Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csite

EMHD creeping rheology of nanofluid through a micro-channel

via ciliated propulsion under porosity and thermal effects
Khurram Javid a, Mazhar Ellahi a, Kamel Al-Khaled b, Mohsin Raza a,
Sami Ullah Khan c, M. Ijaz Khan d, *, Essam Roshdy El-Zahar e, f, Soumaya Gouadria g,
Muhammad Afzaal h, M. Imran Khan i
a
Department of Mathematics, Northern University, 24110, Wattar-Nowshera, KPK, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
c
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
d
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Riphah International University I-14, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
e
Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al-Kharj, 11942,
Saudi Arabia
f
Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
g
Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
h
Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
i
Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The mathematical study is modeled to examine the physical impacts of porosity and thermal slip
Ciliated propulsion on flow features of nanofluid through an asymmetric micro-channel. Additionally, the effects of
Nanoparticles electro-osmosis and magnetic field are also under consideration. Convective boundary conditions
Electroosmosis phenomenon are used in the current study by neglecting thermal and buoyancy forces. The obtained rheo­
Metachronal waves logical equations are transformed into non-dimensional flow systems by using scaling variables.
Thermal slip
These rheological equations are elucidated by using the creeping approximation and low zeta
Debye–Hückel linearization
potential (the Debye–Hückel linearization). The exact solutions of rheological equations are
evaluated via Mathematica software 11.0. The dynamic impacts of embedded parameters such as
Hartmann number, electro-osmosis parameter, Darcy’s number, Brinkman number, Helm­
holtz–Smoluchowski velocity, slip parameter, thermal radiation, cilia length parameter and
Prandtl number on the rheological features are presented graphically via Mathematica software
11.0. The whole analysis is based upon train waves of metachronal propulsion. Three-dimensional
graphs are plotted in the current investigation to get more obvious behavior of embedded on the
flow features. The cilia length parameter has a remarkable character in enhancing the magnitude
of velocity profiles, while, and opposite actions is perceived in the graph of pressure gradient. The
thermal slip parameters have an energetic impact in reducing the temperature profile magnitude.
The outcomes revealed a good understanding into biomimetic energy frameworks taking
advantage of electroosmosis, magnetism and nanotechnology, and, besides, they outfit a valuable
benchmark for numerical and experimental multi-physics recreations.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ijazfmg_khan@yahoo.com (M.I. Khan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101746
Received 9 November 2021; Received in revised form 17 December 2021; Accepted 27 December 2021
Available online 28 December 2021
2214-157X/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

1. Introduction
The fluid transportation through channels or tubes is controlled by the appropriate functioning of any lab-chip device at micro-
scale levels. The motion of liquid is often controlled by numerous methods in micro-channels such as micropumps, electroosmotic
devices and magnetic devices. Nature uses hair-like configurations known as cilia to move fluids in the microscale levels that are
attached to the surface of micro-organisms [1–5]. This phenomenon has a dynamic role in numerous genetic processes such as
locomotion, inhalation and reproduction. These motion produces the metachronal waves that propagates along the length of
compressible channel or tube. These waves have dynamic role to enhance the quantity of liquid propulsion and to control the con­
tinuity of the rheology. The nature of ciliary moments strongly depend on the shape of the ciliary system, such as planar, oscillatory
and beating. When the ciliated motion of a liquid along the same direction and path as an effective stoke, then this mechanism is known
as symplectic metachronism. While, in the reverse transportation, the mechanism is known as antiplectic. Some researchers investi­
gated theoretical studies related to numerous biological fluids through confined domains via ciliated pumping [6–9].
For the last two decades, the branch of nanoliquids has gained significant curiosity because of the superior features of such in­
terruptions in augmenting the thermal conductivity of base-liquids. Chio [10] has performed pioneering work in this direction, and
author has been explored in numerous usages. The exploration on nanofluids has to a great extent focused on indicating enhancements
in flow features and they have been sent in atomic reactor cooling, biomedical frameworks, detection of proteins, sterilization and
smart drug delivery [11–15]. Several researchers have performed analytical and numerical simulations of nanofluids transport by
using various nanoscale models (Tiwari-Das volume fraction model, Pak-Cho model, Buongiorno two-components, etc). In the con­
ventional wavy of heat transfer rate, dispersion of nano-size particles into the base fluid offer following advantages: strongly affected
the Brownian motion of base fluid, control of thermo-features of base fluids, boosts the heat transfer process with high specific area of
surface and decline in obstruction during rheology of the base fluid. In medical treatments, the dispersion of nanoparticles in biological
organisms given a new domain. Since past few years, the nanoparticles are used to drug delivery processes, convey the heat and light to
a destroy cancer cells. Some applications of nanoparticles in physiological processes are mentioned in subsequent references [16–20].
Abrar et al. [21] performed mathematical study of nanofluid rheology through a horizontal tube via ciliary propulsion. They have also
studied the entropy generation during ciliated rheology. They have used concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles into New­
tonian fluid (water as a base fluid) in the presence of viscous dissipation. They noticed that magnitude of Bejan number is increased by
increasing Hartmann number and opposite pattern in observed for superior numeric values of Brinkmann number. Nadeem and Sadaf
[22] studied flow of a viscous nanofluid in an annulus tube due to metachronal waves. They have obtained the exact solutions of
governing equations for both velocity and temperature profiles. They observed that the larger strength of Grashof number has a
vigorous role in augmentation of velocity profile near the endoscopic tube. They also noticed that the bolus circulation in trapping
phenomena is sharply affected by enhancing the nanoparticles concentration. A mathematical formulation related to the motion of
nanofluid through the human male reproductive tract due to metachronal waves is deliberated by Imran et al. [23]. They have seen
that the magnitude of velocity profile is reduced by increasing Grashof number. They saw that the magnitude of temperature profile is
enhanced by aggregating Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Song et al. [24] discussed the impacts of Hall device on
cilia-assisted flow features of nanoliquid through a non-uniform channel. They noticed the boundary-layer pattern in the velocity
profile under larger magnetic strength and porous medium. Prasannakumara et al. [25] used the non-equilibrium constraints while
examining the nanofluid thermal aspect via porous space. The isothermal surface flow of nanofluid with dusty nanoparticles has been
focused by Prasannakumara et al. [26]. Kumar et al. [27] addressed the thermal investigation for the nanofluid with magnetic dipole
and radiative phenomenon with KKL model. Prasannakumara et al. [28] investigated the bidirectional flow with implementation of
Maxwell nanofluid with thermo-diffusion pattern. Kumar et al. [29] presented the hybrid nanofluid flow via curved channel with
numerical exploration. Gowda et al. [30] presented the thermal determination for the dusty nanofluid with Casson base liquid
following the Marangoni convection. Hashim et al. [31] pronounced the thermal change in the nanofluid for convective flow under the
assumptions of variable thermal properties. Hamid et al. [32] claimed the aspect of binary chemical features for Williamson nanofluid.
The researcher conducted by Hamid et al. [33] deals with the Ohmic heating enrollment for the nanofluid flow via shrinking surface.
Hashim et al. [34] addressed the unsteady flow pattern of nanofluid due to heated surface.
Electro-kinetics is abiochemical interaction that associates with the movement of a charge dielectric layer and electric field among
two phases. Because of its applications in electromechanical engineering and biochemical domains, it has attracted by numerous
mathematicians and researchers [35–37]. Jang and Lee [38]initially presented the experimental study of EMHD micro-pumps.
Chakraborty and Paul [39] investigated the fluid rheology in a microchannel under influence of electric and magnetic fields. Javid
et al. [40] studied the flow of biological liquid through a divergent channel via peristaltic pumping and electrokinetics. They have used
the complex nature of peristaltic pump. They have obtained exact solutions of Navier-Stokes equations and drawn both two and
three-dimensional graphs to predict the impacts of embedded parameters on flow features. Another important theoretical study related
to the peristaltic motion of couple stress liquid through convergent domain under porosity influences is given by Javid [41]. They have
highlighted the combined effect of magnetic and electric fields on flow features. They noticed that bolus circulation in trapping
phenomena sharply affected for larger magnetic and porosity effects. Additionally, they observed that how the fluid motion is
controlled by electrokinetics mechanism. Javid [42] demonstrated the flow of Newtonian fluid in a non-uniform path via ciliated
pumping. Furthermore, they have to use artificial electrokinetics mechanism to control the fluid transportation under creeping
phenomena. Numerical solutions of rheological equations are obtained by BVP4C technique via MATLAB-Software. They noticed that
the cilia length and non-uniform parameters have a remarkable impact on the velocity profile and trapping phenomena.
In this communication, the mathematical formulation is performed related to nanofluid transportation through a micro-asymmetric
channel under porosity effects. Additionally, the physical effect of an axial electrical and transverse magnetic fields are also under

2
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Fig. 1. Flow model.

consideration. The special nature of convective BC’s are used along with forced convection in current theoretical analysis. The current
study is based on following biological assumptions such as large wavelength, creeping phenomena and Debye–Hückel linearization
(low zeta potential). The exact solutions of rheological equations are developed for flow features such as velocity profile, stream
function, pressure gradient, temperature, and concentration distributions. The physical effects of involved parameters on the rheo­
logical features are founded via graphs in Mathematica software. Prakash [43] mathematically studied the EMHD flow of nanoliquid
through a microchannel via peristaltic pumping under combined effect of the thermal slip along with the radiative heat transfer. They
have used convective boundary assumptions in their flow analysis. In the current study, we have extended the study of Prakash at al
[43] for ciliated pumping. The combined effects of magnetic and electric fields on the cilia-assisted flow of nanoliquid in an asym­
metric channel. Additionally, the impacts of Darcy’s number (dimensionless porosity parameter) on the flow features are also
conducted.

2. .EMHD mathematical modelling of nanofluid

2.1. Flow regime
The physical model for the cilia-assisted flow of nanoliquid in an asymmetric microchannel is displayed in Fig. 1. Let, 2a be the
width of channel. This flow of nanoliquid is also under the physical influence of EMHD. The ciliated motion is created by a train of
succession of sinusoidal wave propagate with constant speed ϖ in the horizontal direction (X-direction). Let T0 and T1 be the tem­
perature (T) of nanoliquid at lower (− Z) and upper (Z) walls of flow regime, respectively. Similarly, let C0 and C1 be the concentration
(C) of nanoliquid at lower (− Z) and upper (Z) walls of flow regime, respectively. The uniform magnetic field of strength b0 is applied in
the horizontal direction (X-direction) with neglecting Hall generation and induced magnetic effects. An axial electric field is applied to
the normal direction (Y-direction) with the aid of battery. This electric field helps in the fluid flow in the axial direction and phe­
nomena is known as electroosmosis or electroosmotic flow. The ciliated wall equations (or, the envelop of cilia tips) are mathemat­
ically expressed as:
( )
Z(X, t) = a + aε ϱ1 cos 2 (ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 cos 2 (ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 cos 2 (ς3 (X − ϖt)) = f (X, t), (1)
( )
− Z(X, t) = − a − aε ϱ1 cos 2 (ς1 (X − ϖt) + Θ) + ϱ2 cos 2 (ς2 (X − ϖt) + Θ) + ϱ3 cos 2 (ς3 (X − ϖt) + Θ) = − f (X, t), (2)

where ϱj (j = 1 − 3), X, t, Z, − Z, Θ and ςi (i = 1 − 3) are the different amplitudes of ciliated wave, the axial coordinate, the time, the
upper wall, the lower wall, the phase difference and the physical parameters with essential condition is a ≤ ϱ1 + ϱ2 + ϱ3 . Sleigh [44]
observed diverse arrangements of metachronal waves. According to Sleigh [44], cilia tips can be move in elliptic ways and the
mathematical representation of cilia tips in the horizontal positions are:
( )
X = X 0 + aεν ϱ1 sin 2 (ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 sin 2 (ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 sin 2 (ς3 (X − ϖt)) = h(X, X 0 , t). (3)

The velocity components in horizontal and vertical directions are:

The horizontal component of velocity is
( )
∂X ∂h ∂h ∂X ∂h ∂h
W= = + = + W. (4)
∂t X0 ∂t ∂X ∂t ∂t ∂X

The vertical component of velocity is

( )
∂Y ∂f ∂f ∂X ∂f ∂f
U= − =− − =− − W. (5)
∂t X0 ∂t ∂X ∂t ∂t ∂X

Using Eqn’s (1) and (3) in Eqn’s (4) and (5), we obtain it as

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

− aενϖ(ϱ1 ς1 sin(2ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 ς2 sin(2ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 ς3 sin(2ς3 (X − ϖt)))

W= , (6)
1 − aεν(ϱ1 ς1 sin(2ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 ς2 sin(2ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 ς3 sin(2ς3 (X − ϖt)))

− aεϖ(ϱ1 ς1 sin(2ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 ς2 sin(2ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 ς3 sin(2ς3 (X − ϖt)))

U= . (7)
1 − aεν(ϱ1 ς1 sin(2ς1 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ2 ς2 sin(2ς2 (X − ϖt)) + ϱ3 ς3 sin(2ς3 (X − ϖt)))

2.2. Rheological equations

For an incompressible viscous nanofluid, the rheological equations for mass, momentum, heat and concentration in term of car­
tesian coordinates are [40–42]:

∂U ∂W
+ = 0, (8)
∂X ∂Y
( ) ( )
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂P ∂2 U ∂2 U μ
ρf +U +W =− +μ 2
+ 2 − σb0 2 U + ρEX − p U, (9)
∂t ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂X ∂Y K
( ) ( )
∂W ∂W ∂W ∂P ∂2 W ∂2 W μ
ρf +U +W =− +μ 2
+ 2 − p W, (10)
∂t ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂X ∂Y K

( ) [ ( )
( ( )2 ( ) )]
′ ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂U 2
∂2 T ∂2 T
∂W ∂W ∂U 2
(ρϖ )f +U +W 2
=ζ
+ μ 2 2
+ + 2 + + + q0 +
∂t ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
[ ( ) (( )2 ( 2 )2 )] (11)
′ ∂C ∂T ∂C ∂T dt ∂2 T ∂T
(ρϖ )p db + + 2
+ 2
,
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂Y Tm ∂X ∂Y
( ) ( ) ( )
∂C ∂C ∂C ∂2 C ∂2 C dt ∂2 T ∂2 T
+U +W = db 2
+ 2 + 2
+ 2 . (12)
∂t ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y Tm ∂X ∂Y

Where U is the velocity component in X-direction, W is the velocity component in Y-direction.

P is the pressure, ρf is the fluid density, ρP is the nanoparticle density, μ is viscosity, b0 is the uniform axial velocity, σ is the thermal
conductivity, q0 is the heat generation/absorption, ϖ is the volumetric coefficient, ζ is the thermal conductivity, Tm is the mean
′

temperature of nanofluid, db is the Brownian diffusion coefficient and dt is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient. Let us assume that
the nanofluid has high absorptivity and optical thickness. Furthermore, in the current analysis, we have used unidirectional thermal
4
radiation flux under the Rosseland diffusion assumption and mathematical representation of thermal radiative flux is Qr = − 4σ̌ ∂T .
3Ǩ ∂y
4
The term T present in equation may be stated as linear function by using Taylor series approximation by ignoring higher order terms
of series about T∞ (free stream temperature), we get:

16σ̌ ∂T
Qr = − . (13)
3Ǩ ∂y

Here, Ǩ is the mean absorption coefficient and σ̌ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.

2.3. ELECTRO-MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMICS
The electric force on the flow features according to definition of Coulomb’s law is

Felectric = ρe E, (14)

Where, ρe is the electric charge density and E is the electric field. The mathematical representation ofE is E = − ∇∅. According to the
statement of Poisson equation, the electric potential (∅) is defined as:
ρe
∇2 ∅ = − , (15)
η

where η is the medium-dielectric permittivity. According to the definition of Boltzmann distribution, the electric charge density (ρe ) is
defined as:
(e ∅)
(16)
z
ρe = − 2N0 ez sinh ,
KbT

where, T is the absolute temperature, Kb is the Boltzmann constant, e is the protonic charge, N0 is the bulk concentration, z is the
elementary charge valence and T is the absolute temperature. After simplification and using the Debye-Huckel linearization, Eq. (15)
reduce to

4
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

∇2 ∅ = γ2 ∅ (17)
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2N0
where γ = aez ηTkB is the reciprocal of the Debye layer thickness.

2.4. Transformation of rheological equations

Introducing linear transformations that shift the rheological equations from laboratory frame (X, Y) to wave frame (X, Y) with
velocity ϖ are:

X = X − ϖt, Y = Y, U = U − ϖ, W = W, P = P, T = T, C = C. (18)
Using these transformations into the above system of rheological equations given in Eqs (8) – (12), we get:
∂U ∂W
+ = 0, (19)
∂X ∂Y
( ) ( )
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂P ∂2 U ∂2 U μ
ρf − ϖ + (U + ϖ) +W =− +μ + − σb0 2 (U + ϖ) + ρEX − p (U + ϖ), (20)
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 K
( ) ( )
∂W ∂W ∂W ∂P ∂2 W ∂2 W μ
ρf − ϖ + (U + ϖ) +W =− +μ + − p W, (21)
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 K

( ) ( ) [ ( )2 ( )2 ( )]
′ ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂2 T ∂2 T ∂U ∂W ∂W ∂U 2
(ρϖ )f − ϖ + (U + ϖ) + W =ζ + +μ 2 +2 + +
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
[ ( ) (( )2 ( 2 )2 )]
∂C ∂T ∂C ∂T dt ∂2 T ∂T
(22)
′
+ q0 + (ρϖ )p db + + + ,
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂Y Tm ∂X 2 ∂Y 2

( ) ( ) ( )
∂C ∂C ∂C ∂2 C ∂2 C dt ∂2 T ∂2 T
− ϖ + (U + ϖ) + W = db + 2 + + . (23)
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
2 Tm ∂X 2 ∂Y 2

2.5. Scaling variables and creeping approximations

Introduce the following scaling variables:
x = X/Υ is the non-dimensional axial component of geometry, y = Y/a is the non-dimensional transverse component of geometry,
u = U/ϖ is the non-dimensional axial component of velocity, w = W/ϖ is the non-dimensional transverse component of velocity, δ =
a/Υ is the delta, z = Z/a is the non-dimensional upper wall of channel, − z = − Z/a is the non-dimensional lower wall of channel, p =
Pa2 /μϖΥ is the non-dimensional pressure, R = ρf ϖa/μf is the Reynold’s number, φi = ϱi (i = 1 − 3) are the different non-dimensional
amplitude ratios, φ = ∅/Ω is the non-dimensional potential function (Ω is the zeta potential), θ = (T − T0 )/(T1 − T0 ) is the non-
dimensional heat transfer, χ = (C − C0 )/(C1 − C0 ) is the non-dimensional nanoparticle volumetric concentration, Nt = τdt (T1 − T0 )/
Tmν is the thermophoresis parameter, Nb = τdb (C1 − C0 )/ν the Brownian motion parameter, Uhs = − Ex ηζ/μf ϖ is the Helmholtz–S­
moluchowski velocity (the electroosmotic velocity), b = q0 a2 /(T1 − T0 )μf ϖ is the non-dimensional heat source/sink parameter, Br =
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
PrEc = μf ϖ 2 /ǨTm is the Brinkman number, M = ab0 σ /μf is the Hartmann number, Da = a2 /Kp is the Darcy’s number, and Rn =
16σ̌ T∞ /3Ǩμf ϖ is the thermal radiation parameter.
Equation (17) reduce into following form after using Debye–Hückel linearization:

∂2 φ 2
= γ φ, (24)
∂y2
Further, after using the dimensionless variables and creeping phenomena, the above system of equations reduced in the following
form as:

dp ∂2 u 1
− + − M 2 (u + 1) + γ2 Uhs φ − (u + 1) = 0, (25)
dx ∂y2 Da2

dp
= 0, (26)
dy
( )( )2 ( ) ( )( )2 ( )
∂2 θ Br ∂u NbPr ∂χ ∂θ NtPr ∂θ bPr
+ + + + = 0, (27)
∂y2 1 + RnPr ∂y 1 + RnPr ∂y ∂y 1 + RnPr ∂y 1 + RnPr

Nt ∂2 θ ∂2 χ
+ = 0. (28)
Nb ∂y2 ∂y2

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Equation (26) predicts that pressure is not the function of y. Taking partial derivative of Eq. (25) w. r.t x, and we get:

∂3 u ∂u ∂φ 1 ∂u
− M 2 + γ 2 Uhs − = 0. (29)
∂y3 ∂y ∂y Da2 ∂y
Alternative form of Eq. (29) is

∂3 u ∂u ∂φ
− Γ2 + γ2 Uhs = 0, (30)
∂y3 ∂y ∂y
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
where Γ = M2 + 1/Da2 .
( )
The above system of equations can also be expressed in term of stream function u = ∂ψ
∂y , v = − δ ∂x
∂ψ
as:

Equation (30) implies that

∂4 ψ ∂2 ψ ∂φ
− Γ2 2 + γ2 Uhs = 0. (31)
∂y4 ∂y ∂y
Equation (27) implies that
( )( )2 ( ) ( )( )2 ( )
∂2 θ Br ∂2 ψ NbPr ∂χ ∂θ NtPr ∂θ bPr
+ + + + = 0. (32)
∂y2 1 + RnPr ∂y2 1 + RnPr ∂y ∂y 1 + RnPr ∂y 1 + RnPr
The boundary conditions for the current rheology model are employed as:

F ∂ψ ∂2 ψ ∂θ
ψ= , + Sl 2 = − 1, = Bh2(1 − θ), χ = 1 and φ = 1 at y = z 33a
2 ∂y ∂y ∂y

F ∂ψ ∂2 ψ ∂θ
ψ= − , − Sl 2 = − 1, = Bh1θ, χ = 0 and φ = 0 at y = − z 33b
2 ∂y ∂y ∂y
√̅̅̅′
h(− z) a k
Here, Bh1 = k(− z)
is the Biot number at the lower wall, Bh2 = hkzza is the Biot number at the upper wall and Sl = aα
′ is the thermal slip
parameter.

2.6. Volumetric flow rate

The mathematical form of volumetric flow in the wave frame is defined as:
∫z ∫z
(34)
′
q = Udy = (U − ϖ)dy,
− z − z

Alternative form of above equation is

(35)
′
q = F − 2ϖz,

∫z
where F = Udy.
− z
Mathematical formula of mean volumetric flow rate over cycle (one time-period) is
∫1 ∫1
(36)
′ ′
Q = Fdt = (q + 2ϖz, )dt.
0 0

After simplification, it yields:

φ1 + φ2 + φ3
(37)
′
Q =F + 1+a + .
3

2.7. Analytical solutions of the rheological model

Analytical solution of Eq. (24) is obtained by using integration w. r.t y, we get the mathematical expression of electric potential
φ(y):
φ(y) = A11 eγy + A12 e− γy , (38)

where, A11 & A12 are constants of integration.

After the two-time integration of Eq. (28) w.r.t y, we get the mathematical expression of nanoparticle volumetric concentration
χ (y):

6
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Nt
χ (y) = − θ + A41 y + A42 , (39)
Nb

where, A41 & A42 are constants of integration.

The solution for stream function ψ (y) is obtained by four-time integration of Eq. (31):
( ( ( )(
e− (Γ+γ)y
ψ (y) = 2 2 2
− A12 eyΓ γUhsΓ2 + eγy A11 ey(γ+Γ) γUhsΓ2 + Γ2 − γ2 e2yΓ A21
Γ (Γ − γ )

+ A22 ))) + A23 + yA24 , (40)

where, A21 , A22 , A23 & A24 are constants of integration.

The mathematical expression of velocity profile is obtained by taking derivative of Eq. (40) w. r.t y:
( )
A22 e− yΓ A21 ey(γ+Γ) (A12 + A11 e2γy )γ 2 Uhs
u(y) = − A24 + − e− γy − 2
. (41)
Γ Γ γ2 − Γ
The solution for heat transfer rate is obtained by integration in Eq. (32) after some simplification as:
( ) ( ( )
1 − 5y(γ+Γ) 5y(γ+Γ)
( )3
θ y = 2 2 3
e 2e b + A 41 Nb Pry2 Γ2 Γ2 − γ2
4(1 + RnPr)Γ (− Γ + γ ) 2

( ( )3 ( ( )
+ Br − A222 e5γy+3yΓ γ2 − Γ2 − e3γy+5yΓ γ4 Uhs2 A212 + A211 e4γy − 4A11 A12 e2γy γ 2 y2 ×

( ) ( )3
Γ2 γ 2 − Γ2 + A221 e2y(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ2
(
+ 8A21 ey(γ+Γ) γ 3 UhsΓ2 − A11 e2γy (γ − Γ)2

)) ( ( )3 (
+ A12 (γ + Γ)2 + 4A22 e4y(γ+Γ) Γ2 − A21 ey(γ+Γ) y2 γ2 − Γ2 + 2γ3 Uhs − A12 (γ − Γ)2

))))
+ A11 e2γy (γ + Γ)2 + A31 + yA32 , (42)

where, A31 & A32 are constants of integration.

The alternative form of Eq. (39) by utilizing Eq. (42) is
( ( ( )
Nt 1 − 5y(γ+Γ) 5y(γ+Γ)
( )3
χ (y) = − e 2e b + A41 Nb Pry2 Γ2 Γ2 − γ2
Nb 4(1 + RnPr)Γ2 (− Γ2 + γ2 )3
( ( ( )
( ) ( )
2 5γy+3yΓ 2 2 3 3γy+5yΓ 2 2 4γy
+ Br − A22 e γ − Γ − e γ Uhs A12 + A11 e − 4A11 A12 e γ y × Γ2 γ 2 − Γ2
4 2 2γy 2 2

( )3 (
+ A221 e2y(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ2 + 8A21 ey(γ+Γ) γ3 UhsΓ2 − A11 e2γy (γ − Γ)2

)) ( ( )3 (
+ A12 (γ + Γ)2 + 4A22 e4y(γ+Γ) Γ2 − A21 ey(γ+Γ) y2 γ2 − Γ2 + 2γ3 Uhs − A12 (γ − Γ)2

)))) )
+ A11 e2γy (γ + Γ)2 + A31 + yA32 + A41 y + A42 . (43)

All the constants mentioned in Eqn’s (38) to (43) are obtained with the appropriate boundary conditions given in Eqn’s (33a) and
(33b). These constants are given in the Appendix.

3. Mathematical results and physical discussions

In this section, we will discuss the impact of embedded parameters such as electro-osmotic parameter, Cilia length parameter,
Hartmann number, Darcy’s number, Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity (electro-osmotic velocity), Debye–Hückel parameter, velocity
slip parameter, Brinkman number, thermal slip parameter, Prandtl number, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter,
heat source/sink parameter, and thermal radiation parameter on the potential function, temperature, mass concentration, velocity
profile, pressure gradient, and nanoparticles volumetric fraction. The computational work regarding to current flow problem is ac­
quired via Mathematica programming. The three-dimensional plots are drawn via Mathematica programming for more clear visu­
alization off low features under the influence of numerous involved parameters.
Fig. 2a and 2b show the behavior of electro-osmotic parameter (γ) and cilia length parameter (α) on the potential function at F = −
0.5. Fig. 2a is depicted that the magnitude of potential function (γ) reduces with increasing electro-osmotic parameter from 0 to 2.
Physically, it means that the magnitude of potential function is higher in the absence of electro-osmotic parameter. The influence of

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Fig. 2. (a) Potential function for γ at α = 3, φ1 = 0.1, φ2 = 0.15, φ3 = 0.2, ς1 = 1, ς2 = 2, ς3 = 3, p = π3. (b) Potential function for α at γ = 0.5, φ1 = 0.1, φ2 = 0.15,
φ3 = 0.2, ς1 = 1, ς2 = 2, ς3 = 3, p = π/3.

Fig. 3. (a) Velocity profile for γ, (b) Velocity profile for α, (c) Velocity profile for Sl (d) Velocity profile for Ha3. (e) Velocity profile for Uhs.

cilia length parameter (α) on potential function is given in Fig. 2b. It is predicted that the magnitude of potential function is reduced in
lower half of the regime and opposite phenomena is predicted in upper half at γ = 0.5.
Fig. 3(a – e) show the physical impact of electro-osmotic parameter, Cilia length parameter, velocity slip parameter, Hartmann
number, and Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity on the velocity profile at cross-sectional area F = − 0.5. The parabolic nature of plots
of velocity profile of nanoliquid are predicted across the microchannel. The impact of electro-osmotic parameter on the velocity profile

8
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Fig. 4. (a) Pressure gradient for γ. (b) Pressure gradient for α, (c) Pressure gradient for Uhs (d) Pressure gradient for Ha (e) Pressure gradient for. Sl.

is drawn in Fig. 3a under magnetic, porosity and slip influence. It is predicted that the magnitude of velocity profile is reduced
(enhanced) at the upper (lower) half of channel. The physical influence of cilia length parameter on the velocity profile is displayed in
Fig. 3b under EMHD, porosity and slip influence. This figure clearly demonstrate that the magnitude of velocity profile is reduced at
both halves of channel by enhancing the ciliated-length parameter from 0.1 to 5. Physically, it means that the larger strength of cilia
length parameter has dynamic impacts on the magnitude of velocity profile. The effects of velocity slip parameter on the velocity
profile is demonstrated in Fig. 3c under EMHD effects. The magnitude of velocity profile is reduced (enhanced) in lower (upper) half of
the channel by increasing slip parameter from 0 to 1.5. Fig. 3d deals with the effect of magnetic field on the velocity profile under
porosity and slip effect. The magnitude of velocity profile is increased by increasing Hartmann number from 0 to 100 near the
boundary walls of channel. The boundary layer phenomena (sharp changes) is perceived in the velocity profile near the boundary walls
under larger strength of magnetic field. Physically, the larger strength of magnetic field over comes the effect of slip parameter. The
effect of electro-osmotic velocity on axial velocity distribution as plotted in Fig. 3e shows the magnitude of velocity profile is increased
in lower half of regime by accumulating numeric value of electro-osmotic velocity from − 50 to 50 under effects magnetic field and
porosity medium. This figure shows that the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity parameter has remarkable effects on the behavior of
the velocity profile.
Fig. 4(a–e) show the physical impact of electro-osmotic parameter, Cilia length parameter, Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity,
Hartmann number, and velocity slip parameter on the pressure gradient at cross-sectional area F = − 0.5. The wavy nature of plots of
pressure gradient of nanoliquid are predicted across the microchannel due to complex nature of ciliated walls. The physical effects of
electro-osmotic parameter on the pressure gradient is plotted in Fig. 4a under smaller strength of magnetic field, porosity medium and
slip effect. It is seen that the magnitude of pressure gradient is reduced by increasing electro-osmotic parameter from 0.1 to 0.3.
Physically, it means that the magnitude of pressure gradient is larger in the absence of electro-osmotic parameter effects as compared
with the presence of electro-osmotic effect. Fig. 4b presents the behavior of pressure gradient against t for different values of cilia
length parameter under EMHD and porosity influence. It is seen that the magnitude of pressure gradient is reduced by increasing cilia
length parameter from 0.1 to 0.3. Physically, it means that the cilia length has a remarkable role in reduction of pressure gradient. The
influence of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity on pressure gradient as plotted in Fig. 4c shows the magnitude of pressure gradient is

9
K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Fig. 5. (a) Temperature profile for Sl (b) Temperature profile for Bh1 (c) Temperature profile for Bh2 (d) Temperature profile for Pr (e) Temperature profile for Nb.

decreased by increasing numeric value of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity from − 50 to 50 under effects magnetic field and porosity
medium. This figure shows that the negative value of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity parameter has a larger magnitude of pressure
gradient as compared with the other non-negative values of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity parameter. Fig. 4d deals with the effect
of magnetic field on the pressure gradient under porosity and slip effect. The magnitude of pressure gradient is decreased by increasing
Hartmann number from 1 to 10. Physically, the larger strength of magnetic field over comes the physical effect of slip parameter and
porosity media. The effects of slip parameter on the pressure gradient is demonstrated in Fig. 4e under EMHD effects. The magnitude of
pressure gradient is sharply enhanced by increasing slip parameter from 0 to 0.5. Physically, it means that the slip parameter has a
vigorous impact on the enhancement of pressure gradient.
Fig. 5(a – e) show the physical impact of Biot numbers at lower and upper walls, Prandtl number, Brownian motion parameter and
velocity slip parameter on the temperature distribution at cross-sectional area F = − 0.5. The physical effects of Biot number (Bh1) at
lower wall on the temperature distribution is plotted in Fig. 5a under EMHD effects. It is seen that the magnitude of temperature
distribution is reduced by increasing Biot number from 0 to 0.5. Physically, it means that the temperature distribution has larger
magnitude in the absence of Bh1 physical effects as compared with the non-zero values of Bh1. Fig. 5b presents the behavior of
temperature distribution for different values of Biot number (Bh2) at upper wall under EMHD and porosity influence. It is seen that the
magnitude of temperature distribution is increased by increasing Biot number (Bh2) at upper wall from 0.1 to 5. Physically, it means
that the temperature distribution has larger magnitude under larger strength of Bh2 effects.The influence of Prandtl number on
temperature distribution as plotted in Fig. 5c shows the magnitude of temperature distribution is increased by increasing numeric
value of Prandtl number from 0.1 to 2 under effect of EMHD, thermal slip and porosity medium. This figure shows that the Prandtl
number has a remarkable role in enhancement of the temperature distribution. Fig. 5d deals with the effect of Brownian motion
parameter on the temperature distribution under EMHD, porosity and thermal slip effect. The magnitude of temperature distribution is
increased by increasing Brownian motion parameter from 0.1 to 10. Physically, the larger strength of Brownian motion parameter over
comes the physical effect of thermal slip and porosity media. The effects of velocity slip parameter on the temperature distribution
under EMHD, porosity and thermal slip effect is demonstrated in Fig. 5e. The magnitude of temperature distribution is decreased by
increasing velocity slip parameter from 0.1 to 0.3. Physically, it means that the velocity slip parameter has a vigorous impact on the
detraction of temperature distribution.

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Fig. 6. (a) Mass concentration for N (b) Mass concentration for Br. (c) Mass concentration for Rn (d) Mass concentration for α.

Fig. 6(a–e) show the physical impact of thermophoresis parameter, Brinkman number, thermal radiation parameter, heat source/
sink parameter, Biot numbers at lower and upper walls on the mass concentration at cross-sectional area F = − 0.5. The physical
effects of thermophoresis parameter on the mass concentration are plotted in Fig. 6a under EMHD effects. It is seen that the magnitude
of mass concentration is increased by increasing thermophoresis parameter from 0.1 to 10. Physically, it means that the mass con­
centration has larger magnitude under the larger physical effects of thermophoresis parameter. Fig. 6b presents the behavior of mass
concentration for different values of Brinkman number under EMHD, thermal slip and porosity influence. It is seen that the magnitude
of mass concentration is increased by increasing Brinkman number from 0.1 to 10. Physically, it means that the Brinkman number has a
vigorous effects in enhancement of mass concentration under thermal slip and EMHD. The influence of thermal radiation parameter on
mass concentration as plotted in Fig. 6c shows the magnitude of mass concentration is decreased by increasing numeric value of
thermal radiation parameter from 0 to 10 under effect of EMHD, thermal slip and porosity medium. This figure shows that the Prandtl
number has a remarkable role in enhancement of the temperature distribution. Fig. 6d deals with the effect of cilia length parameter on
the mass concentration under EMHD, thermal radiation and thermal slip effect. The magnitude of mass concentration is decreased by
increasing cilia length parameter from 0.1 to 2. Physically, the larger strength of cilia length parameter over comes the physical effect
of thermal slip and porosity media.

4. Conclusions
The thermal slip cilia flow of nanoliquid in presence of magnetic force and porous medium through a microchannel has been
investigated. Additionally, to boost the cilia pumping, the complex mechanism of sinusoidal wave is utilized at both boundary walls.
Some important features such as rheological and thermal characteristics are discussed for numerous involved parameters. All the
results are based on biological phenomena. The key outcomes are précised as follows:
❖ The magnitude of velocity profile is increased at the lower half of channel by increasing Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity and
opposite trend is noticed at the upper half of channel. The velocity profile is strongly affected under larger strength of EHMD and
cilia length parameter influence.
❖ The potential function is strongly affected by electro-osmotic parameter and cilia length parameter.
❖ The EMHD and slip influence have vigorous impressions in enhancement of the pressure gradient.
❖ The Prandtl number and Brownian motion parameters have remarkable role in enhancement of heat under EMHD and thermal
influence.
❖ The thermophoresis parameter and Brinkman number have remarkable role in enhancement of mass concentration under EMHD
and thermal influence.
❖ The current investigation can also be utilized in designing the micro-and nanopumps that are used in medical and engineering
territories. This investigate give information about how the transportation of nanofluid is controlled by using ciliated-pumping and
electroosmotic phenomena. This study can be extending for further research to transportation of non-Newtonian nanoliquid under
thermal slip and radiation effect.

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
for funding this work through research groups programs under number R.G.P-1-88-42.
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R184), Princess Nourah bint
Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

APPENDIX

1
A11 = (Csch[zγ] + Sech[zγ]);
4

1
A12 = ( − Csch[zγ] + Sech[zγ]);
4
( ( ( )( ( )
A21 = Γ 2 − γ2 + Γ2 Γ − Slz + FSlΓ + zΓ Cosh[zΓ]
( ( ) ) )
+ Sl + Sl FSl + z Γ − zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] +
( z(γ+2Γ)
( ( )
Uhsγ ez(2γ+Γ) Sl(Sl + γ − Γ)(γ + Γ) + e3zΓ Sl(Sl − γ + Γ)(γ + Γ) + ezΓ Slγ( − Sl + γ) − Sl Sl + 2Slzγ − 2zγ2 Γ
e−
( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ))
+ Sl + 2Slzγ − 2zγ2 Γ2 + e2zγ+3zΓ − Slγ(Sl + γ) + Sl − Sl + 2Slzγ + 2zγ 2 Γ + − Sl + 2Slzγ + 2zγ2 Γ2 A11
( ( )( ) ( ) (
+ 2Uhsγ − Sl γ − Γ Sl + 2zγΓ Cosh[z( − γ + Γ)] + Sl2 γ − Γ Cosh[z(γ + Γ)] − Slγ2
( ) ) ( )( ) ) )) /
+ 2Sl2 zγΓ + Sl − 2zγ2 Γ2 Sinh[z(γ − Γ)] + Sl γ − Γ γ + Γ Sinh[z(γ + Γ)] A12
( ( ( ) ))
8(γ − Γ)(γ + Γ)(ΓCosh[zΓ] + SlSinh[zΓ]) SlzΓCosh[zΓ] + − Sl + zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] ;
( ( ( )( ( ) ( ( ) ) )
A22 = − Γ 2 − γ2 + Γ2 Γ Slz + FSlΓ + zΓ Cosh[zΓ] + − Sl + Sl FSl + z Γ + zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] +
(
z(2γ+Γ)
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ( ) ( )
Uhsγ ezγ Sl Sl − γ − Γ γ − Γ + e3zγ+2zΓ Sl γ − Γ Sl + γ + Γ − e3zγ Slγ Sl + γ + Sl − Sl + 2Slzγ + 2zγ 2 Γ
e−
( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ))
+ Sl − 2Slzγ − 2zγ 2 Γ 2 + ez(γ+2Γ) Slγ( − Sl + γ) + Sl Sl + 2Slzγ − 2zγ2 Γ + Sl + 2Slzγ − 2zγ 2 Γ 2 A11
+ 2Uhsγ(Sl(γ + Γ)(SlCosh[z(γ − Γ)] − (Sl − 2zγΓ)Cosh[z(γ + Γ)] + (γ − Γ)Sinh[z(γ − Γ)])
( ( )) ) )) / ( ( )( )(
+ 2Sl2 zγΓ + 2zγ2 Γ2 − Sl γ 2 + Γ2 Sinh[z(γ + Γ)] A12 8 γ − Γ γ + Γ ΓCosh[zΓ]
)( ( ) ))
+ SlSinh[zΓ] SlzΓCosh[zΓ] + − Sl + zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] ;
( ( ( )( ) (( )( )( )( )
A23 = e− zγ 2ez(γ+Γ) γ − Γ γ + Γ Cosh[zΓ] + Uhsγ 1 + e2zγ 1 + e2zΓ γ − Γ γ + Γ +
(( )( ) ( )( ) ))( ))) / ( ( )(
2Γ (− γ2 + Γ 2
))) − Sl + Γ ;
Sl − 1 + e2zγ 1 + e2zΓ γ − 1 + e2zγ − 1 + e2zΓ Γ A11 − A12 2zΓ
+e Sl + Γ
(( )( )( ( ) )
A24 = γ − Γ γ + Γ FSlΓCosh[zΓ] + 1 + FΓ2 Sinh[zΓ] −

2Uhsγ( − SlΓCosh[zΓ]Sinh[zγ] + (SlγCosh[zγ] + (γ − Γ)(γ + Γ)Sinh[zγ])Sinh[zΓ])(A11 + A12 ))

/( ( ( ) ))
2(γ − Γ)(γ + Γ) SlzΓCosh[zΓ] + − Sl + zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] ;
( ( ( ) )
A24 = (γ − Γ)(γ + Γ) FSlΓCosh[zΓ] + 1 + FΓ2 Sinh[zΓ] − 2Uhsγ( − SlΓCosh[zΓ]Sinh[zγ]
)/( ( ( ) ))
+ (SlγCosh[zγ] + (γ − Γ)(γ + Γ)Sinh[zγ])Sinh[zΓ])(A11 + A12 ) 2(γ − Γ)(γ + Γ) SlzΓCosh[zΓ] + − Sl + zΓ 2 Sinh[zΓ] ;
( ( )( ( )( ( ) ( )2
A31 = e5z(γ+Γ) 1 + Bh2z 2Γ γ 2 − Γ 2 2e− 5z(γ+Γ)
b + Nb PrzΓ γ2 − Γ 2
( ( ( )
+ Br e− 3zγ− 5zΓ
Uhs2 γ5 Γ − e− 4zγ A211 − 4e− 2zγ zγA11 A12 + A212 +

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

( ( ) ( ) ) ( )2 ) ( ( ( )
4e− z(γ+Γ)
( Uhsγ
3
) Γ) e
− 2zγ
γ − Γ A11 + γ + Γ) A12 A21 − e− 2z(γ+Γ) γ 2 − Γ2))A221 − (4e− 4z(γ+Γ) Γ( − Uhsγ
)
3
e− 2zγ γ + Γ A11
− z(γ+Γ)
( 2 )2 ( )2 ( )3
(+ γ − Γ (A12 − e ( z γ )( − Γ 2 A21 A22 + e− 5zγ− 3zΓ γ 2 − Γ2 ) A222 + Bh1 2e− 5z(γ+Γ)
( b + Nb Prz2 Γ 2 γ2 − Γ2 )
+ Br e− Uhs2 γ 4 Γ 2 γ 2 )− Γ 2 e− 4zγ A211 (− 4e− 2zγ z2 γ(
3zγ− 5zΓ 2
A11 A12 + A212 − 8e− z(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ 2 )e− 2zγ (γ − Γ)2 A11 − (γ + Γ))2 A12 A21
( )3 2 ( )3
+ e− 2z(γ+Γ)
γ2 − Γ 2 A221 − 4e − 4z(γ+Γ) 2
))) Γ − 2Uhsγ
(
3 2zγ
− e− )( ( A11 + )(
(γ + Γ) (γ − Γ)2 A12 −( e− z(γ+Γ))z2 γ2 − Γ2 A21 A22
(
− 5zγ− 3zΓ 2 2
) 3 2
( )
2 2
( (e
+ (γ − Γ A22 − e− 5z(γ+Γ) − )1 − Bh1z − 2Γ (γ 2 − (Γ 2 −) 2e5z(γ+Γ) ( b +)Nb )PrzΓ γ − Γ (
2
)2 )
+ Br e3zγ+5zΓ Uhs2 γ5 Γ − e4zγ A211 + 4e2zγ zγA11 A12 + A212 + 4e (
z(γ+Γ)
Uhsγ 3
( Γ (e
2zγ
γ)− Γ A11 + γ + Γ A12 A21 − e2z(γ+Γ) γ 2 − Γ2 A221
4z(γ+Γ) 3 2zγ
(− 4e ) Γ) − Uhsγ ( e γ + Γ A)11
)
z(γ+Γ) 2 2 2
+ γ − Γ A12 + e z γ − Γ)) A21 A22
5zγ+3zΓ
( 2
)
2 2 2
( ( ( )) ( + e γ −( Γ A (
22 ( )( )
)3
+ Bh2 2e5z(γ+Γ) bPrz2 + NbPrz2 + 2 1 + RnPr Γ 2 γ2 − Γ2 + Br e3zγ+5zΓ Uhs2 γ 4 Γ 2 γ2 − Γ 2 e4zγ A211 − 4e2zγ z2 γ2 A11 A12 + A212 −

( ) ( )3 ) )
8ez(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ 2 e2zγ (γ − Γ)2 A11 − (γ + Γ)2 A12 A21 + e2z(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ 2 A221 − 4e4z(γ+Γ) Γ 2 − 2Uhsγ3 − e2zγ (γ + Γ)2 A11 + (γ − Γ)2 A12
( )3 ) ( )3 )))) ( ( )( ) )
− ez(γ+Γ) z2 γ2 − Γ 2 A21 A22 + e5zγ+3zΓ γ 2 − Γ2 A222 4 Bh1 + Bh2 + 2Bh1Bh2z 1 + RnPr (γ − Γ)3 Γ2 (γ + Γ)3 ;

( ( )( ( ) ( )2 ( ( ( )
2Bh2Γ γ2 − Γ2 2 b + Nb PrzΓ γ 2 − Γ2 + Br e2zγ Uhs2 γ5 Γ − e− 4zγ A211 − 4e− 2zγ zγA11 A12 + A212
A32 = −
( ( ) ( ) ) ( )2 ) ( ( ( )
+ 4e− z(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ e− 2zγ γ − Γ A11 + γ + Γ A12 A21 − e− 2z(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ2 A221 − 4ez(γ+Γ) Γ − Uhsγ3 e− 2zγ γ + Γ A11
( ) ) ( )2 ) ( )2 )) ( ( )( ( ) ( )2
+ γ − Γ A12 − e− z(γ+Γ) z γ2 − Γ 2 A21 A22 + e2zΓ γ2 − Γ 2 A222 + Bh1 2Γ γ2 − Γ2 − 2 b + Nb PrzΓ γ 2 − Γ2
( ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ) )
+ Bre− 5z(γ+Γ) e3zγ+5zΓ Uhs2 γ5 Γ − e4zγ A211 + 4e2zγ zγA11 A12 + A212 + 4ez(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ e2zγ γ − Γ A11 + γ + Γ A12 A21
( )2 ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ( )2 ) ( )2 ))
− e2z(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ 2 A221 − 4e4z(γ+Γ) Γ − Uhsγ3 e2zγ γ + Γ A11 + γ − Γ A12 + ez(γ+Γ) z γ 2 − Γ2 A21 A22 + e5zγ+3zΓ γ 2 − Γ2 A222
( ( ) ( )3 ( ( ) ( )( )
+ Bh2 4 1 + RnPr Γ 2 − γ 2 + Γ2 + Br − e− 2zγ − 1 + e4zγ Uhs2 γ4 Γ2 γ2 − Γ2 A211 − A212
(( ) ( ) )
− 8Uhsγ3 Γ 2 e− z(γ+Γ) − ez(γ+Γ) (γ − Γ)2 A11 + e− z(γ+Γ) − e2zγ + e2zΓ (γ + Γ)2 A12

( )3 )( ( ( )
A21 + e− − γ2 + Γ 2 A221 − 8Uhsγ3 Γ2 e− z(γ+Γ) − e2zγ + e2zΓ (γ + Γ)2 A11
2zΓ
− 1 + e4zΓ
( ) )
+ e− z(γ+Γ) − ez(γ+Γ) (γ − Γ)2 A12 A22
( )( )3 )))) / ( ( )( ) )
+ e− 2zΓ − e2zΓ − γ 2 + Γ2 A222 4 Bh1 + Bh2 + 2Bh1Bh2z 1 + RnPr (γ − Γ)3 Γ2 (γ + Γ)3 ;

( (( ( ( ) ( ( ( ) ( )
1 1 ( )3
A41 = 1+ Nt e5z(γ+Γ) 2e− 5z(γ+Γ) b + Nb Prz2 Γ2 − γ2 + Γ 2 + Br − e− 3zγ− 5zΓ Uhs2 γ4 γ − Γ Γ2 γ + Γ
2 Nb
( ) ( ) )
( )3
e A11 − 4e z γ A11 A12 + A212 + 8e− z(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ2 − e− 2zγ (γ − Γ)2 A11 + (γ + Γ)2 A12 A21 + e− 2z(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ 2 A221
− 4zγ 2 − 2zγ 2 2

( ( ) ) ))) /
( )3 ( )3
+ 4e− 4z(γ+Γ) Γ2 2Uhsγ 3 e− 2zγ (γ + Γ)2 A11 − (γ − Γ)2 A12 − e− z(γ+Γ) z2 γ2 − Γ2 A21 A22 − e− 5zγ− 3zΓ γ 2 − Γ2 A222

( ( ) ) ) (( ( ( )
1 ( )3
4 1 + RnPr (γ − Γ)3 Γ 2 (γ + Γ)3 + A31 − zA32 + Nt e− 5z(γ+Γ) 2e5z(γ+Γ) b + Nb Prz2 Γ2 − γ 2 + Γ2
Nb
( ( ( ) ( )( )
+ Br − e3zγ+5zΓ Uhs2 γ 4 γ − Γ Γ 2 γ + Γ e4zγ A211 − 4e2zγ z2 γ 2 A11 A12 + A212 +

( ) ( )3 ) ( ( )
8ez(γ+Γ) Uhsγ3 Γ 2 − e2zγ (γ − Γ)2 A11 + (γ + Γ)2 A12 A21 + e2z(γ+Γ) γ2 − Γ 2 A221 + 4e4z(γ+Γ) Γ 2 2Uhsγ 3 e2zγ (γ + Γ)2 A11 − (γ − Γ)2 A12
( )3 ) ( )3 ))) / ( ( ) ) ))
− ez(γ+Γ) z2 γ2 − Γ 2 A21 A22 − e5zγ+3zΓ γ 2 − Γ2 A222 4 1 + RnPr (γ − Γ)3 Γ2 (γ + Γ)3 + A31 + zA32 ;

( (( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A42 = e− − Bre10z(γ+Γ) − 1 + e4zγ NtUhs2 γ 4 Γ2 γ 2 − Γ2 A211 + Bre10z(γ+Γ) − 1 + e4zγ NtUhs2 γ4 Γ2 γ2 − Γ2 A212
2z(6γ+5Γ)

( ( ) ( ) )
− 8Bre11zγ+9zΓ NtUhsγ 3 Γ 2 A12 − e2zγ − e2zΓ (γ + Γ)2 A21 − − 1 + e2z(γ+Γ) (γ − Γ)2 A22
( ( ) ( ) ) ( )3 ( ( )
+ 8Bre11zγ+9zΓ NtUhsγ3 Γ2 A11 − 1 + e2z(γ+Γ) (γ − Γ)2 A21 + e2zγ − e2zΓ (γ + Γ)2 A22 + e12zγ+8zΓ γ2 − Γ 2 − Br − 1 + e4zΓ NtA221
( ) ))) / ( )
+ Br − 1 + e4zΓ NtA222 + 4e2zΓ (1 + RnPr)Γ2 (Nb + 2NtzA32 ) 8Nbz(1 + RnPr)(γ − Γ)3 Γ 2 (γ + Γ)3 ;

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

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Nomenclature
x: non-dimensional axial component
x: non-dimensional axial component
y: non-dimensional transverse component
u: non-dimensional axial velocity component
w : non-dimensional transverse component of velocity
y: delta
z: non-dimensional upper wall of channel
p : non-dimensional pressure
R: Reynold’s number
φi : different non-dimensional amplitude ratios
φ: potential function
Ω: is the zeta potential)
θ: non-dimensional heat transfer
χ: non-dimensional nanoparticle volumetric concentration
Nt: thermophoresis parameter
Nb : Brownian motion parameter
b: i heat source/sink parameter
Br: Brinkman number
M: Hartmann numbe

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K. Javid et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 30 (2022) 101746

a: Darcy’s numbe
where η: is the medium-dielectric permittivity
Kb: is the Boltzmann constant
e: is the protonic charge
Bh: Biot number at the lower wall
Bh2: i Biot number at the upper wall
Sl: thermal slip parameter
σ̌: Stefan–Boltzmann constant
z: is the elementary charge valence
Rn: thermal radiation parameter
T: absolute temperature
N0 : is the bulk concentration
e γ: reciprocal of the Debye layer thickness
W: is the velocity component in Y-direction
U: velocity component in X-direction
ρf : fluid density
P: pressure
q0 : heat generation/absorption
b0 : uniform axial velocity, σ is the thermal conductivity
ζ: thermal conductivity
ϖ : volumetric coefficient
′

ρP : nanoparticle density
μ: viscosity
E: electric field
ρe : electric charge density and
db : Brownian diffusion coefficient
Tm: mean temperature of nanofluid
dt : thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
Qr : radiative flux
Ǩ: mean absorption coefficient

15