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List of References (Relevant To FoRAM Index)
List of References (Relevant To FoRAM Index)
Alve, E. and J. W. Murray (1995). Benthic foraminiferal distribution and abundance changes in
Skagerrak surface sediments: 1937 (Hoglund) and 1992/1993 data compared. Marine
Micropaleontology, 25(4): 269-288.
From abstract: Both living (stained) and dead (unstained) foraminiferal assemblages from
surface sediments (0-2 cm) in the northwestern part of the Skagerrak have been studied in order
to (1) define and characterize the distribution of various modern benthic environments and (2) by
comparing these findings with surface samples collected 40-60 years ago, to document possible
faunal changes that might have occurred. Comparison with data collected 40 to 60 years ago
shows increases in absolute numbers of tests. The dominant species found in 1937 are different
from those of 1992/1993. There is a major change in the basin where one agglutinated species
has changed its depth distribution downslope and two present day abundant species are new
arrivals. These faunal events are probably linked to environmental changes.
Alve, E. and F. Olsgard (1999). Benthic foraminiferal colonization in experiments with copper-
contaminated sediments. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29(3): 186-195.
From abstract: Colonization experiments, carried out over a 32-week period at 63 m water depth
in the Oslofjord, Norway, have shown that sediment Cu-concentrations of greater than 900 ppm
cause a change in the living (stained) foraminiferal community structure as compared to control
values of 70 ppm. There was no significant decrease in the number of species with increasing
sediment Cu-enrichment. This indicates that not even sediment [Cu] greater than 2000 ppm had a
severe negative impact on the foraminiferal species ability to colonize. One prominent effect of
the Cu-contamination is that, at concentrations higher than about 900 ppm, the opportunistic and
dominant S. fusiformis developed an increasingly patchy distribution pattern. Cu-contaminated
sediments alone do not seem to promote development of deformed hard-shelled foraminiferal
tests beyond the normal range.
Atkinson, K. (1969). The association of living foraminifera with algae from the littoral zone,
south Cardigan Bay, Wales. Journal of Natural History, 3: 517-542.
Bandy, O., J. C. Ingle, Jr, and J. M.Resig (1964). Foraminifera, Los Angeles County outfall
area, California. Limnology and Oceanography, 9: 124-137.
Bandy, O., J. C. Ingle, Jr, and J. M.Resig (1964). Foraminiferal trends, Laguna Beach outfall
area, California. Limnology and Oceanography, 9(1): 112-123.
Bandy, O., J. C. Ingle, Jr, and J. M.Resig (1965). Modification of foraminiferal trends,
Hyperion Outfall, California. Limnology and Oceanography, 10: 314-332.
Bandy, O., J. C. Ingle, Jr, and J. M.Resig (1965). Modifications of foraminiferal distributions
by the Orange County outfall, California. Marine Technology Society, Transactions, 54-76.
Banerji, R. K. (1992). Heavy metals and benthic foraminifera distribution along Bombay Coast,
India: Benthos '90, Sendai. Studies on Benthic Foraminifera, Sendai, Tokai University Press, p.
151-157.
Barmawidjaja, D. M., G. J. Van der Zwaan, F. J. Jorrisen, and S. Puskaric (1995). 150
years of eutrophication in the northern Adriatic Sea: evidence from a benthic foraminiferal
record. Marine Geology, 122: 367-384.
Bernhard, J. M., B. K. Sen Gupta, and P. F. Borne (1997). Benthic foraminiferal proxy to
estimate dysoxic bottom-water oxygen concentrations: Santa Barbara Basin, U. S. Pacific
continental margin. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 27: 301-310.
Bhalla, S. N. and R. Nigam (1986). Recent foraminifera from polluted marine environment of
Velsao Beach, South Goa, India. Revue Paleobiologia, 5: 43-46.
Bresler, V. and V. Yanko (1995). Acute toxicity of heavy-metals for benthic epiphytic
foraminifera Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of seaweed-derived DOC.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14(10): 1687-1695.
From abstract: The acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, and mercury to the benthic epiphytic
foraminifera Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) was investigated using seven different vital
cytophysiological and cytochemical methods. The ability to enzymatically hydrolyze the
fluorogenic substrates fluorescein diacetate or fluorescein dibutyrate was the most sensitive
method of LC50 value determination. The LC50 (24-h) values for cadmium, copper, and
mercury determined by this assay with fluorescein diacetate was 0.56, 1.4, and 0.07 mu M,
respectively. The content of seaweed-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC), measured by
absorbance at 436 nm, produced a dramatic increase of LC50 values for the heavy metals in a
dose-dependent manner. ''Intact'' epiphytic foraminifera attached to seaweeds are less sensitive to
acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, and mercury than are ''detached'' foraminifera.
Bresler, V. and V. Yanko (1995). Chemical ecology: a new approach to the study of living
benthic epiphytic foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25(3): 267-279.
From abstract: Interactions of living benthic epiphytic foraminifera with unidentified natural
organic compounds (UNOC) derived from decomposed seaweeds, heavy metal ions and three
tracer xenobiotics, acridine organge, neutral red and fluorecein, were investigated. The presence
of UNOC in seawater decreased acute toxicity of heavy metal ions for foraminifera. The state of
the defense system against xenobiotics in benthic epiphytic foraminifera can serve as a very
sensitive biomarker for monitoring and predication of ecological consequences of anthropogenic
pollution.
Brink, B. J. E., S. H. Hosper, and F. Colijn (1991). A quantitative method for description and
assessment of ecosystems: the AMOEBA approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 23: 265-270.
Caralp, M. H. (1984). Impact of organic matter on benthic foraminifera found beneath highly
intensive productive zones. Oceanologica Acta, 7(4): 509-515.
Coccioni, R. (2000). Benthic foraminifera as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution: a case study
from the Goro Lagoon (Italy). In R. Martin ed. Environmental Micropaleontology. Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 71-103.
Cockey, E., P. Hallock, and B. H. Lidz (1996). Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal
assemblages off Key Largo, Florida. Coral Reefs, 15: 237-248.
From abstract: Assemblages of foraminiferal tests in sediments sampled off Key Large, Florida,
in 1982, 1991, and 1992 were significantly different from assemblages sampled along the same
traverses in 1959-1961. Larger, algal symbiont-bearing taxa, primarily Soritidae, comprised 50-
80% of the specimens in samples collected in 1959-1961, whereas Miliolidae and Rotaliidae
comprised 65-90% of the specimens collected in 1991 and 1992. The shift in dominance from
long-lived, algal symbiont-bearing taxa in 1959-1961 to small, fast-growing, heterotrophic taxa
in 1992 is consistent with predictions of community response to gradually increasing nutrient
flux into south Florida's coastal waters. This study indicates that published accounts of
foraminiferal assemblages from sediments collected 30 or more years ago can be valuable
resources in efforts to determine if biotic changes have occurred in coastal ecosystems.
Collins, E. S., D. B. Scott, P. T. Gayes, and F. S Medioli (1995). Foraminifera in the Winyah
Bay and North Inlet marshes, South Carolina: a relationship to local pollution sources. Journal of
Foraminiferal Research, 25: 212-223.
From abstract: South Carolina has an extensive, low-lying coastal plain system which has not
been investigated for Recent benthic foraminifera. Grab samples were collected in the
Intracoastal Waterway/Winyah Bay (a highly polluted estuarine system) and nearshore localities
show the effects of combined organic matter pollution and high riverine discharge. Typical
estuarine assemblages appear to be displaced offshore as a result of these effects. Benthic
foraminiferal assemblages in samples from transects in nearby North Inlet marsh do not appear
to be afected by the polluted waters of Winyah Bay.
Culver, S. J. and M. A. Buzas (1995). The effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance, habitat
destruction, and global warming on shallow marine benthic foraminifera. Journal of
Foraminiferal Research, 25(3): 204-211.
From abstract: Protists such as benthic foraminifera are not immune to the effects of global
warming or to shallow marine environmental degradation and destruction caused by the activities
of humans. Increasing environmental stresses are likely to lead, in the near future, to disruption
and dynamic restructuring of communities, localized extinctions of both rare and abundant
species, and total extinction of rare species (and, perhaps, abundant species) in the shallow
marine environment. Low latitude and/or developed coastal environments and communities are
likely to experience the greatest changes. The role of benthic foraminifera in the trophic structure
of shallow marine communities dictates that many other organisms will be affected by changes
in the structure and diversity of shallow marine foraminiferal populations.
Debenay, J. P., E. Tsakiridis, R. Soulard, and H. Grossel (2000). Factors determining the
distribution of foraminiferal assemblages in Port Joinville Harbor (Ile d'Yeu, France): the
influence of pollution. Marine Micropaleontology, 43(1-2): 75-118.
From abstract: Port Joinville harbor is located on an island. Thus, it receives only a few
freshwater inputs, contrary to most of the areas where the influence of pollution on foraminiferal
assemblages has been studied. The pollution in the harbor mainly results from the boats,
including cleaning, painting and outfall of oil and motor-fuel. This study shows that the main
factor that determines the distribution of foraminiferal species in Port Joinville harbor is the
geographical position. The correlation that occurs between heavy metals and the silt and clay
fraction makes it difficult to determine whether sediment characteristics or pollution have the
stronger influence on foraminiferal assemblages, except in areas heavily affected by pollution.
Ellison, R. L., R. Broome, and R. Ogilive (1986). Foraminiferal response to trace metal
contamination in Patapsco Rive and Baltimore Harbor, Maryland.Marine Pollution Bulletin,
17(9): 419-423.
Ferraro, S. P. and F. A. Cole (1995). Taxonomic level sufficient for assessing pollution impacts
on the Southern California Bight macrobenthos: revisited. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, 14: 1031-1035.
Ferraro, S. P., R. C. Swart, F. A. Cole, and D. W. Schultz (1991). Temporal changes in the
benthos along a pollution gradient: discriminating the effects of natural phenomena from
sewage-industrial wastewater effects. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 33: 383-407.
Geslin, E., J. P. Debenay, and M. Lesourd (1998). Abnormal wall textures and test
deformation in Ammonia (hyaline foraminifer). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28(2): 148-
156.
From abstract: The deformations of foraminiferal tests have been studied in the genus Ammonia.
This study is based on the observations of aberrant test morphology and wall texture using a
scanning electron microscope. The various deformations have been classified into eleven groups
according to the affected part of the test and to the nature of the deformation. Two hypotheses for
the formation of these aberrant textures, related with test deformation, are suggested: 1)
crystalline disorganizations may be caused by a stress imposed to the crystalline framework by
introduction of alien trace elements, and 2) cavities in the wall probably result from a thickening
of the organic matrix that can be caused either by a change in physical and chemical conditions
or by food shortage in the environment. These hypotheses are consistent with data reported in the
literature which infer that test deformations may have been caused by 1) pollution such as heavy
metal contamination; 2) change of physical and chemical parameters; and 3) shortage of
nutrients in the environment.
Hallock, P.(2000). Larger foraminifera as indicators of coral-reef vitality. In Ronald Martin, ed.
Marine Micropaleontology. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 121-150.
Hallock, P. (In press). Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: the
FORAM Index. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring.
Coral reef communities are threatened worldwide. Resource managers urgently need indicators
of the biological condition of reef environments that can relate data acquired through remote-
sensing, water-quality and benthic-community monitoring to stress responses in reef organisms.
The �FORAM� (Foraminifers in Reef Assessment and Monitoring) Index is based on 30 years
of research on reef sediments and reef-dwelling larger foraminifers, including well-established
criteria. 1)Foraminifers are widely used as environmental and paleoenvironmental indicators in
many contexts. 2)Reef-building, zooxanthellate corals and foraminifers with algal symbionts
have similar water-quality requirements. 3)The relatively short life spans of foraminifers as
compared with long-lived colonial corals facilitates differentiation between long-term water-
quality decline and episodic stress events. 4)Foraminifers are relatively small and abundant,
permitting statistically significant sample sizes to be collected quickly and relatively
inexpensively, ideally as a component of comprehensive monitoring programs. 5)Collection of
foraminifers has minimal impact on reef resources.The FORAM Index (FI) utilizes foraminiferal
assemblages from surface sediments of reef-associated environments. The index can provide
resource managers with a simple procedure for determining the suitability of benthic
environments for communities dominated by algal symbiotic organisms. The FI can be applied
independently or incorporated into existing or planned monitoring efforts. It involves simple
calculations that require limited computer capabilities and therefore can be readily applied to
reef-associated environments worldwide. In addition, the foraminiferal shells collected can be
subjected to morphometric and geochemical analyses in areas of suspected heavy-metal
pollution, and the data sets for the index can be used with other monitoring data in detailed
multidimensional assessments.
LeFurgey, A. and J. St. Jean (1976). Foraminifera in brackish-water ponds designed for waste
control and aquaculture studies in North Carolina. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 6: 274-
294.
From abstract: Seasonal and areal abundances of foraminifera were measured and compared for
two sets of artificial ponds. Elphidium clavatum was the most commonly occurring species in
both effluent and control ponds. Species diversity was approximately 20 percent higher and
average numbers of living foraminifera were approximately 5 times greater in control ponds than
in the effluent ponds. Neither the three contol ponds nor the three effluent ponds were true
replicates. Microenvironmental differences in oxygen, pH, type and concentration of food supply
made foraminiferal distributions erratic.
Lidz, B. H. and P. R. Rose (1989). Diagnostic foraminiferal assemblages of Florida Bay and
adjacent shallow waters: A comparison. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44(1): 399-418.
From abstract: Ecologic studies of benthic foraminifera in Florida Bay indicate that (1) the bay is
a specialized restricted platform interior environment; (2) its fauna is divisible into three
subfaunas: nearshore, mudbank, and "lake"; (3) substrate, currents, wave intensity, and wave
direction affect local distribution but do not alter regional patterns; and (4) faunal assemblages
rather than individual species of foraminifera are diagnostic environmental indicators as many
species range over several faunal zones. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy on a platform, whether
modern or ancient, should involve determination of ecologic patterns of family distribution,
similarities of test structure, ratios between faunal groups, and general trends of populations.
Moodley, L., B. E. M. Schaub, G. J. Van der Zwaan, and P. M. J. Herman (1998). Tolerance
of benthic foraminifera (Protista : Sarcodina) to hydrogen sulphide. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 169: 77-86.
From abstract: Benthic foraminifera are dominant members of the meiofauna, commonly
occurring below the anoxic-oxic interface in marine sediments. The absence of oxygen in marine
coastal sediments is often correlated with the formation of hydrogen sulphide. In this study the
tolerance of benthic foraminifera (from the northwestern Adriatic Sea) to hydrogen sulphide was
examined experimentally. Although the foraminiferal assemblage exhibited a high tolerance to
short-term exposure (21 d), prolonged exposure to sulphidic conditions (66 d with a final
concentration of 12 mu M dissolved hydrogen sulphide) resulted in a significant reduction of
total foraminiferal densities with time.
Reproduction was evident under oxic conditions but none of the genera proliferated under
sulphidic conditions. This implies that tolerance of sulphidic conditions was restricted to survival
and that sulphide may be a prominent distributional factor for benthic foraminifera.
Nagy, J. and E. Alve (1987). Temporal changes in foraminiferal faunas and impact of pollution
in Sandebukta, Oslo Fjord. Marine Micropaleontology, 12(2): 109-128.
Resig, J. M. (1960). Foraminiferal ecology around ocean outfalls off southern California. Waste
Disposal in the Marine Environment, Pergamon Press: 104-121.
Ricci, N. (1991). Protozoa as tools in population assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22: 265-
268.
Ros, J. D. and M. J. Cardell (1991). Effect on benthic communities of a major input of organic
matter and other pollutants (coast of Barcelona, western Mediterranean). Toxicological and
Environmental Chemistry, 31(2): 441-450.
Samir, A. M. (2000). The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracods to various pollution
sources: A study from two lagoons in Egypt. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 30(2): 83-98.
From abstract: A study of foraminiferal assemblages was carried out at two Egyptian Nile Delta
lagoons. Analysis of surficial sediment samples from Manzalah Lagoon shows enrichment in
heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd). The environment has become so lethal to foraminifera
that no species can currently survive. Among ostracods, only one species (Cyprideis torosa) was
found living and able to invade the polluted lagoon region. Samples from Edku Lagoon, which
receives only agricultural drainage water, show heavy metal concentrations close to natural
baseline levels, and yield living foraminifera. The frequent occurrence of deformed specimens in
Manzalah Lagoon, comparable to Edku Lagoon, reveals that: (1) benthic foraminifera are more
sensitive to industrial wastes containing heavy metals; (2) agricultural wastes do not significantly
harm benthic foraminifera; (3)Ammonia beccarii forma parkinsoniana is less resistant to
pollution than forma tepida; (4) morphological abnormalities of the foraminiferal tests depend
upon the nature of the pollutant; and (5) benthic foraminifera are less tolerant to pollution than
ostracods and molluscs.
Schafer, C. T. (1982). Foraminiferal colonization of an offshore dump site in Chaleur Bay, New
Brunswick, Canada. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 12(4): 317-326.
From abstract: Living benthonic foraminifera populations were surveyed at the Chaleur Bay
ocean disposal site on month after the cessation of dumping activity in September, 1978, and
again two years later in September, 1980. After one month, the pioneer species Eggerella advena
and Ammotium cassis had repopulated most of the dumpsite substrate. All localities were
repopulated by 1980 and the proportion of E. advena showed an increase relative to A. cassis.
The total number of living species observed increased from 13 in 1978 to 37 in 1980. The
average population density in terms of the number of living specimens per cc of wet sediment
increased form 3.1 in 1978 to 27.1 in 1980.
Setty, M. G. A. P. (1982). Pollution effects monitoring with foraminifera as indices in the Thana
Creek, Bombay area. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 18: 205-209.
Setty, M. G. A. P. and R. Nigam (1984). Benthic foraminifera as pollution indices in the marine
environment of west coast of India. Paleontology and Stratigraphy, 89: 421-436.
Sharifi, A. R. (1991). Heavy metal pollution and its effects on recent foraminiferids from
Southampton water, Southern England, UK, Ph.D. thesis from the University of Southampton, p.
323.
Stott, L. D., T. P. Hayden, J. Griffith (1996). Benthic foraminifera at the Los Angeles county
Whites Point outfall revisited. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 26(4): 357-368.
From abstract: A benthic foraminiferal census was conducted at sites located on the shelf
surrounding the Los Angeles County sewage outfall at Whites Point, California. The study was
conducted in order to determine whether improved sewage treatment over the past 30 years has
resulted in a return of species previously excluded in the vicinity of the outfall. This study
follows-up that of Bandy and others after 30 years to investigate whether more stringent control
of effluent has resulted in a revitalization of the foraminiferal populations around the outfall. At
the time of the Bandy and others study, benthic foraminiferal populations were severely affected
around the outfall, with unusually low abundances of most species as far away as several
kilometers. The zone adjacent to the discharge diffusers was characterized as a ''Dead Zone'' with
no living foraminifera. Thirty years later, following significant decline in the volume of
contaminants, including DDT and solid waste, the environment around the outfall is now re-
inhabited by benthic foraminifera in numbers similar to those found in other non-affected parts
of the Southern California shelf. Despite this dramatic improvement, there remains a zone
directly around the diffusers that is not inhabited by all species. In particular, Nonionella stella
and Nonionella basispinata are excluded from this zone. These foraminifera appear to be the
most sensitive to sewage discharge and the environmental conditions that prevail around the
outfall. The sensitivity of Nonionella spp, should provide good indication of conditions around
other environmentally sensitive regions along the California coast.
Van der Zwaan, G. J., I. A. Duijnstee, M. Den Dulk, S. R. Ernst, N. T. Jannink, and T. J.
Kouwenhoven (1999). Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? Earth Science Reviews, 46:
213-136.
Van der Zwaan, G. J. (2000). Variation in natural vs. anthropogenic eutrophication in shelf
areas in front of major rivers. In R. Martin ed. Environmental Micropaleontology. Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 385-404.
Watkins, J. G. (1961). Foraminiferal ecology around the Orange county, California, ocean
sewer outfall. Micropaleontology, 7: 1999-206.
Yanko, V., A. Flexer, N. Kress, H. Hornung, and J. Kronfeld (1992). Benthic foraminifera as
indicators of heavy metal pollution along Israel's eastern Mediterranean margin. French-Israeli
Symposium on the continental margin of the Mediterranean Sea, Institute Oceanography and
Limnology, Haifa, Israel, 73-79.
Yanko, V., J. Kronfeld, and A. Flexer (1994). Response of benthic foraminifera to various
pollution sources: implications for pollution monitoring. Journal of Foraminiferal Research,
24(1): 1-17.
From abstract: A detailed study of foraminiferal populations was carried out at three
contaminated sites along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The unpolluted coast of Nitzanim
provided the first natural base line to be determined for the region. At Palmahim (domestic
sewage) the species diversity and population density was greatest. In contrast, the lowest species
diversity and population density occurred near the Hadera power station, where coal was the
major source of pollution in the sediment. Part of Haifa Bay is currently being contaminated by a
variety of heavy metals. In the contaminated site the foraminiferal tests were smaller, often
stunted and frequently pyritized. Benthic foraminifera have been demonstrated to be sensitive in
situ monitors or coastal pollution.
Yanko, V., M. Ahmad, et al. (1998). Morphological deformities of benthic foraminiferal tests in
response to pollution by heavy metals: Implications for pollution monitoring. Journal of
Foraminiferal Research, 28(3): 177-200.
From abstract: Live foraminiferal assemblages were studied along the Mediterranean coast of
northern Israel. Two hundred seventeen benthic foraminiferal species were identified, 30% of
which exhibited 11 distinct types of morphological deformities of their tests. These include:
wrong coiling, aberrant chamber shape and size, poor development of the last whorl, twisted
chamber arrangement, additional chambers, protuberances, multiple apertures, irregular keel,
twinning, lateral asymmetry, and lack of sculpture. In small numbers, they can occur within the
range of natural variability of a given species in given environmental conditions. However,
several species display an increase in the proportion of deformed foraminifera in live
assemblages that can be caused by low salinity (e,g,, for Adelosina cliarensis) or by an increase
in concentrations of heavy metals within the sediment.
Yanko, V., A. J. Arnold, and W. C. Parker (1999). Effects of marine pollution on benthic
foraminifera. In B. K. Sen Gupta ed. Modern Foraminifera. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 217-235.