Figure 6.10 shows an auxiliary view that is pro-
projectors. jected from the profile view of an object, using the fold-
Step 6. Darken lines A–B and D–C to show the true size of line method. Since plane ABCD is an inclined plane in the
the inclined surface and to complete the partial auxiliary principal views, an auxiliary view is needed to create a
view. true-size view of the plane. A width auxiliary view is cre-
ated as described in the following steps.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 319
H
1 Y
H
P
X
S) B Y
(LO
ight
of S Tru A
Line Size e
1C
F D
Y
X
F P
C B C B C B
X D
LO
D A D A
A
S
H H
P P
1 1 1
P P P
X
A,B A,B B A A,B
B A B A
C D D,C C D D,C C D D,C

F P F P
C B C B C B
F
B
B B
X D D D
A A A
Y A
H H H
D C
P P P
1 1 1
P Y P D P
X
A A,B B A A,B B A,B
B A
D,C C D,C D,C
C D D C D
P
F P L F P
Figure 6.10 Constructing a partial width auxiliary view of an inclined surface
Step by Step: Constructing a Width Auxiliary View a distance X from the rear edge of the top view. The dis-
Step 1. Given the front, top, and left side views, draw fold tance from fold line H–P to the top view must equal the
line P–1 using a phantom line parallel to the edge view of distance from fold line F–P to the front view. Draw parallel
the inclined surface. Place the line at any convenient dis- projectors between each view, using construction lines.
tance from the profile view. Step 3. Project the length of the inclined surface from the
Step 2. Draw fold line F–P between the front and profile profile view to the auxiliary view, using construction lines.
views, perpendicular to the projectors between the views The projectors are perpendicular to the edge view and pro-
and at a distance X from the left edge of the front view. jected well into the auxiliary view from corners A,B and D,C.
Draw fold line H–P between the top and profile views, Step 4. Transfer the width of the inclined surface from the
perpendicular to the projectors between the views, and at front view by first measuring the perpendicular distance
Edition
320 CHAPTER 6
Half
from fold line P–F to the left side of the front view. For this Auxiliary
example, point B is measured at distance X from fold I
line P–F and is then transferred to the auxiliary view F
along the projectors perpendicular to fold line P–1. From
point B in the auxiliary view, draw a line perpendicular to
the projectors. H
Step 5. Width dimension Y is then transferred from the F
front view in a similar manner, measuring the perpendic-
ular distance from fold line P–F to point A (or D) of the
front view and transferring this distance to the auxiliary
view along the projectors perpendicular to fold line P–1.
From the transferred point A in the auxiliary view, draw a
line perpendicular to the projectors.
Step 6. Darken lines A–B and C–D to show the true size of
the inclined surface to complete the partial auxiliary view.
Figure 6.12 A half auxiliary view of a symmetrical

6.2.5 Partial Auxiliary Views feature
In auxiliary views, it is normal practice not to project

hidden features or other features that are not part of the break lines, do not locate them coincident with a visible
inclined surface. When only the details for the inclined or hidden line.
surface are projected and drawn in the auxiliary view,
the view is called a partial auxiliary view. A partial
auxiliary view saves time and produces a drawing that is 6.2.6 Half Auxiliary Views
much more readable. Figure 6.11 shows a partial and a
Symmetrical objects can be represented as a half auxiliary
full auxiliary view of the same object. The full auxiliary
view; that is, only half of the object is drawn. Construction
view is harder to draw, read, and visualize. In this exam-
of a half auxiliary view is the same as described earlier
ple, some of the holes would have to be drawn as
for full auxiliary views. Figure 6.12 shows an object that
ellipses in the full auxiliary view. Sometimes a break
could be represented in a half auxiliary view.
line is used in a partial auxiliary view. When drawing
6.2.7 Curves
Figure 6.13 shows a cylindrical part that is cut by an in-
clined plane. The resulting surface is an ellipse that only
H
Full
I
Auxiliary can be shown true size and shape with an auxiliary view.
The process for drawing curves in an auxiliary view is
Partial
described in the following steps.
H
Auxiliary
I
Step by Step: Constructing a Curve in an Auxiliary

H View
F Step 1. In the right side view, locate a reference plane at
the vertical center of the cylinder. The reference plane
will be coincident to the axis of the cylinder and is there-
fore shown as an edge view in the right side view. The
reference plane is located in the center so that all dimen-
sions can be located on either side of the corresponding
Figure 6.11 A full auxiliary view, including hidden lines,
reference plane in the auxiliary view.
and a partial auxiliary view with no hidden lines
Edition
Auxiliary Views 321
1
Major Axis
F
11 11
1
1,2 2
3
3,4 5 4
7 6
5,6
7,8 9 8
9,10 10
12 12
F R F R F R
1
1
Minor Axis
2
11
11
F
F
4
4
6
6
8
8
1
1
10
10
3
3
5
5
12
12
7
7
9
9
11 11 11 11
1 2 1 2
1,2 1,2
3,4 3 4 3,4 3 4
5 6 5 6
5,6 5,6
7,8 7 8 7 8
7,8
9,10 9 10 9,10 9 10
12 12 12 12
F R F R
Step 4 Step 5
Figure 6.13 Constructing a curve in an auxiliary view
Step 2. Locate the edge view of the reference plane in the sions from the right side view to the projectors in the
auxiliary view by drawing a line parallel to the edge view auxiliary view.
of the ellipse and at any convenient distance from that Step 5. Using a French curve, connect the points to create
edge. The reference plane will coincide with the location the true size and shape of the curved surface.
of the major axis of the ellipse. The location of the refer-
ence plane should leave sufficient room for the auxil- 6.2.8 Auxiliary Views Using CAD
iary view to be plotted without running into any of the
Auxiliary views can be created with 2-D CAD using the
multiviews.
same basic steps outlined in this chapter. Commands such
Step 3. Plot points along the circumference of the circle in
as PARALLEL, PERPENDICULAR, and SNAP are use-
the right side view, and project these points onto the
ful in creating auxiliary views. Some 2-D CAD systems
edge view of the ellipse in the front view. Number the
can rotate their grids so that they are parallel to the projec-
points to assist in plotting the corresponding points in
tors, which makes the creation of auxiliary views much
the auxiliary view.
easier. With 3-D CAD, it is possible to create an auxiliary
Step 4. Project the points from the ellipse edge view in the
view by changing the viewing direction to be perpendicu-
front view through the reference plane in the auxiliary
lar to the inclined or oblique surface of interest. Many 3-D
view. The projectors should be perpendicular to the
CAD systems allow you to define this view by selecting
edge view and the reference plane. The projector from
the surface or edges that lie in the same plane. This view
the point for the center line of the cylinder in the front
can be saved and then added to the multiview drawing of
view coincides with the minor axis of the ellipse in the
the part. When an auxiliary view is created from a 3-D
auxiliary view. Measure and transfer the depth dimen-
model, a full auxiliary view can be created in a much
shorter time than when using traditional means.
Edition
322 CHAPTER 6
▼ Practice Problem 6.1

Create a 3-view and auxiliary view of the given
object on the square grid.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 323
6.3 Auxiliary View Applications 6.3.2 View in a Specified Direction:

Point View of a Line
Auxiliary views are used to determine the true size and
shape of features that would appear foreshortened in any Auxiliary views can be used to draw a view in a specified
of the principal views. The applications for auxiliary direction. To create a view of an object in a specified direc-
views can be grouped into the following five areas: tion, find the point view of the line of sight. Figure 6.15 (on
the next page) shows the top and front views of an object,
■ Reverse construction with arrow AB indicating the desired view. Arrow AB
■ True length of a line becomes the line of sight for the desired view.
■ Point view of a line
■ Edge view of a plane
Step by Step: Constructing a View in a Specified
■ True size of a plane Direction
Step 1. For the example in Figure 6.15, the line indicating
Detailed descriptions of lines and planes are found in
the specified direction in the front and top views is an
Chapter 5.
oblique line. This means that the true direction of the line
must be found before a point view can be created. This
is done by creating an auxiliary view that is perpendicu-
6.3.1 Reverse Construction
lar to the line, from either the top or front view. For this
For some objects, an auxiliary view must be created example, the line of sight in the top view is chosen. Pro-
before a principal view can be drawn, using a technique jection lines are drawn perpendicular to the line of sight.
called reverse construction. Figure 6.14 shows an exam- Draw reference plane H–1 perpendicular to these projec-
ple of such a part. The inclined plane cannot be drawn in tors. From each corner of the object in the top view, draw
the right side view unless the auxiliary view is drawn projectors into the auxiliary view, perpendicular to refer-
and the measurements are transferred. For example, the ence plane H–1. Draw projection plane H–F between the
hole in the part is drawn first in the auxiliary view, then front and top views, perpendicular to projectors between
measurements are taken from it and those measurements those views. Number each corner of the block to assist
are transferred to the right side view, creating the elliptical in the drawing of the auxiliary view.
view of the hole. Step 2. Measure the perpendicular distances from refer-
ence plane H–F to each point of the object and line A–B in
the front view. Transfer these distances along the projec-
tors in auxiliary view 1 from reference plane H–1. Number
each point in view 1 and connect them with lines, creating
a new view of the object. Line 1–5 is drawn as a dashed
1
A
F
line in the auxiliary view because it is a hidden feature. The

A
1
line of sight A–B also is shown in true length in view 1.
Step 3. Find the point view of line A–B by drawing a pro-
2 F 1
jector parallel to it in view 1. Project all points in view
A A
1 parallel to the projector for line A–B, into a new auxiliary
view called view 2. Draw a new reference plane perpen-
2,1
2 1 dicular to the projectors and label it 1–2.
Step 4. In the top view, measure the perpendicular dis-
tances from reference plane H–1 to each point. Transfer
these distances along the projectors in view 2 from refer-
ence plane 1–2. Number each point in the new view and
connect them with lines. This creates the desired view in
the specified direction, that is, the direction of the arrow
AB. The line of sight A–B will appear as a point in this
view. Lines 1–6, 6–7, and 6–10 are hidden features and
Figure 6.14 are represented as dashed lines.
Reverse construction technique
Edition
324 CHAPTER 6
6
1 Primary
W
S
LO
7
1 2
X 8
1 10 3
H
H 9,5
4
B
Z
T.
Y
L
9 8,7 10,6 9 8,7
.
10,6 A
B B
5,1 4 3,2 A 5,1 4 3,2 A
H Top H Top A
F F
A X B
5,10 4,9 5,10 4,9 A
Y
B B
W
3,8 3,8 Z
1,6 2,7 1,6 2,7

Front Front
Step 1 Step 2
6
6 1 Primary
1 Primary
7
7 1 10 2
2 8
10 H
8 9,5 3
1 4
9,5 3
H
4 N
M B
B 1
T.
9 8,7
L
2
.
T.
10,6 9 8,7 10,6 A

L
B
.
A
7
A 8
B 2
B AB
5,1 4 3,2 A
5,1 4 3,2 A H Top A,B 3
1 6
H Top F M 9
2
LO
F 5,10 4,9 A N 1
S
5,10 4,9 A 10
B 4
B 3,8
Secondary 5
3,8
1,6 2,7
1,6 2,7 Front
Front
Step 3 Step 4
Figure 6.15 Constructing a view in a specified direction: point view of a line
6.3.3 Dihedral Angles therefore, a point view of that line can be found by creat-
A dihedral angle is the angle between two planes. Deter- ing an auxiliary view using projectors parallel to that view
mining the true measurement of a dihedral angle is a com- of the line.
mon application for auxiliary views. To draw and measure Step 2. Draw the fold line H–1 perpendicular to line 1–2 at
the angle between two planes, create a point view of the any convenient distance from the top view. Draw the fold
line of intersection between the two planes. line H–F between the front and top views such that it is
perpendicular to the projectors between the two views,
at any convenient distance.
Step by Step: Determining the True Measurement Step 3. Measure the perpendicular distances in the front
of a Dihedral Angle view from fold line H–F and transfer those distances to
The following steps describe how to find the true angle the projectors in the auxiliary view, measuring from fold
between surfaces A and B in Figure 6.16. line H–1. This creates a new view of the object, and the
Step 1. Line 1–2 is the line of intersection between sur- true angle between planes A and B can be measured in
faces A and B. Line 1–2 is true length in the top view; this new view.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 325
1 1 1
B B B H
A A A I
H True Angle
I
2 2 2 Auxiliary
View
LO
S
2,1
Not a
True Angle
H H
F F
D D
Figure 6.16 Determining the true measurement of a dihedral angle
6.3.4 Successive Auxiliary Views: True Size of Oblique Step by Step: Constructing Successive Auxiliary Views
Surfaces to Determine the True Size of an Oblique Surface
Step 1. For the first auxiliary view, place the line of sight par-
An infinite number of auxiliary views can be created from
allel to a true-length line of the oblique surface in one of the
any given view. In Figure 6.17 (on the next page), the arrows
principal views. For this example, side A–B of the oblique
surrounding the primary auxiliary view indicate just some
triangular surface ABC is a true-length line in the top view.
of the lines of sight that can be used to create other auxiliary
Draw a projector from point B, parallel to line A–B. Draw a
views, and with each new auxiliary view, others can be cre-
line parallel to this projector from point C. Draw reference
ated. Successive auxiliary views are multiple auxiliary
plane H–1 perpendicular to these projectors. Place an-
views of an object created by projecting from previous aux-
other reference plane H–F between the front and top views,
iliary views. Figure 6.17 shows the front and top principal
perpendicular to the projectors between the two views.
views and three successive auxiliary views of an object.
In the front view, measure the perpendicular distances
Successive auxiliary views can be used to draw an
from reference line H–F to points A and C. Transfer these
oblique surface in true size and shape. The first step is to
measurements to the auxiliary view, measuring along the
construct a new view from one of the principal views, par-
projectors, from reference line H–1. This will produce an
allel to a true-length line of the oblique plane. In this new
edge view of the oblique surface, labeled B, A–C.
view, the oblique surface will be an edge. A secondary
Step 2. Create a secondary auxiliary view by projecting
auxiliary view is then created, perpendicular to projectors
lines from points A, B, and C perpendicular to the edge
from the edge view of the oblique surface, and the sec-
view of the surface. Draw a reference line 1–2 perpendic-
ondary view shows the true size and shape of the surface.
ular to these projectors. Measure the perpendicular dis-
The following steps describe how to create a true-size
tances from reference line H–1 to points B,A, and C in
view of the oblique surface in Figure 6.18 (on page 327).
Edition
326 CHAPTER 6
Secondary
6 1
10 5
Primary 6 9 4
1 7 2
3
7 8
10
8 2 1
2
9,5
3 2 3
4 1 2
3 7 4 5
6
10,6 9 8,7 8
1
9 10
H Tertiary
5,1 4 3,2
Top
H
F
5,10 4,9
3,8
1,6 2,7
Front
Figure 6.17 Creating successive auxiliary views

The blue arrows surrounding the primary view indicate a few of the possible lines of sight that can be used to generate successive views.
the top view. Transfer these measurements to the sec- 6.4 Summary
ondary auxiliary view, measuring along the projectors,
from reference line 1–2. Darken lines A–B, B–C, and C–A Auxiliary views are a type of orthographic projection used
to produce a true-size view of the oblique surface ABC. to determine the true size and shape of inclined and
oblique surfaces of objects. Normally, auxiliary views are
Practice Exercise 6.2 projected from existing principal views. However, auxil-
Using an object with an oblique surface, look at the object
iary views also can be drawn first and then used to create
from the three principal views. How is the oblique surface
a principal view. This is done when a true measurement
seen in the three views? Is it ever seen in true size? Is it ever
only can be obtained by an auxiliary view and that mea-
seen as an edge view? Rotate the object to get an edge
surement is needed in order to create a principal view.
view of the oblique surface. Then rotate the object 90 de-
This technique is called reverse construction. Any number
grees about one of the edges bounding the oblique surface
of auxiliary views of an object can be created. Successive
to obtain a true-size view of the surface.
auxiliary views can be created by projecting from an ex-
isting auxiliary view.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 327
A
C
TRUE
SIZE
A
C
B
B
1 2
1 1
H B,A H B,A
Y C C
W IEW
EDGE VIE EDGE V
B
X B
TH B TH
ENG ENG
L L
UE UE
TR TR A C
A C A C
H H
F F
Y
A B A B
C C
Step 1 Step 2
Figure 6.18 Constructing successive auxiliary views to determine the true size of an oblique surface
Online Learning Center (OLC)

There are a number of Online Learning Center features listed below that you can use to supplement your text reading to
improve your understanding and retention of the material presented in this chapter.
■ Learning Objectives ■ Flashcards
■ Chapter Outline ■ Website Links
■ Chapter Overview ■ Image Library
■ Questions for Review ■ AutoCAD Exercises
■ Multiple Choice Quiz ■ Case Studies
■ True or False Questions ■ Visualization Exercises
■ Key Terms ■ Graphics in Motion
Goals Review
1. Create auxiliary views of inclined planes. Sec- 3. Explain auxiliary view projection theory. Section 6.1
tions 6.2.2, 6.2.3, and 6.2.4 4. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary auxiliary
2. Use reference planes and fold lines when creating views. Section 6.2
auxiliary views. Sections 6.1.1 and 6.1.2
Edition
328 CHAPTER 6
Historical Highlight
Early Technical Drawings Become More Refined
The figure shows further development of technical drawings

compared to the drawing shown in the Historical Perspective
in Chapter 5. This is a drawing of a trébuchet, which was a
stone-throwing machine used in warfare. The drawing is dated
from about 1450 and shows a very important development in
technical drawing; the recognition that objects farther away
appear to be smaller than the nearer objects. The drawing al-
most looks like a perspective drawing but it is not. A trébuchet
was a very large machine, often up to 30 feet high, so the view
is not a natural one. This might very well be an important stage
that paved the way for perspective drawings.
The drawing shows quite distinctly various parts laid out
horizontally and vertically to show lengths and heights. Other
parts are drawn smaller and raised up to depict depth. This
drawing represents the last stage in development from simply A line drawing based on a painting in the University of
drawing obvious attributes. True shapes have been progres- Göttingen Library of about 1405. It shows a trébuchet, a
sively replaced by apparent shapes until the drawing is almost military stone-throwing machine of the Middle Ages. The
proportions are only approximately correct.
like the view of a real object as seen through a window.
Excerpted from The History of Engineering Drawing, by Jeffrey Booker, Chatto

& Windus, London, England, 1963.
5. Define width, height, and depth auxiliary views. Sec- 10. Use auxiliary views for reverse construction. Sec-
tions 6.2.2, 6.2.3, and 6.2.4 tion 6.3.1
6. Create successive auxiliary views. Section 6.3.4 11. Create a view in a specified direction using auxiliary
7. Solve dihedral angle problems. Section 6.3.3 views. Section 6.3.2
8. Create a partial auxiliary view. Section 6.2.5 12. Understand the difference between 2-D methods and
9. Plot curves in auxiliary views. Section 6.2.7 3-D CAD in creating auxiliary views. Section 6.2.8
Questions for Review

1. Define auxiliary views. 5. What is a partial auxiliary view?
2. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary auxiliary views. 6. List the five applications for auxiliary views.
3. Define width, height, and depth auxiliary views. 7. Describe how to find the true angular measurement
4. Explain how to find a view in a specified direction. for a dihedral angle.
Edition
Auxiliary Views 329
Workbook Problems Problems

Workbook Problems are additional exercises to help you 6.1 Using instruments or CAD, sketch or draw the two
learn the material presented in this chapter. The problems given views and a partial auxiliary view of the
are located at the back of the textbook and can be removed inclined surfaces in Figure 6.19.
from the book along the perforated edge. 6.2 Using instruments or CAD, sketch or draw the two
6.1 Auxiliary View 1. Draw the two given views, then given views and a complete or partial auxiliary
create a partial auxiliary view of the inclined sur- view of the inclined surfaces in Figure 6.20.
face. Each grid space equals 0.5. 6.3 Using instruments or CAD, sketch or draw the nec-
6.2 Auxiliary View 2. Draw the two given views, then essary views, including a complete auxiliary view
create a partial auxiliary view of the inclined surface. (Figures 6.21 through 6.34 on the following pages).
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(7)
Figure 6.19 Objects with inclined surfaces and multiviews

Edition
330 CHAPTER 6
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
(7) (8) (9)
(10) (11) (12)
Figure 6.20 Multiviews

Edition
Auxiliary Views 331
(13) (14) (15)
(16) (17) (18)
(19) (20) (21)
(22) (23) (24)
Figure 6.20 Continued

Edition
332 CHAPTER 6
.95
ø2
1.8
1.2 82
19 5 .00
.37 R3
¿.3
75 0
.75 7
5.1 .50
25 ø1
12
1° X
¿ .00 0
2 .5 2.0
0
0 45 3.0
.50 °
R
52
.1
° 0
2.0
9
.440
2.0
0
.6 960
.6
0
3.0
25
1.
88
1.
00
.7
1.2
12
8 4 7.0
0 0
6.0
R
.2
50
Figure 6.21 Angle base Figure 6.22 Rod support
ø.
60
R
.75
1.
25
4X
R 1.00
ø
.5
0
R
.2
1.3
5
8
.5
C
0
L 2.50
45° ø 1.00
1.
25
0
R .5
3.
50
.5 1. 2 50
.50
0 25 .0
.5
2.
0
50
59
°
2.
2.
0
95
3.
50
.4
5
.50
0
ø .5
Figure 6.23 Automatic stop Figure 6.24 Arbor support

Edition
Auxiliary Views 333
60
R5
1
ø6
4
ø3
7
75
1.
1.25
.13 20
3
1.3
23
° 1
120 76 26
.5
0
4X
ø
.75
20
.20
.5
30
0
.25
°
26
.2
9
1.
50
2.
50
2.
50
.7
69 12
62
9
3.
50
10 METRIC
9
20
20
.4 8 2
.3 0
.5
R
R
ø
20
4X
Figure 6.25 V-block Figure 6.26 Spindle base
84
.36
5
ø1
2X
45
°
R 14 RADIUS
TRUE 16
32 4. 5
R1
ø 11
80
.5
23
13
4X 44
9
°
ø
13
4X
9
25 R 70
6 33 3
ø1 .36
2°
11
61
6 3 59 °
R
33 9
49 98 24
33 METRIC 9
65 37
C
3
L
R1 METRIC
Figure 6.27 Roller rest Figure 6.28 Clamp base

Edition
334 CHAPTER 6
Q.
3S
CL 1.1
1.0 88
00 .50 ø.
R1 2X
30 00
°
1.8
8 .81 ø 1. .50
0 .69
.50 1.0
1.0
0 3.8
1 .81 .00
.63 R
2. 2.
.34 2X R1
74 12
3.7 1.0
9 0 1
FILLETS & ROUNDS 4X
ø .3 .50 .50
0
ø .34
1.5 R .25 U.O.S.
0 .50
0
3.
1
2.5
87
5
.56 .63 .12
R2
13
5°
3
4.1 .25
3 1.0 CL .76
0
5.0 .75
0 ø .5
0
0
3.0
.39
Figure 6.29 Transition base Figure 6.30 Fixture base
1.75
9.85
6.35
4
R 1.6
ø 2.30
2X ø
1.50
ø2
2X
ø4
2
.46 .0
X
2.
0
R
.0
0
2.
0
00
1.50
2.
2.93
0
0
9.00 4.7
8.
0
12.00 8
0
4.
1.50 45°
0 0
2.00
5.76 1.18
7.00
10.00 45° 2.0
0
3.
R 1.5
85
7.0 6.01
6.
11
00
0
.0
0
Figure 6.31 Offset bracket 1.5

0
5.0
0
2X
4X ø1
R .00
1.0
0
2.0
5.0 0
0
Figure 6.32 Cylinder stop

Edition
Auxiliary Views 335
.800
.400
R 1.40
4X
ø.
50
0 75
1.
50
.7
25° 20 3.
00
2.
4X
.62
R
0 0.2
.5
0
00
20°
0
0 1.2
.70 0
1.
1.3
20
0
.80 0
.12
.12 0
0 5.5
4.
00
1.
0
1.2
20
ALL ANGLES 90 DEGREES UNLESS

OTHERWISE NOTED
Figure 6.33 Oblique support
16
R
R
2
6
12
17 ø4
33 4
4
R 8
6
9
4
47°
14
10
R
24
4
8 R
3
4
8
R
3
36
(4
4)
16
2
4
METRIC
(3
2)
4X
ø
4
Figure 6.34 Slotted guide

348 Bertoline−Wiebe: 7. Pictorial Projections Text © The McGraw−Hill
Edition
Design in Industry
Concept to Victory in 7 Months
This case study describes the design of a special bike frame Sagan used the new integrated paint function in Studio
designed for Lance Armstrong using 3-D modeling and to sketch out different 3-D views of the bike’s frame over
CAD. In this case study, you will see examples of how the Pro-E centerlines created by Trek Lead Engineer Doug
design process is used and the importance of 3-D modeling Cusack. After concepts were reviewed and a direction
to shorten the design time from 12 months to 7 months. decided, a complete 3-D digital frame was created.
Advanced Concept Group modelmakers used the digital
Designing a Winning Tour de France Bike information to cut a phenolic resin prototype using
The courageous story of recovering cancer victim Lance SurfCAM. Then the prototype was taken to Texas A&M
Armstrong centered the world’s attention on the U. S. Postal University for wind tunnel testing.
Service team in the 2000 Tour de France® bicycle road race. The test was conducted by aeronautical engineer John
Could Armstrong repeat his win and wear the yellow jersey Cobb and Cusack, with Armstrong riding the experimen-
again? Not only did he emerge victorious from the Tour de tal model in the tunnel. Variations were tried by adding
France, but just a month later he captured a bronze medal at clay to the model, but the original prototype delivered the
the Sydney, Australia, Summer Olympics™. best performance. “We nailed it right off the bat,” said
You might think the bicycle a champion like Armstrong Sagan. “We did make more changes later to improve the
rides would take a long time to develop, with a team of engi- lateral stiffness, but we had such a high confidence level in
neers puzzling over the design, tweaking and re-tweaking our digital model that we didn’t feel the need to make an-
time after time. The USPS Team Time Trial carbon fiber other prototype and could proceed directly to tooling. It
bike, made by world class bicycle manufacturer, Trek® really was a concept to victory.”
Bicycle, moved from initial concept to finished product in
just seven months. “That’s a first,” said Michael Sagan, In- About the Bike
dustrial Designer of Trek’sAdvanced Concept Group. “Nor- The USPS Time Trial bike frame is made of Optimum
mally it takes 12 to 14 months to complete a project like this.” Compaction Low Void (OCLV) carbon, a compressed,
super-light fiber. OCLV minimizes air pockets and max-
A Single Prototype imizes strength. The only thing close to it is a fighter
Sagan believes Trek was able to achieve the dramatically aircraft wing. The frame features an aerodynamic down-
fast turnaround in large part because the company had the tube, a steeper seat tube, and flared chain stays for a
right people and the right computer tools. Trek has been power-generating and wind-splitting riding position.
using Alias|Wavefront™ Studio™ for the past five years, The complete design results in a bike that is not only
and for this project the company moved to an NT system fast, light and strong, but also more comfortable for the
and paired it with the latest release of Studio. rider.
(Courtesy of Michael Sagan, Senior Industrial Designer, Trek Bicycle Corp.)
336

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Bertoline−Wiebe: 6.

Auxiliary Views Text © The McGraw−Hill 323

Objectives and Overview

Inclined plane Inclined

Figure 6.1 Auxiliary view

Auxiliary Views 313

iS kca Fold Lines

Front View Right Side View

located at distance M from its fold line. Changing the

The reference plane method of creating an auxiliary view

Figure 6.6 Reference planes

Auxiliary Views 315

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Auxiliary Views 317

6.2.3 Height Auxiliary View

Line of Sight (LOS)

D,C D C D,C D C D,C D C

D,C D C D,C D C D,C D C

Figure 6.9 Constructing a partial height auxiliary view of an inclined surface

6.2.4 Width Auxiliary View

Auxiliary Views 319

C D D,C C D D,C C D D,C

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

Figure 6.10 Constructing a partial width auxiliary view of an inclined surface

Figure 6.12 A half auxiliary view of a symmetrical

In auxiliary views, it is normal practice not to project

Step by Step: Constructing a Curve in an Auxiliary

Auxiliary Views 321

Figure 6.13 Constructing a curve in an auxiliary view

▼ Practice Problem 6.1

Auxiliary Views 323

6.3 Auxiliary View Applications 6.3.2 View in a Speciﬁed Direction:

line in the auxiliary view because it is a hidden feature. The

1,6 2,7 1,6 2,7

10,6 9 8,7 10,6 A

Figure 6.15 Constructing a view in a speciﬁed direction: point view of a line

Auxiliary Views 325

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Figure 6.16 Determining the true measurement of a dihedral angle

Figure 6.17 Creating successive auxiliary views

Auxiliary Views 327

Online Learning Center (OLC)

The ﬁgure shows further development of technical drawings

Excerpted from The History of Engineering Drawing, by Jeffrey Booker, Chatto

Questions for Review

Auxiliary Views 329

Workbook Problems Problems

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

Figure 6.19 Objects with inclined surfaces and multiviews

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8) (9)

(10) (11) (12)

Figure 6.20 Multiviews

Auxiliary Views 331

(13) (14) (15)