Cours L3 UFAZ2020 EM Math Part1

Mathematical notions of
electromagnetism
Maksim Bano
EOST, ITES/UMR-7063, CNRS, Strasbourg University,

5 rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
maksim.bano@unistra.fr
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Maksim BANO
Cartesian coordinates
In the Cartesian coordinate system (O,x,y,z) defined in the figure below, a point M is indicated by
its space coordinates (x, y, z) corresponding to the algebraic measure of the projection of M
successively on the 3 axes.   
The orthonormal base associated with this axis system is denoted by (u x , u y , u z ). It's a base that
does not change over time (invariant). The components of vector OM in the Cartesian base,
correspond to the coordinates of the point:
   z
OM = xu x + yu y + zu z
d M = OM − OM ′ d M = ( dx, dy, dz )
- (x, y, z) are the Cartesian coordinates of point M(x,y,z) Mˊ(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)

M.
- (x, y, z) are the components of the position 
   uz
vector OM in the Cartesian base (u x , u y , u z ) z y
O 
- d M is the displacement vector  uy
ux x
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and
   y
associated base (u x , u y , u z )
x
Maksim BANO
Derivative
Derivative definition
The derivative of a function is the ratio of the difference of function value f(x) at points
x+Δx and x with Δx, when Δx is infinitesimally small. The derivative is the function
slope or slope of the tangent line at point x. In the following figure h = Δx.
f(x)
df f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = = lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x
x
Maksim BANO
Derivative
f(x)
h = Δx, let’s see what is happening when Δx  0

Maksim BANO
Derivative
f(x)
h = Δx, let’s see what is happening when Δx  0
The secant is tangent to the curve at x when Δx  0
f(x)
x

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Derivative on graph of function
f(x) The derivative of a function is the slope of the tangential line.
= tg(α)
f(x)
α x

Maksim BANO
Derivative
A secante approaches a tangent when Δx → 0.

f '(x0) > 0 means f (x) function is increasing.
f '(x0) < 0 means f (x) function is decreasing.
local minimum/maximum or in
f '(x0) = 0 means
some cases a "turning" point.

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Rules for basic functions Rules for combined functions
Derivative sum rule ( a f (x) + bg(x) ) ' = a f ' (x) + bg' (x)
Derivative product rule ( f (x) ∙ g(x) ) ' = f ' (x) g(x) + f (x) g' (x)
Derivative quotient rule
Derivative chain rule f ( g(x) ) ' = f ' ( g(x) ) ∙ g' (x) or

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Example:
f(x) = cx is the equation of a straight line going through the origin O, c is a constant :
df ( x)
= f ′( x) = c
dx f(x)
Primitive of f(x)  F(x) if f ( x ) =
dF ( x)
dx
Notation: F ( x) = ∫ f ( x)dx , undefined integral f(x)=c·x
Property: F(x) +c, with c constant , is also

primitive of f(x).
Example:
f(x) = ax2+bx+c  F(x)=ax3/3+bx2/2+cx+d
Definite Integral is the variation of the primitive x
between two points : I = f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a ) O
b
∫
a
2
Example: 2 3
x x2

I = ∫ ( ax + bx + c) dx = a + b
2
+ cx + d 
1 3 2 1
8 1 1 7 3
= a ( − ) + b(2 − ) + c(2 − 1) = a + b + c
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021 3 3 2 3 2
Maksim BANO
Derivative
Function linear approximation (first-order Taylor polynomial)
For small Δx, we can get an approximation to f(x0+Δx), when we know f(x0) and f '(x0).
f(x)
f (x0+Δx) ≈ f (x0) + f '(x0)⋅Δx
f(x0+∆x) = tg(α)
f(x0)
α x
0 x0+∆x
Maksim BANO
Derivative
Derivatives of Constant
Derivatives of Polynomials
Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic functions

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Derivative
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Second derivative
The second derivative is given by:
d2 f f ′( x + ∆x) − f ′( x)
f ′′( x) = = lim
dx 2 ∆x →0
∆x
Or simply derive the first derivative:
f ′′( x) = ( f ′( x))′
Taylor expansion (Taylor series)

If f is a function f(x), then we can approximate f(x) around a point x = x0
by the polynomial (Taylor expansion) :
1 1 1
f ( x + ∆x) = f ( x ) + f ′( x )∆x + f ′′( x )(∆x) +  + f
0 0 0 0
2 (n)
( x )(∆x)
0
n
1! 2! n!
And for x = x0 +∆x  ∆x = x - x0
1 1 1
f ( x) = f ( x0 ) + f ′( x0 )( x − x0 ) + f ′′( x0 )( x − x0 ) 2 +  + f ( n ) ( x0 )( x − x0 ) n + 
1! 2! n!
If x0 = 0, the expansion is known as Maclaurin series.

Maksim BANO
Derivative
If x0 = 0, the expansion is known as Maclaurin series.
1 1 1
f ( x ) = f ( 0) + f ′(0) x + f ′′(0) x 2 +  + f ( n ) (0) x n + 
1! 2! n!
Example 1: 1
Taylor Expansion of the function f ( x ) = around the point x0 = 0
1+ x
1  2 
f (0) = 1; f ′(0) = − 2 
= −1; f ′′( 0 ) = 3 
= 2; 
(1 + x)  x=0 (1 + x)  x=0
1
f ( x) = = 1 − x + x 2 − x3 + 
1+ x
Example 2: 1
Taylor Expansion of the function f ( x) = around the point x = 0
1− x
1
f ( x) = = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + 
1− x

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Some exercises :
Find the Taylor Expansion of the following functions around the point x0 :
f ( x) = cos x; f ( x) = sin x; f ( x) = e x ; f ( x) = ln x

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Some exercises :
Find the Taylor Expansion of the following functions around the point x0 :
f ( x) = cos x; f ( x) = sin x; f ( x) = e x ; f ( x) = ln x
1 1
cos x = cos x0 − sin x0 ( x − x0 ) − cos x0 ( x − x0 ) + sin x0 ( x − x0 ) 3 + 
2
2 6
1 1
sin x = sin x0 + cos x0 ( x − x0 ) − sin x0 ( x − x0 ) 2 − cos x0 ( x − x0 ) 3 + 
2 6
1 1
e = e [1 + (x - x 0 ) + (x - x 0 ) + (x - x 0 ) 3 + 
x x0 2
2 3!
(x - x 0 ) (x - x 0 ) 2 (x - x 0 ) 3
ln x = ln x 0 + − 2
+ 3

x0 2x 0 3x 0

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Functions of several variables
Let be f a function which maps a pair of values (x,y) to a single real
number f (x,y). The function f (x,y) is a surface on the space (x,y, f).
f (x,y)
∂f ∂f
df ( x, y ) = dx + dy f+df (x,y)
∂x ∂y
f (x,y)
∂f ∂f
and
∂x ∂y
are the partial derivatives y

(x+dx,y)
(x+dx,y+dy)
(x,y) (x,y+dy)
x

Maksim BANO
Derivative
Functions of several variables
Let be f a function which maps a pair of values (x,y) to a single real
number f (x,y). The function f (x,y) is a surface on the space (x,y, f).
Partial Derivative:
∂f f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) ∂f f ( x, y + ∆y ) − f ( x, y )
= lim and = lim
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x ∂y ∆y→0 ∆y
∂f
df ( x, y ) = f ( x + dx, y + dy ) − f ( x, y ) = f ( x + dx, y ) + dy − f ( x, y )
∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f
= f ( x, y + dy ) + dx − f ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) + dx + dy − f ( x, y ) then
∂x ∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂2 f ∂2 f
df ( x, y ) = dx + dy Property : f xy = = f yx =
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Recall Taylor series:
1 1 1
f ( x + ∆x) = f ( x ) + f ′( x )∆x + f ′′( x )(∆x) +  + f
0 0 0 0
2 (n)
( x )(∆x)
0
n
1! 2! n!

Maksim BANO
In the Cartesian coordinate system (O,x,y,z) defined in the figure below, a point M is indicated by
its space coordinates (x, y, z) corresponding to the algebraic measure of the projection of M
successively on the 3 axes.   
The orthonormal base associated with this axis system is denoted by (u x , u y , u
. z ) It's a base that
does not change over time. The components of vector OM in the Cartesian base, correspond to
the coordinates of the point:
z
  
- (x, y, z) are the Cartesian coordinates of point

M. M(x,y,z)
- (x, y, z) are the components of the position
  
vector OM in the Cartesian base (u x , u y , u z )

uz
z y
  
O 
 uy
ux x
y
x
Maksim BANO
  
  
′
OM = ( x + dx)u x + ( y + dy )u y + ( z + dz )u z
z
d M = OM − OM ′ = ( dx, dy, dz )
- dM is the displacement vector d M = ( dx, dy, dz )
M(x,y,z) Mˊ(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)

uz
z y
  
O 
 uy
ux x
y
x
Maksim BANO
Polar coordinates (in a plane)
The point M is perfectly located if we know the distance ρ (Greek letter rhô) and the
angle θ (Greek letter theta) that the segment makes with the axis Ox (see Figure).
Unlike Cartesian coordinates, the polar coordinates ρ and θ are not of the same nature.
The radial coordinate ρ has the dimension of a length like and x and y. The angular
coordinate θ is expressed in radian (dimensionless angle unit). The position vector OM
can be written:
 
OM = OM u ρ = ρu ρ
- the polar coordinates

of point M are (ρ, θ)
.
- The components of
the position vector OM
are (ρ, 0)
 
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021 Polar coordinates (ρ, θ) and associated base (u ρ , uθ )
Maksim BANO
Polar coordinates (in a plane)
Relationship between polar and Cartesian coordinates
The relations between cartesian and polar coordinate systems are:
Passage polar  Cartesian Passage Cartesian  polar
OM = ρ = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ; x = ρ cos θ and y = ρ sin θ
x y   
cos θ = and sin θ = u x = (cos θ )u ρ − (sin θ )uθ
ρ ρ   
   u y = (sin θ )u ρ + (cos θ )uθ
u ρ = (cos θ )u x + (sin θ )u y
  
uθ = (− sin θ )u x + (cos θ )u y
 
UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021 Polar coordinates (ρ, θ) and associated base (u ρ , uθ )
Maksim BANO
The cylindrical coordinates
To obtain the system of cylindrical
coordinates it suffices to complete the
system of polar coordinates (in the
plane xOy) by a third axis: the Oz
axis with its Cartesian coordinate
(called the height) (see figure).
 
OM = OP + PM = ρu ρ + zu z
OM = ρ 2 + z 2 = x2 + y2 + z 2
The cylindrical coordinates of the point M are:

(ρ, θ, z)
The components of the OM vector are: (ρ, 0, z)
  
Cylindrical coordinates (ρ, θ, z) and associate base (u ρ , uθ , u z )
Maksim BANO
Spherical coordinates
The spherical coordinates (see figure) make it possible to locate a point on a sphere of
radius OM = r. It is typically the location of a point on the Earth for which it is enough
to specify two angles: the latitude (0< θ < π) and the longitude (0< ϕ< 2π).
The position vector OM is used to define


the first vector u r of the base:

OM = ru r
When only the angle θ varies the point M
describes a semicircle (a meridian) of radius

r. The unit vector uθ is tangent to this
semicircle (following the meridian) oriented
as θ.
When only the angle ϕ varies the point

describes a circle of radius r sin θ . The

unit vector uϕ is tangent to this circle (in
a parallel) oriented as ϕ .
  
Spherical coordinate system and associated base(u r , uθ , uϕ )
Maksim BANO
:
Relationship between spherical and Cartesian coordinates
x = OP cos ϕ = r sin θ cos ϕ
y = OP sin ϕ = r sin θ sin ϕ and
z = OH = r cos θ

The unit vector u following OP has for
expression:
  
u = (cos ϕ )u x + (sin ϕ )u y
 
The unit vector uϕ is perpendicular to u .
It makes an angle ϕ+π/2 with Ox axis and
is written:
  
uϕ = (− sin ϕ )u x + (cos ϕ )u y

  
Maksim BANO
:
Relationship between
 spherical and Cartesian coordinates
The unit vector u r has for expression:
  
u r = (sin θ )u + (cos θ )u z
  
= sin θ [cos ϕu x + sin ϕu y ] + cos θu z 
 u
And the unit vector uθ which is

perpendicular to u r can be written:
  
uθ = (cos θ )u − (sin θ )u z
  
= cos θ [cos ϕu x + sin ϕu y ] − sin θu z
The spherical coordinates of point M are:

(r, θ, ϕ)
The components of the vector OM are :
(r, 0, 0)

  
Maksim BANO
 Vector calculation
A vector a is characterized by its direction, orientation and length (norm, modulus, absolute
value):
 
Length : a = a =a
  
In a Cartesian system with base (u x , u y , u z ) :
   
a = a x u x + a y u y + a z u z and z

a = a2x + a2 y + a2z
multiplication by a scalar

αa = (αa x , αa y , αa z ) 
a
The same orientation if α > 0 and the opposite for 
α<0 uz
sum of two vectors y
 
O 
a + b = ( a x + bx , a y + by , a z + bz )  uy
ux
x
Maksim BANO
Vector calculation
Parallelogram rule

b 
a
 
a −b
 
 a +b
a

b
Scalar product
  
α = ab = a x bx + a y by + a z bz = a b cos θ
θ
Properties :
Distributive over vector addition:
      
a (b + c ) = ab + ac a
Commutative:
 
 
ab = b a
Maksim BANO
Vector calculation
Parallelogram rule

b 
a c (a ⋅ b) = (c a) ⋅ b = a ⋅ (c b).
 
a −b
 
 a +b
a

b
Scalar product
Not associative because the dot product between a
scalar (a ⋅ b) and a vector (c) is not defined. θ
    
( ab )c = a (b c )
However the scalar multiplication property is 
a
sometimes called the "associative law for scalar
and dot product"
  
( ab )c = a (b c)
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Vector calculation
Cross product:
       
c = a ∧ b = a ×b c ⊥ to (a , b ) plane
       
c = a b sin θ −c = b ∧a = b ×a
    
a × b  The parallelogram area built on a and b b

c
  
ux uy uz
  θ
a × b = ax ay az

bx by bz −c

a
    
a × b = (a y bz − by a z )u x − (a x bz − bx a z )u y + (a x by − bx a y )u z
Right hand rule or corkscrew rule

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Vector calculation
Properties of Cross product
   
1- a × b = −b × a
 
2- a×a = 0
     
3- (a × a ) × b = 0 but a × ( a × b ) ≠ 0
   
4- a ×b = 0 ↔ a b
   
5- αa × βb = (αβ )a × b
      
6- a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c
        
7- (a × b ) × c = (a ⋅ c )b − (a ⋅ b )c
           
8- (a × b ) ⋅ (c × d ) = (a ⋅ c )(b ⋅ d ) − (a ⋅ d )(b ⋅ c )
Right hand rule or corkscrew rule

Maksim BANO
Vector calculation
Useful Properties of Dot Product and Cross Product
The scalar triple product

        
a ⋅ (b × c ) = b ⋅ (c × a ) = c ⋅ (a × b )
Geometrically, the scalar triple product is the (signed)
volume of the parallelepiped   
Volume = area of base⋅height a × b ⋅ c cos(φ )
ax ay az
  
The scalar triple product can also be understood as the a (b × c ) = bx by bz
determinant of the 3×3 matrix
cx cy cz
Vector triple product
is defined as the cross product of one vector with the cross
product of the other two: "ACB − ABC",
        
(a × b ) × c = (a ⋅ c )b − (a ⋅ b )c

Maksim BANO
Vector calculationz
Example of a particle in circular motion
→  
OM = ρ = ( x, y,0) and V the velocity

OM = ρ = ( x + y ) ; 2 2
ω = (0,0,ω )

x = ρ cos θ and y = ρ sin θ ω
 dρ dx dy O
y
V= = ( , ,0)  
dt dt dt θ ρ V
dx dθ dy dθ x M ( x, y,0)
= − ρ sin θ and = ρ cos θ
dt dt dt dt
 dθ dθ
V =ρ (− sin θ , cos θ ,0) = (−ω y, ω x,0) ω= angular velocity
dt    dt
ux u y uz
  
V = ω ∧ ρ = 0 0 ω = (−ω y, ω x,0)
x y 0 
V
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Vector fields  
A vector field A ( r ) = A ( x, y , z ) is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of
space :
    
A (r ) = A ( x, y, z ) = Ax ⋅ u x + Ay ⋅ u y + Az ⋅ u z
Derivative:

∂A ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
=( , , )
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
Gradient: (vector)

Scalar field ϕ ( r ) = ϕ ( x, y , z )
 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
A = gradϕ = ( , , )
∂x ∂y ∂z

Operator "nabla" ∇ in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, is defined :
 ∂  ∂  ∂   
∇= ux + uy + uz and A = gradϕ = ∇ϕ
∂x ∂y ∂z
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
The gradient is perpendicular to the surfaces of ϕ = c nt :

→ ϕ
dϕ = ϕ (M + dM ) − ϕ (M )
dϕ = ϕ ( x + dx, y + dy, z + dz ) − ϕ ( x, y, z ) 
→
M + dM
The variation of ϕ is given :
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
dϕ ( x , y , z ) = dx + dy + dz M
∂x ∂y ∂z

→ 
The variation of ϕ(x,y,z) is the same as the scalar product of two vectors: dM and ∇

→  ∂ ∂ ∂ → 
dM = (dx, dy, dz ) and ∇ = ( , , ) → dϕ = dM⋅ ∇ϕ
∂x ∂y ∂z
 
→
If the points M and M´ are on the same surface of ϕ = c then dϕ = 0 → dM ∇ϕ = 0
nt

which shows that ∇ϕ ⊥ ϕ = c nt and has the direction of increasing ϕ

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Gradient properties :
  
∇(ϕ1ϕ 2 ) = ϕ1∇ϕ 2 + ϕ 2∇ϕ1 as the derivative product rule: ( fg )′ = f g′ + fg ′
  
∇(ϕ1 + ϕ 2 ) = ∇ϕ1 + ∇ϕ 2
 df 
∇f (ϕ ) = ∇ϕ as the derivative chain rule: ( f ( g ))′ = f ′( g ( x)) ⋅ g ′
dϕ

∇ϕ is invariant of Reference System

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
The gradient points to the direction of greatest increase; keep following the gradient, and
you will reach the local maximum.
As un example of gradient , we may consider a portion of hill. The height above sea level h at
any point on the hill is some function of position : h = h(x,y). A two dimensional simplified
version of the gradient  ∂h  ∂h 
∇h = ux + uy
∂x ∂y
gives the magnitude and the direction of maximum rate of change of height at a given
point , as shown in the figure. This is a topographical two dimensional map using the
height as a parameter. The magnitude of height here :
 ∂h ∂h
∇h = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2
∂x ∂y
Arrows show magnitude and direction of
the two dimensional gradient of the height.
The curve to which the arrows are tangent
is orthogonal to the constant-height
contours. The magnitude of the arrows
along such a curve does not remains
constant from one point to another.
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Example 1: ϕ ( x, y , z ) = x + y 2 + z 3
 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = ( , , ) = (1, 2 y, 3 z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
If we want to find the direction to move to increase our function the fastest, we plug in our
current coordinates (such as 3, 4, 5) into the gradient and get:
Direction = (1, 2 y, 3 z 2 ) = (1, 2 ⋅ 4, 3 ⋅ 52 ) = (1, 8, 75)

So, this new vector (1, 8, 75) would be the direction we move in to increase the value of our
function. In this case, our x-component doesn’t add much to the value of the function: the partial
derivative is always 1.

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
2 xy
Example 2: ϕ ( x, y, z ) = 17 x −
+ y2 z3
z
 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ 2y 2x 2 xy
∇ϕ = ( , , ) = (17 − ,− + 2 yz , 2 + 3 y 2 z 2 )
3
∂x ∂y ∂z z z z
If we want to find the direction to move to increase our function the fastest, we plug in our
current coordinates (such as 2, 0, -1) into the gradient and get:
 0  4  0   
∇ϕ = (17 − )u x + (− + 0)u y + ( + 0)u z = 17u x + 4u y
−1 −1 1
The gradient of φ at this point lies in the xy plane. Several contours in the xy plane near (2,0,-1)
are shown in the figure below)

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
2 xy
Example 2: ϕ ( x, y, z ) = 17 x − + y2 z3
z
φ = cnst in the z = -1 near x = 2, y=0.
  
∇ϕ = 17u x + 4u y at (2, 0, − 1)

At any point ∇ϕ is orthogonal to φ = cnst

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Divergence or dot product (is a scalar)
   ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
α = divA = (∇ ⋅ A) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Properties:
      
∇ ⋅ ( A + B) = ∇ ⋅ A + ∇ ⋅ B as the derivative product rule:
       
∇ ⋅ (αA) = α∇ ⋅ A + A ⋅ ∇α = αdivA + A ⋅ gradα ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
 
∇ ⋅ A is invariant of Reference System
Curl or cross pruduct: (is a vector)

  
ux uy uz
    ∂ ∂ ∂
B = rotA = ∇ ∧ A =
∂x ∂y ∂z Geometrical meaning
Ax Ay Az curl is the circulation per unit area.

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis y
Intuitive interpretation of the Curl
Suppose the vector field describes the velocity field of
a fluid flow (such as a large tank of liquid or gas) and a
small ball is located within the fluid or gas (the centre
of the ball being fixed at a certain point). If the ball has
a rough surface, the flowing fluid will make it rotate.
Example: x
 
Take the vector field: A( x, y, z ) = − x 2u y
It corresponds to the plot in the figure.
Taking the object in the previous example, and placing
it anywhere on the line x = 3, the force exerted on the
right side would be slightly greater than the force
exerted on the left, causing it to rotate clockwise.
Using the right-hand rule, it can be predicted that the -3 3
resulting curl would be straight in the negative z
direction. Inversely, if placed on x = −3, the object  2
would rotate counterclockwise and the right-hand rule Plot of vector field A = − x u y
(corkscrew rule) would result in a positive z direction.
    ∂ (− x 2 )  
∇ ∧ A = 0u x + 0u y + u Z = −2 xu Z
∂x
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
    ∂ (− x 2 )  
∇ ∧ A = 0u x + 0u y + u Z = −2 xu Z
∂x
The plot describing the curl of A:
As predicted, the curl points in the

negative z direction when x is positive
and vice versa. In this field, the intensity
of rotation would be greater as the object -3
moves away from the plane x = 0.
Plot of the curl of A

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis y
Exercise (curl):   
Take the vector field : A ( x , y , z ) = yu x − xu y
this can be decomposed as follows:

Ax = y, Ay = − x and Az = 0
x
It corresponds to the plot in the figure.
Upon visual inspection, the field can be described
as " rotating ".
Let’s calculate the curl of A:

    ∂ ( − x) ∂y  
∇ ∧ A = 0u x + 0u y + ( − )u Z = −2u Z
∂x ∂y
  
Plot of vector field A = yu x − xu y

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Exercise (curl):
    ∂ ( − x) ∂y  
∇ ∧ A = 0u x + 0u y + ( − )u Z = −2u Z
∂x ∂y
It corresponds to the plot in the figure,

it’s uniform.
The vector field describing the curl of A

is uniformly going in the negative z
direction (as predicted).
Plot of the curl of A

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Properties:
      
∇ ∧ ( A + B) = ∇ ∧ A + ∇ ∧ B
as the derivative product rule:
     
∇ ∧ (αA) = α∇ ∧ A + ∇α ∧ A ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
 
∇ ∧ A is invariant of Reference System
Theorems:  
∇ ∧ ∇ϕ = 0
  
∇ ⋅∇ ∧ A = 0
   
∇ ∧ A = 0 ↔ A = ∇ϕ Both formulas are very important in the case
     of an EM field. We will use them later on
∇⋅ A = 0 ↔ A = ∇ ∧ B
  ∂ 2
ϕ ∂ 2
ϕ ∂ 2
ϕ
∆ϕ = ∇ 2ϕ = ∇ ⋅ ∇ϕ = 2 + 2 + 2 Laplacian
∂x ∂y ∂z
      
∆A = ∇ A = ∇∇ ⋅ A − ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ A) = (∇ 2 Ax , ∇ 2 Ay , ∇ 2 Az )
2
        ∂ 2
A ∂ 2
A ∂ 2
Ax
∆A = ∇ A = ∇∇ ⋅ A − ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ A) = ( 2 +
2 x x
+ ,  , )
∂x ∂y 2
∂z 2
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples: 

→  r  z
OM ( x, y, z ) = r = r = ur r
 r M ( x, y , z )
 r 1   
ur = = ( xu x + yu y + zu z )
r r 
  r
r = r = x2 + y2 + z 2 uz 
O
uy y
The surface r = cnt corresponds to a sphere 
- Calculate the gradient of r ux
 ∂r ∂r ∂r x P( x, y,0)
grad (r ) = ∇r = ( , , )
∂x ∂y ∂z
 2x 2y 2z
∇r = ( , , )
2 x +y +z
2 2 2
x +y +z
2 2 2
x +y +z
2 2 2
  
 x y z 1    r  r 
∇r = ( , , ) = ( xu x + yu y + zu z ) = = u r ∇r = = u r
r r r r r r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples: 

→  r  z
OM ( x, y, z ) = r = r = ur r
 r M ( x, y , z )
 r 1   
ur = = ( xu x + yu y + zu z )
r r 
  r
r = r = x2 + y2 + z 2 uz 
O
uy y
The surface r = cnt corresponds to a sphere 
ux
x P( x, y,0)
The gradient of the function φ = r is a vector of unit magnitute,
everywhere directed radially outward.
 
r 
∇r = = u r
r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples:
∂ 1 −
3
- Calculate the gradient of 1/r
( ) = − x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
 1 ∂ 1 ∂r 1 ∂r 1 ∂x r
∇( ) = ( ( ), ( ), ( ))
∂ 1
3
r ∂x r ∂y r ∂z r −
( ) = − y( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∂y r

r = r = x2 + y2 + z 2 ∂ 1 −
3
( ) = − z( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
 1
∂z r
−  −  − 
3 3 3
∇( ) = − x( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 u x − y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 u y − z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 u z
r
 1    −
3
∇( ) = − ( xu x + yu y + zu z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
r
 1  
 −3 r u
∇( ) = − r r = − 3 = − 2r
r r r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples:
- Calculate the gradient of 1/r
We can use the derivative chain rule: ( f ( g ))′ = f ′( g ( x)) ⋅ g ′
 df 
∇f (ϕ ) = ∇ϕ
dϕ
 1 1  1   
′
∇ ( ) = ( ) ∇r = − 2 u r with ∇r = u r
r r r
The gradient of the function φ = 1/r is directed radially inward and

decreases in magnitude with increase of the distance from the origin.
This is very useful, widely used, result.
 1  
 −3 r u
∇( ) = − r r = − 3 = − 2r
r r r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Exercises:

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples: 
- Calculate the divergence of r
  ∂  ∂  ∂    
∇ ⋅ r = ( u x , u y , u z )( xu x , yu x , zu x )
∂x ∂y ∂z
  ∂x ∂y ∂z
∇⋅r = + + =3  
∂x ∂y ∂z ∇⋅r = 3

 r
- Calculate the divergence of u r =
r
   r ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
∇ ⋅ (ur ) = ∇ ⋅ ( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ( )
r ∂x x + y + z
2 2 2 ∂y x + y + z
2 2 2 ∂z x + y + z
2 2 2

Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples: 
 r
- Calculate the divergence of ur =
r
∂ x x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −1 / 2
( )=
∂x x + y + z
2 2 2 x2 + y2 + z 2
∂ y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −1 / 2
( )=
∂y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y2 + z 2
∂ z x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − z 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −1 / 2
( )=
∂y x + y + z
2 2 2 x2 + y2 + z 2
   r 2
∇ ⋅ (u r ) = ∇ ⋅ ( ) =
r r
Maksim BANO
Vector
 
analysis
Examples: ur r
- Calculate the divergence of = 2
r r
  
 u  r  ( xu x + yu y + zu z )
∇⋅( r ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = ∇⋅( 2
)
r r r
 u  r ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
∇⋅( r ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + ( ) + ( )
r r ∂x x + y + z
2 2
∂y x + y + z
2 2 2
∂z x + y + z
2 2 2
∂ x (x2 + y2 + z 2 ) − 2x2
( 2 )=
∂x x + y + z
2 2
( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
∂ y (x2 + y2 + z 2 ) − 2 y2
( 2 )=
∂y x + y + z
2 2
( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
∂ z (x + y + z ) − 2z
2 2 2 2  u  r 1
( 2 ) = ∇⋅( r ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = 2
∂y x + y 2 + z 2 ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 r r r
Maksim BANO
Vector
 
analysis
Examples: ur r
- Calculate the divergence of = 2
r r
We can use the derivative product rule : ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
       
∇ ⋅ (αA) = α∇ ⋅ A + A ⋅ ∇α = αdivA + A ⋅ gradα
 u  1 1    1
∇ ⋅ ( ) = ∇ ⋅ ( u r ) = ∇ ⋅ u r + u r ⋅ ∇( )
r
r r r r
   1 
2 ur
with ∇ ⋅ (u r ) = and ∇( ) = − 2
r r r
 u  r 12  u

2 1 1
∇⋅( r ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = + u r (− 2r ) = 2 − 2 = 2
r r r r r r r r
 u  r 1
∇⋅( r ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = 2
r r r
Maksim BANO
Vector
 
analysis
Examples: ur r
- Calculate the divergence of 2
= 3
r r
We can also use the derivative product rule rule : ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
       
∇ ⋅ (αA) = α∇ ⋅ A + A ⋅ ∇α = αdivA + A ⋅ gradα
 u  1  1     1
∇ ⋅ ( 2 ) = ∇ ⋅ ( 2 u r ) = ( 2 ∇ ⋅ u r + u r ⋅ ∇( 2 ))
r
r r r r
     
2 1 u
with ∇ ⋅ (u r ) = and ∇( 2 ) = ∇(r −2 ) = −2r −3∇(r ) = −2 3r
r r r
 u  r 1 2 

u 2 2
∇ ⋅ ( 2r ) = ∇ ⋅ ( 3 ) = ( 2 + ur (−2 3r )) = 3 − 3 = 0
r r r r r r r
 u  r
∇ ⋅ ( 2r ) = ∇ ⋅ ( 3 ) = 0
r r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
Examples: 
- Calculate the curl of r
     
ux uy uz ux uy uz
   ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂ ∂
rotA = ∇ ∧ A = =∇∧r = =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
  Ax Ay Az x y z
∇∧r =0
 
r  r  1 
- Calculate the curl of 3 ∇ ∧ 3 = ∇ ∧( 3 r)
r r r
Recall here the derivative product rule : ( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′, we have

  −3   
1     r 
∇ ∧ ( 3 r ) = ∇( r ) ∧ r + r ∇ ∧ r = −3r ∇(r ) ∧ r = −3r
−3 −4 −4
∧r =0
r r
 
r
∇∧ 3 =0
r
Maksim BANO
Vector analysis
 
r   
∇r = = u r ∇⋅r = 3
r
 1  
 −3 r ur    r
∇( ) = − r r = − 3 = − 2 ∇ ⋅ (u r ) = ∇ ⋅ ( ) =
2
r r r r r

 1  −2  u  u  r
∇( 2 ) = ∇(r ) = −2r −3∇(r ) = −2 3r 1
∇⋅( ) = ∇⋅( 2 ) = 2
r
r r r r r
 u  r
∇ ⋅ ( 2r ) = ∇ ⋅ ( 3 ) = 0
r r
   
∇∧r =0 r
∇∧ 3 =0
r

Maksim BANO
Surface, contour and volume Integrals
Surface Integral (Flux of a vector field )
 
The elementary flux of a field A(r ) = A( x, y, ) crossing a small
z→

surface dS located at point M(x, y, z) ( r = OM ) is given by:
   
dΦ = A ⋅ dS = A ⋅ n dS A

n is the unit vector perpendicular to dS
For a macroscopic surface S we have:
   
Φ = ∫∫ A(r ) ⋅ dS = ∫∫ A(r ) ⋅ n dS M
n
S S

For a closed surface the vector n is oriented positively from
dS
interior to exterior. Noting V the volume limited by the closed
surface Sc. If we divide the volume V into two volumes (VA and
VB) leaning on the same closed surface. We have Sc = SA +SB .
In this case: Φ SC = Φ S A + Φ S B

Maksim BANO
Understanding Flux
Flux is the amount of “something” (electric field, bananas, whatever you
want) passing through a surface.
The total flux depends on strength of the field, the size of the surface it
passes through, and their orientation.
Flux goes in < 0 Flux goes out > 0

Total flux = Integral(Vector Field Strength dot dS )
Maksim BANO

Let’s calculate the flux of a vector field E ( x, y, z )
going out of an elementary cube of a volume
Δτ = Δ𝑥Δ𝑦Δ𝑧.
 E
  
E = Ex u x + E y u y + Ez u z
C
dΦ1 (CBFG + DAEH )

E
dΦ 2 ( ABCD + EFGH )
dΦ 3 ( ABFE + DCGH )
Total Flux dΦ = dΦ1 + dΦ 2 + dΦ 3

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dΦ1 = [ E y ( x, y + ∆y, z ) − E y ( x, y )]∆x∆z
dΦ 2 = [ E x ( x + ∆x, y, z ) − E x ( x, y, z )]∆y∆z
E
dΦ 3 = [ E z ( x, y, z + ∆z ) − E z ( x, y, z )]∆y∆z
C
∂E y E y ( x, y + ∆y, z ) − E y ( x, y, z )
= lim
∂y ∆y →0 ∆y E
∂E x E ( x + ∆x, y, z ) − E x ( x, y, z )
= lim x
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
∂E z E ( x, y, z + ∆z ) − E z ( x, y, z )
= lim z
∂z ∆z →0 ∆z
  
Total Flux dΦ = dΦ1 + dΦ 2 + dΦ 3 = div ( E ) = ∇ ⋅ E

Maksim BANO
Divergence Theorem (Green  – Ostrogradsky theorem)
The flux of a vector field E ( x, y, z ) crossing a closed surface S is
equal to the divergence of the same field over the volume Vs
delimited by the surface S:
   
Φ = ∫∫ E ⋅ dS = ∫∫∫ div ( E )dxdydz = ∫∫∫ div ( E )dτ
S Vs Vs
Divergence is just the net flux per unit volume
Flux goes in < 0 Flux goes out > 0

Div < 0 (sink) Div > 0 (hose)

Maksim BANO
- Contour Integral (Circulation of a vector field )
 
Consider a vector field E (r ) = E ( x, y, z ) in a given region with a
contour Γ which is oriented in a positive direction from A to B as
shown in the figure. We call vector circulation along this curve, the
 
contour integral : C = ∫ E ⋅ dM
AB
Γ
Properties:       
- Linearity ∫ (λ1 E1 + λ2 E 2 ) ⋅ dM = λ1 ∫ E1 ⋅ dM + λ2 ∫ E 2 ⋅ dM
Γ Γ Γ
   
- Change of direction ∫ E ⋅ dM = − ∫ E ⋅ dM
AB BA
 
- Circulation along a closed curve ∫ E ⋅ dM does not depend on
Γc
the beginning point.

Maksim BANO
    
Consider a vector field E (r ) = E ( x, y, z ) = E x ⋅ u x + E y ⋅ u y + E z ⋅ u z defined in the 3D space
Oxyz : 
Let’s calculate the circulation of the field E
on the small rectangle contour ABCD. 
Noting dCz the circulation of the field E
estimated on the rectangle contour perpendicular
to the Oz axis (the case of the figure) . Then the
total circulation is :
   
dC = dC x ⋅ u x + dC y ⋅ u y + dC z ⋅ u z
Let’s calculate dCz (see figure)
dC z = ∆xEx ( x, y, z ) + E y ( x + ∆x, y, z )∆y − ∆xEx ( x, y + ∆y, z ) − E y ( x, y, z )∆y

Maksim BANO
Since ∆x << 1 and ∆y << 1 we can use the first order Taylor series and:
∂E y
E y ( x + ∆x, y, z ) ≈ E y ( x, y, z ) + ∆x
∂x
and
∂E x
E x ( x, y + ∆y, z ) ≈ E x ( x, y, z ) + ∆y
∂y
For dCz we have:
 ∂E y ∂E y   ∂E y ∂E y 
dC z ≈  −  dxdy =  −  dS z
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

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
E
We notice that the circulation of the field over the contour ABCD perpendicular to
Oz is equal to the flux of the quantity (vector)
 ∂E y ∂E y  
 − u z
 ∂x ∂y 
through the surface dS z = dxdy delimited by

this contour (ABCD).

Maksim BANO
By proceeding in a similar way, we obtain :
 ∂E ∂E   ∂E ∂E 
dC y ≈  x − z  dxdz =  x − z  dS y
 ∂z ∂x   ∂z ∂x 
And
 ∂E ∂E y   ∂E z ∂E y 
dC x ≈  z −  dydz =  −  dS x
 ∂y ∂z   ∂y ∂z 
Here too, we notice that the circulation of the
vector E on each contour is equal to the flux
of a certain physical quantity (vector) through
the surface delimited by the contour.

Maksim BANO
- Curl Theorem (Stokes 
theorem)
The total circulation dC is then given by the curl of the

vector E :
     ∂E ∂E y   ∂E x ∂E z    ∂E y ∂E y 
dC = rotE = ∇ ∧ E =  z
− u x +  − u y +  ∂x − ∂y u z
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   
    
∫ E ⋅ dl = ∫∫ (∇ ∧ E ) ⋅ dS
Γc SΓ
Geometrical meaning
Curl is simply the circulation per unit area.

Maksim BANO
Suppose we have a flow of water and we want to determine if it has
curl or not. To test this, we put a paddle wheel into the water and notice
if it turns .
If the paddle does turn, it means this
field has curl at that point. If it doesn't
turn, then there's no curl.
What does it really mean if the paddle
turns? Well, it means the water is
pushing harder on one side than the
other, making it twist. The larger the
difference, the more forceful the twist
and the bigger the curl.
The curl of a vector field gives information on the twisting (rotating)
character the field.
Maksim BANO

Cours L3 UFAZ2020 EM Math Part1

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Mathematical notions of

EOST, ITES/UMR-7063, CNRS, Strasbourg University,

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

- (x, y, z) are the Cartesian coordinates of point M(x,y,z) Mˊ(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

A secante approaches a tangent when Δx → 0.

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Derivative quotient rule

Derivative chain rule f ( g(x) ) ' = f ' ( g(x) ) ∙ g' (x) or

Property: F(x) +c, with c constant , is also

f (x0+Δx) ≈ f (x0) + f '(x0)⋅Δx

Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic functions

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Taylor expansion (Taylor series)

If x0 = 0, the expansion is known as Maclaurin series.

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

are the partial derivatives y

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

- (x, y, z) are the Cartesian coordinates of point

- the polar coordinates

The cylindrical coordinates of the point M are:

The position vector OM is used to define

When only the angle ϕ varies the point

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

The spherical coordinates of point M are:

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Right hand rule or corkscrew rule

Right hand rule or corkscrew rule

The scalar triple product

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Direction = (1, 2 y, 3 z 2 ) = (1, 2 ⋅ 4, 3 ⋅ 52 ) = (1, 8, 75)

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

Curl or cross pruduct: (is a vector)

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

As predicted, the curl points in the

Plot of the curl of A

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

this can be decomposed as follows:

Let’s calculate the curl of A:

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

It corresponds to the plot in the figure,

The vector field describing the curl of A

Plot of the curl of A

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

The gradient of the function φ = 1/r is directed radially inward and

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021

UFAZ: EM - L3, October - 2021