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Introduction
When we talk about Art and Culture, what we mean is the representation of a
set of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices which defines the society.

Culture and creativity manifest themselves in almost all economic, social and
other activities. A country as diverse as India is symbolized by the plurality of
its culture.

We can categorize them as follows:

• Type I – History & Culture, Language, Fairs & Festivals

• Type II – Art, Architecture & Sculpture

• Type III – Film, Dance, Drama, Music & Radio

RADIO
 Radio broadcasting began in India in 1923. The Government owned radio
station All India Radio dominated broadcasting since 1936 but through
privatization and deregulation has allowed commercial privately owned
talk and music stations to reach large audiences.

Early radio
 Radio Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the British Raj with
programs by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club and other radio clubs.

 According to an agreement on 23 July 1927, the private Indian

Broadcasting Company Ltd (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio
 stations: the Bombay station which began on 23 July 1927, and the
Calcutta station which followed on 26 August 1927.

 The company went into liquidation on 1 March 1930.

 The government took over the broadcasting facilities and began the
Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an
experimental basis for two years, and permanently in May 1932 it then
went on to become All India Radio on 8 June 1936.

 When India attained independence, there were six radio stations within
Indian territory, at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Tiruchirapalli and
Lucknow.

 FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, then Madras.

Transmission
 Currently, analog terrestrial radio broadcast in India is carried out in
Short Wave(SW) (6–22 MHz), Medium Wave(MW) (526–1606 kHz)and
Frequency Modulation (FM) (88–108 MHz).

 All India Radio the public service broadcaster – has established 467 radio
stations encompassing 662 radio transmitters, which include 140 MW, 48
SW, and 474 FM transmitters for providing radio broadcasting services in
India.

 Private sector radio broadcasters transmit in FM mode only.

Public radio

 All India Radio (AIR), officially known since 1956 as 'Akashvani' is the
national public radio broadcaster of India. It was established in 1936.
 All India Radio is the largest radio network in the world, and one of the
largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the number of
languages broadcast and the spectrum of socio-economic and cultural
diversity it serves.
 AIR's home service comprises 420 stations located across the country,
reaching nearly 92% of the country's area and 99.19% of the total
population. AIR originates programming in 23 languages and 179
dialects.

Private radio
 Private participation wasn't allowed until 1993 when the government
experimented with a daily, two-hour slot on the FM channels in Delhi and
Mumbai.

 In 2001 the first phase of private sector participation (FM Phase I) India's
radio sector began and the government conducted open auctions for radio
licenses. Of the 108 licenses issued, only 22 became operational in 12
cities.
 Radio City Bangalore, which started on July 3, 2001, is India's first
private FM radio station.

 The second development phase of radio privatization was in 2005(FM

Phase II) with 338 FM slots up for auction. 245 frequencies were taken
up in the auction and the government earned US$295 million in one-time
entry fees.

 In 2019 the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) has sort

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India's recommendation on reserve
prices for auctions of radio frequencies in 283 cities to expand private FM
radio across the country.

 This includes 23 existing cities where the government has auctioned

private FM radio frequencies in the previous batches, while 260 cities
will see auctions of private FM radio for the first time.

 In 2020 April TRAI had issued recommendations on reserve price for

auction of FM radio channels under FM Phase III policy.

 The major private radio players in India are Entertainment Network India
Limited which hosts Radio Mirchi, BIG FM 92.7, Music Broadcast
Limited which hosts Radio City (Indian radio station)

 Radio City, D B Corp Ltd. which hosts My FM & Sun Network which
hosts Red FM.
  Currently, there are 371 private FM stations operating across 107 cities in
India. Out of these, 31 are operated by micro, small & medium
enterprises (MSMEs).

Community Radio Stations

 In December 2002, the Government of India approved policy for the
grant of licenses for setting up of Community Radio Stations to well
established educational institutions including IITs/IIMs.

 On 1 February 2004, Anna FM was launched as India's first campus

“community” radio station by the students of the Anna University.

 In 2006, the Government of India amended the community radio policy

which allowed the agricultural universities, educational institutions and
civil society institutions such as NGOs to apply for a community radio
broadcasting license under the FM band 88–108 MHz.

 First NGO operated community Radio in India was Sangham Radio

licensed to Deccan Development Society which started broadcasting on
2008 in Pastapur village, Medak district, Andhra Pradesh.
 Government of India announced in November 2019 that 118 new
community radio stations are in the process of setting up.

 Currently India has 262 Community radio stations serving Farmer,

Tribal, Coastal communities, ethnic minorities and special interests.