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CHAPTER 8: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

PART-I
CLASS 10 PAUL DHINAKARAN M

TEXTBOOK: SIMPLIFIED ICSE

CHEMISTRY BY VIRAF J DALAL
H CH3
2
CH3

H H H

H C C C H

H OH H

UNDERSTANDING STRAIGHT CHAIN AND

BRNACHED CHAIN
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H PAUL DHINAKARAN M

C H
H C C H
C
H C C H H C C H
C
H C C H
H N
BENZENE PYRIDINE

UNDERSTANDING CYCLIC CHAIN

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CC CCC PAUL DHINAKARAN M

C C C C C C

UNDERSTANDING SINGLE, DOUBLE AND

TRIPLE BOND
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H H H H
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C C C C H H H H
H H H H H C C C H
n- Butane
H C H
H H
H
iso- Butane
CHAIN ISOMERS OF BUTANE -C4H10
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H H H H H PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C C C C C H
H H H H H
n- Pentane H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H
H C H
2-Methyl Butane iso- Pentane
H
ISOMERS OF PENTANE –C5H12
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H PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C H
H H
H C C C H

H H
H C H
neo- Pentane
H
CHAIN ISOMERS OF PENTANE –C5H12
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H H
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

4 3 2 1 H
H C C C C
H H H
H
1- Butene

H3C CH2 CH CH2

CHAIN ISOMERS OF BUTENE – C4H8

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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H 4 CH2
H 1 2 3
C H3C
C C H
CH
H H
CH3
H C H
H
2- METHYL PROPENE

CHAIN ISOMERS OF BUTENE – C4H8

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H H
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H
1 2 3 4

C C C C H
H H
H H
1 - BUTENE H H
1 2 3 4

H C C C C H
4 3 2 1

H H H H
2 - BUTENE

POSITION ISOMERS OF BUTENE – C4H8

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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H3C H H3C H
C C
C C
H3C H H CH3
Cis- 2- Butene Trans- 2- Butene

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS OF 2-BUTENE – C4H8

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H H
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C C C C H 5 6 7

4 3 2 1

But-1-en-3-yne

H3C C C CH3
2-BUTYNE/ But-2-yne

POSITION ISOMER BUTYNE

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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

5 4 3 2 1

C C C C C

C C C C C
1 2 3 4 5

POSITION ISOMER PENTYNE

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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H H H H H

H C C C C C H

H H H H H

H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

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H H H H
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C C C C H
H H H
H C H
H iso- Pentane

H3C CH CH2 CH3

CH3
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

NOMENCLATURE- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• TERM -Nomenclature – is the system of assignment of
names to organic compounds.
• NEED - for nomenclature
Large number of organic compounds present need –
systematic naming.
Varying molecular structures of organic compounds
Isomerism in organic compounds increases need for -
correct, methodical & different naming of each
compound.
• SYSTEMS - of nomenclature
• a] Trivial system b] IUPAC system
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

TRIVIAL SYSTEM/ COMMON NAMING

SYSTEM
• BASIC RULES OF NOMENCLATURE - BY THE
TRIVIAL SYSTEM
• The basis of naming organic compounds by the trivial
system is its -
a] Source b] Properties c] Latin or Greek origin - of
compound
e.g. Methane - named 'marsh gas' - from its source
'marshes'.
Acetic acid-name derived - from its source ‘vinegar'.
[Latin: acetum)
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

NAMING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - BY

THE TRIVIAL SYSTEM
Compounds Method of Naming Common name
ALKANES •On the basis of source or •Methane, Ethane,
property Propane, Butane.

•By Prefixing Greek numerical •Pentane (5 C-atoms) ;

Hexane (6 C- atoms)
ALKENES •By substituting suffix –ane of Ethylene (Alkane -
alkanes by -ylene ethane)
Propylene (Alkane-
propane)
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

Compounds Method of Naming Common name

ALKYNES •As alkyl derivatives of acetylene •Acetylene
•Methyl acetylene
ALCOHOLS •by attaching alcohol to •Methyl alcohol
corresponding alkyl (Alkane – methane ;
alkyl- methyl)

H C C H CH3 OH
Acetylene

CH3
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

IUPAC SYSTEM- SYSTEMATIC NAME

• IUPAC name takes up only one molecular structure
of the compound – assigns only one name to the
compound.
• RULES OF NOMENCLATURE BY IUPAC SYSTEM
Every name may consist of
Root word
Primary suffix
Secondary suffix
Prefix
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

4 1 2 3
PREFIX ROOT WORD PRIMARY SECONDARY
SUFFIX SUFFIX

Indicates the number of

C- atoms in the linear
chain;
C1- Meth, Indicates the particular
C2- Eth, functional group;
C3- Prop, -OH = ol
C4- But, -CHO = al
C5 – Pent…. -COOH = oic acid

Indicates additional substituent

alkyl or functional groups
(halogens); e.g. di- tri-tetra;
bromo- chloro; ethyl, methyl
(alphabetical order)
Indicates the nature
of C chain; C-C : ane;
C=C : ene; C=C : yne
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

Note:
1. When an Aldehyde or Carboxylic acid is present in
an organic compound, since these functional
groups have carbon atoms in them, that carbon
atoms will be considered as the 1st carbon atom.
2. While naming a compound having secondary
suffix , ‘e’ has to be removed from primary suffix
and replaced with ol/al/oic acid along with its
position.
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H H O

H 3C C C OH
2 1

Cl H 3-Chloro Propan-1-oic acid

Br H O

H C C C H
3 2 1

H Br 2,3- Dibromo Propan-1-al

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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

1. LONGEST CHAIN RULE – The longest continuous

chain of C atom is selected
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
SUBTITUENT
CH3

1 2 3 4
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3

CH2 CH3
5 6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

Substituents – groups
attached to the C- chain.
SUBTITUENT
• If its an Alkyl group, ATTACHED TO
when its included in the THE C-LINEAR
CHAIN
linear chain it doesn’t
give the longest chain of It can be alkyl
C-Atoms group; halogen;
hydroxyl group
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

2. NUMBERING OF C – ATOMS:
Starts with the end nearer to the branched chain( C-atom with
first substituent gets the lower number);
Alkyl group (substituent) gets the smallest number.
1 5
2 3 4
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
3-METHYL PENTANE
CH3
3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
6 5 4
1
3- METHYL HEXANE 2
CH 2 CH3
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

3. Functional group if also present along with alkyl

group, the FG gets the still smallest number. (-OH)

CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

5 4 3 2 1

CH3 OH
4-methyl Pentan-2-ol
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
5 4 3 2 1

OH
Pentan-2-ol/ 2-Pentanol
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

4. Different functional groups (Specifically halogens) as

substituents are arranged alphabetically.
(between bromo and chloro substituents since B comes first
alphabetically it should gets the less number)
1 2 3 4 5
CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

Br Cl

2-Bromo-4-Chloro Pentane
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

5. DIFFERENT ALKYL GROUPS : as substituents when

present, smaller alkyl(less number of C-atoms) gets
minimum number. (numbering the C - Chain)
• While writing the prefix mention them alphabetically.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 C 2 H5
4-Ethyl-3-methyl Heptane

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

• Halo substituents (e.g. –Cl) given smaller number

with preference to alkyl group.
• Position and name for substituents (alkyl groups/
halogen) is written just before the parent
hydrocarbon.
5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3 Cl

2-Cloro-4-methyl Pentane
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

• Multiple number of same alkyl groups/halo

substituents are written as di(for 2); tri(for 3);
tetra(for 4).
1 2 3 4 5 6

CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3 3,4-Dimethyl Hexane

1 2 3 4 5 6

CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

Cl Cl 3,4-Dichloro Hexane
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IUPAC SYSTEM – RULES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

• If two alkyl groups are on the same C- atom-

numerals are repeated.

CH3 Br
1 3 4 1 2 3 4
2
H3C C CH2 CH3 H3C C CH2 CH3

CH3 Br

2,2-Dimethyl Butane 2,2-Dibromo Butane

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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

4 1 2 3
PREFIX ROOT WORD PRIMARY SECONDARY
SUFFIX SUFFIX

Indicates the number of

C- atoms in the linear
chain;
C1- Meth, Indicates the particular
C2- Eth, functional group;
C3- Prop, -OH = ol
C4- But, -CHO = al
C5 – Pent…. -COOH = oic acid

Indicates additional substituent

alkyl or functional groups
(halogens); e.g. di- tri-tetra;
bromo- chloro; ethyl, methyl
(alphabetical order)
Indicates the nature
of C chain; C-C : ane;
C=C : ene; C=C : yne
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PRIORITY SERIES
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

[IN SYLLABUS]
Carboxylic acid
Aldehyde
Alcohol
Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane
Halogen
Alkyl
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1 ALKANES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

2
1 2
3 CH3 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
4 4
3
5 CH3 5
6
Butane 2-Methyl Propane 6

1 2 3 4 CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 1 2 3
CH3 C CH3
CH3 4
CH3
5 5
2-Methyl Butane 2,2- Dimethyl Propane
6 6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3

5 4 3 2 1

6 2-Methyl Pentane

CH3

CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

1 2 3 4 5

6 3- Methyl Pentane
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

CH3 CH3 CH3

4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3
1 2 3 4
5 CH3 5
6 2,2-Dimethyl Butane 2,3-Dimethyl Butane 6

1 ALKENES
2 3 2 1
3 H2C CH2 H3C CH CH2
4 4
5
Ethene Propene
5
6 6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH2

5 But-1-ene / But-2-ene/ 5
6 1- Butene 2-Butene 6

CH3

H3C C CH2
4
3 2 1
5
6 2-Methyl Prop-1-ene
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5 4 3 2 1
PAUL DHINAKARAN M

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2

Pent-1-ene/
1-Pentene 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH3
6 Pent-2-ene 6

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3 CH CH CH2

4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

5 2-Methyl But-1-ene 3-Methyl But-1-ene 5

6 6
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1 ALKYNES PAUL DHINAKARAN M

1
2 2
3 H3C C CH 3
HC CH
4 4
5 Ethyne Propyne/ prop-1-yne/ 5
6 1-Propyne 6

1
4 3 2 1
2
H3C CH2 C CH H3C C C CH3
3
4
1-Butyne/ But-1-yne But-2-yne/
5 5
2-Butyne
6 6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M
1

H3C CH2 CH2 C CH 2

Pent-1-yne/ 1-Pentyne 3
4
H3C CH2 C C CH3
5
Pent-2-yne/ 2-Pentyne 6

4 3 2 1
H3C CH C CH

CH3

3-Methyl But-1-yne 5
6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
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WRITE THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA

PAUL DHINAKARAN M

YEAR NAME OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUND

2010 Ethanoic acid; But-2-yne.
2012 Methanoic acid; Ethanal; Ethyne; Acetone; 2-Methly
propane.
2013 An isomer of n-Butane; 2-Propanol; Diethyl ether.
2014 Ethanol; 1-Propanal; Ethanoic acid; 1,2-
Dichloroethane.
2015 Dimethyl ether, Propanone.
2016 2-Methyl propane; Ethanoic acid; Butan-2-ol.
2017 2,3-Dimethyl butane; Diethyl ether, Propanoic acid
2018 Two isomers of butane.
2020 2,2-Dimethyl pentane; methanol; Isomers of pentane
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WRITE THE IUPAC NAME FOR THEPAUL DHINAKARAN M

FOLLOWING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS(2010-20)

H H H

H C C C H Prop-1-ene / 1-Propene

H H

H C C C C H But-2-yne / 2-Butyne

H H
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H H PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H C C O Ethan-1-al / Ethanal / 1-Ethanal

H C O
Methanal
H
H H H

H C C C OH Propan-1-ol

H H H
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H H PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H3C C C CH3 But-2-ene

H

H C C C H Prop-1-yne

H
O
H

H C C H Ethanal

H
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

H CH3 H H H

H C C C C C H

H CH3 H H H
2,2-Dimethyl pentane;
H

H C OH
H methanol
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HH H H H H
5 6 7
O OH
CH2

H H3C
H CH3 H
1 2 4 CH
3
H C C C C H

H CH3 H H

2,3-Dimethyl butane
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M

Propanoic acid 4

H H O
3 2 1
H C C C O H

Prop-2-enoic acid
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M
1
C C C C C CH2
2
H H H H H H H H H3C
3
4 CH
5 CH3
6

1
2
3
4
5
6
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H PAUL DHINAKARAN M
1
H
2
C C C H
3
H H 4 CH
H
5
6

C C
1
2
H H
3
4

H3C CH2 CH3 5

6
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PAUL DHINAKARAN M
1
C C C CH2
2
H H 3
4 CH
C2H6 Molecular formula
5
H H 6

H C C H Branched structural formula 1

2
H H
3
4
H3C CH3 Condensed formula
5
6