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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thulasiram R
International Indian School Jubail
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Thulasiram R has successfully
completed the project on “Investigating Factors
Affecting Internal Resistance and EMF of a Cell” under
the guidance of Belal at IISJ. This project was
completed on 5 August 2023.
He has demonstrated exceptional dedication,
enthusiasm, and knowledge in the field of
““Investigating Factors Affecting Internal Resistance
and EMF of a Cell”. Their commitment to excellence
and their ability to overcome challenges is truly
commendable.
We extend our heartfelt congratulations and best
wishes for his endeavours.
Teacher Signature
Investigating Factors Affecting Internal Resistance
and EMF of a Cell
Aim
To systematically study and analyse the factors influencing the internal
resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of a cell.
Materials
1. Different types of cells (e.g., alkaline, zinc-carbon, lead-acid)
2. Ammeter and voltmeter
3. Variable resistor (rheostat)
4. Connecting wires
5. Distilled water
6. Sandpaper (for cleaning terminals)
7. Stopwatch
8. Thermometer
Theory
Internal Resistance (r):
When a cell delivers electrical current to an external circuit, a part of the cell's
energy is dissipated within the cell itself due to the resistance offered by its
components. This resistance within the cell is referred to as internal resistance
(r). Internal resistance arises from several factors, including the resistance of
the electrolyte, the resistance of the electrodes, the cell's construction and
temperature.
The internal resistance can be understood using Ohm's law, which states that
the current (I) flowing through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage
(V) across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance (R):
In the case of a cell, the total resistance (R) is the sum of the internal resistance
(r) and the external resistance (Rext) offered by the circuit:
So, the current flowing through the circuit can be written as:
Where:
-EMF is the electromotive force of the cell.
- V is the terminal voltage across the cell when connected to a circuit.
- I is the current flowing through the circuit.
- r is the internal resistance of the cell.