Z40 Super-Workable Concrete RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Super-Workable Concrete

SWC
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Super-Workable Concrete
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Concrete Institute of Australia ACN 000 715 453

Z40 First published September 2005
ISBN 0 909375 69 0

2
Super-Workable Concrete
 Committee Members

The Institute acknowledges the support

and funding received from Cement Concrete and
Aggregates Australia in producing this publication.
A committee chaired by Mr David Beal and
comprising CCAA Technical Committee members and
representatives of the major Admixture producers was
responsible for researching and preparing the technical
content of this publication.

3
Super-Workable Concrete
 4.3 Placement, Finish, Curing and
Joint Control 14
Contents
4.3.1 General 14
4.3.2 Placing Distance 14
1 General 4.3.3 Flatwork 14
1.1 Purpose 5 4.3.4 Mass Concrete 15
1.2 Scope 5 4.3.5 Walls/Columns/Beams 15
1.3 Background 6 4.4 Formwork 15
1.4 Definitions (Terminology) 6 4.4.1 Structural Design 15
1.5 Flowing Concrete 6 4.4.2 Release Agents 15
1.6 Benefits and Characteristics 4.4.3 Strip Timing 15
of SWC 6
5 Performance Verification
2 Characteristic Performance of SWC
5.1 General 16
2.1 Introduction 8
5.2 Laboratory/Trial Verification 16
2.2 Ranking of Structures/Members
Incorporating SWC 8 5.3 Field Verification 16
2.3 Plastic Properties of SWC 8 5.4 Quality Control Verification 16
2.3.1 Flowability 8 5.5 Hardened Concrete
Inspection/Verification 16
2.3.2 Passing around
Reinforcement 8 Appendix A Test Methods
2.3.3 Segregation Resistance 8 A.1 Modification to AS 1012 Standard Test
2.3.4 Bleed 9 Methods 18
2.4 Hardened Concrete Properties A.1.1 Sampling 18
of SWC 9 A.1.2 Making Test Specimens 18
2.4.1 Compressive Strength 9 A.2 Slump Flow Test Method 18
2.4.2 Tensile Strength 9 A.2.1 Overview 18
2.4.3 Shrinkage 9 A.2.2 Equipment Required 18
2.4.4 Modulus of Elasticity 9 A.2.3 Test Procedure 19
2.4.5 Bond Strength 9 A.2.4 Interpretation of Result 19
2.4.6 Structural Performance 9 A.3 Slump Flow and J-Ring Test Method 20
2.4.7 Durability 9 A.3.1 Overview 20
3 Materials and Proportioning A.3.2 Equipment Required 20
3.1 General 10 A.3.3 Test Procedure 20
3.2 Materials 10 A.3.4 Interpretation of Result 21
3.2.1 Cementitious/Binder 10 A.4 L-Box Test Method 22
3.2.2 Admixtures – General 10 A.4.1 Overview 22
3.2.3 Superplasticisers (HWR) 10 A.4.2 Equipment Required 22
3.2.4 Viscosity Modifiers (VMA) 11 A.4.3 Test Procedure 22
3.3 Proportioning 11 A.4.4 Interpretation of Result 23
3.3.1 General 11 A.5 Orimet Test Method 24
3.3.2 Basics 11 A.5.1 Overview 24
3.3.3 Initial Design Methodology 12 A.5.2 Equipment Required 24
A.5.3 Test Procedure 24
4 Production Control
A.5.4 Interpretation of Result 25
4.1 Concrete Supplier Control 13
A.6 GTM Screen Stability Test Method 26
4.1.1 Plant Selection 13
A.6.1 Overview 26
4.1.2 Raw Material Storage 13
A.6.2 Equipment Required 26
4.1.3 Batching 13
A.6.3 Test Procedure 26
4.1.4 Mixing 13
A.6.4 Interpretation of Result 26
4.1.5 Delivery andTransportation 13
4.2 Transportation 14 Appendix B Specification Guide 27
4.2.1 Pumping 14 References 28
4.2.2 Other on-site methods 14 Bibliography 28

4
Super-Workable Concrete
 1 some vibration – depending on the application of the
concrete, its mix design, methods of placement, the
General size and shape of each element of the structure, and
the layout and amount of reinforcement.
Typical binders, admixtures and modifiers used
1.1 Purpose to produce SWC are:
Binary/ternary system low-heat binder – a type
This Recommended Practice provides
■

of cement made of normal or moderate-heat

guidance for consultants involved in the preparation of
portland cement mixed with ground granulated
specifications for the use of super-workable concrete
blast-furnace slag and/or fly ash.
(SWC). It covers properties, ingredients, proportioning,
An admixture of limestone powder – limestone
and production control of the material. It was not the
■

consisting primarily of CaCO3 pulverized to a

aim to provide exhaustive information on each topic but
specific surface area of 25,000 to
to give only guidance; full information can be found in
80,000 m2/kg. It has a low chemical activity
the material listed under References and Bibliography.
and is not regarded as a binder.
Australian Standards do not currently cover
Viscosity modifying agents – these are
suitable test methods for this type of concrete. In
■

classified into two types, viz those used simply

this document an appendix is therefore devoted to
to impart segregation resistance to fresh
descriptions of test methods selected (after testing
concrete and those used both for imparting
using Australian materials) from the large range
segregation resistance (curbing the effects of
developed by various research organisations around
fluctuating qualities of the materials) and high
the world. The descriptions of these selected tests
deformability to the freshly made concrete.
have been written in such a way as to make use of
SWC proportioned to provide the required
the current Australian Standard for testing concrete,
■

compactability and not by using aviscosity

AS 10121. A second appendix provides guidance on
agent but primarily to reduce the water
the selection of appropriate values (depending on the
– powder ratio (in effect increasing the powder
ranking of the structure) for the properties tested.
content) to impart adequate segregation
resistance. The use of air-entraining and
1.2 Scope
high-range water-reducing admixtures
Two basic types of high workability concrete (superplasticisers) impart high liquid
are used in the concrete construction industry, ie deformability.
Super-Workable Concrete and Flowing Concrete. This ■ Combination-type or hybrid SWC produced
publication provides information mainly for Super- by the use of a viscosity-increasing agent
Workable Concretes (SWC). and reducing the water-powder ratio (in
Flowing concrete is produced by the addition of effect increasing the binder content) and
a superplasticiser to concrete of normal workability (ie incorporating a high-range water-reducing
typical workability at an 80-mm slump) which increases admixture. The viscosity increasing agent or
the slump up to 250 mm. It does not bleed excessively thickener can also be added to reduce quality
or segregate. Although it may be self-levelling, this fluctuations of fresh concrete.
type of concrete normally needs a certain amount of Other concrete raw materials can be used for
additional compactive effort to achieve full compaction. making SWC, eg rock fines.
It is useful for placing in very heavily-reinforced
sections, in inaccessible areas, in floor or road slabs
and also where very rapid placing is desired.
Super-workable concrete incorporates special
binders and/or admixtures to increase workability
above the measurable slump as measured by slump
cone apparatus and its workability is measured by flow
and other methods. It may be self-compacting but,
due to possible entrapped macro air voids, may need

5
Super-Workable Concrete
1.3 Background
The development of superplasticising
admixtures (high-range water reducers) allowed the
development of flowing concrete in the mid 1970s.
The development of SWC began in Japan in the early
1980s (see Hurd2). Many of these concretes were
called SCC (self compacting concrete) but may or
may not be self compacting without additional effort
depending on many factors. This research work started
because of the concerns about concrete durability,
with researchers realising that poor compaction
of concrete was a major factor in the declining
quality of construction work. The first SCC mix was
demonstrated in Japan in 1988. SWCs have now
reached 40% of the total concrete placed in Japan.
This technology was transferred to Europe
during the 1990s with the development of a new
polycarboxylate generation of high-range water-
reducing admixtures (superplasticisers).
1.4 Definitions
The definitions of terms (see EFNARC3 and
JSCE4 publications) used in this document are:
Self-Compacting Concrete – Concrete having
the characteristics of self-compactability.
Self-Compactability – A property of concrete
related to its placeability, enabling it to
completely fill the formwork by its own weight
without vibration and without any micro air
voids being formed.
Resistance to Segregation – The ability of
fresh concrete to maintain uniform distribution
of its ingredients against segregating action
induced by gravity and external forces.
Passability – The capability of fresh concrete
to pass through narrow spaces (eg between
reinforcing bars) by its own weight without
using vibrating procedures and without
causing segregation or blocking.
Placeability – A property of fresh concrete
representing the relative ease of transporting,
placing, filling, compacting and finishing.
Binder – The total combined cement and
binding materials in a super-workable
concrete.
6
Super-Workable Concrete
Workability – A measure of the ease by which
fresh concrete can be placed and compacted.
This is a complex combination of the aspects
of fluidity, cohesiveness, transportability,
compactability and stickiness.
Mortar – The fraction of the concrete
comprising the binding paste plus those
aggregates passing a 4.75-mm sieve.
Paste – The fraction of the concrete
comprising powder plus water and air.
Powder (Fines) – A generic term for solid
materials including cement with a particle size
smaller than 0.125 mm in average diameter.
Fillability – The ability of SWC to flow into and
fill completely all spaces within the formwork.
1.5 Flowing Concrete
The main benefit of the use of flowing concrete
is to allow easier and quicker placing without recourse
to higher water-cement ratios or high cement contents.
It is important to note that not all normal concretes
typically supplied at an 80-mm slump can be modified
to produce flowing concrete. A mix design should be
used which gives workability without segregation and
bleeding. Flowing concrete must be compacted by
vibration.
1.6 Benefits and Characteristics of SWC
The benefits of SWC can be summarised as:
■ Reduced construction time2,3.
■ Reduced manpower required for placing and
compacting2,3.
■ Lower equipment costs and less noise since
fewer or no vibrators may be required2,3.
■ Ability to fill complex forms and members with
congested reinforcement2,3.
■ Elimination of rubbing and patching ordinarily
required to fill defects in poorly consolidated
surfaces2.
■ Safer working environment3.
The principal benefits of SWC are the
characteristics of the fresh mix. It has easy flow with
increased cohesion and resistance to segregation but
places particular demands on the mix design.
 Important points to be noted about SWC can be
summarised as:
■ Slower strength gain if high proportions of fly
ash, or ground slag are incorporated2.
■ Because of the higher fines content and
viscosity, it exhibits little or no bleeding2,4.
■ Potential for increased plastic shrinkage
cracking. The curing procedures are therefore,
important, particularly on large, flat exposed
areas2,4.
■ Being more susceptible to quality fluctuations
and batching errors of raw materials, SWC
concretes require stricter quality control,
production control and construction control
than conventional concrete4.
■ Unless the mix design is thoroughly tested
to ensure easy pumpability, the pumping
resistance of SWC may be different to
conventional concrete and should be trialled
in similar conditions to the project prior to the
commencement of the project4.

7
Super-Workable Concrete
 2 It is an important requirement to establish
Characteristic Performance
of SWC
2.1 Introduction
The pre-setting performance of SWC should
be adequately established to satisfy the permanent
performance requirements of the structure in
consideration of the structural, constructional and
other conditions. The concrete may or may not require
compaction by vibration depending on many factors.
If no vibration may be required, this concrete is called
Self-Compacting Concrete.
The performance of SWC should be adequately
established so that the structural performance required
of the whole structure or individual members can be
attained and the requirements for construction can be
satisfied, in consideration of various conditions. These
conditions include the structural conditions (such as
shapes, dimensions and reinforcement layout) and
construction conditions (such as methods of concrete
transporting, placing, finishing and curing). The level of
self-compactability for super workable concrete can be
set based on its ranking.
2.2 Ranking of Structures/Members
incorporating SWC
The ranking levels should be adequately
established in regard to concrete mix design for SWC
giving consideration to the shapes, dimensions and
reinforcement conditions of the structure/member4.
The three levels of ranking structures/members
incorporating SWC (which may be self-compacting) are
given in Table 2.1.
The ranking level of general reinforced concrete
structures or members should be Rank 2.
In order to satisfy the performance requirements
of the structure and its construction requirements, it is
necessary to select other basic properties of normal
concrete as well as the special requirements of SWC.
The latter relate mainly to the plastic state of the
concrete.
8
Super-Workable Concrete
the placeability for fresh concrete; the strength and
durability for hardened concrete. The placeability of
fresh concrete is a property required from the time
immediately after its production through to the end of
placement. Concrete having the required placeability
can be filled into forms uniformly without causing
segregation. This will produce a structure of the
required dimensions with the required accuracy under
the planned construction conditions. The performances
required of all hardened concrete include strength and
durability.
Table 2.1 Ranking of Super-Workable Concrete
Rank of structure/member
Structural conditions 1 2 3
Minimum space between <60 60–200 >200
reinforcement (mm)
Amount of steel per m3 >350 100–350 <100
of concrete (kg)
2.3 Plastic Properties of SWC
2.3.1 Flowability5
SWC flows under its own weight, filling
formwork and flowing around recesses or embedded
objects without leaving voids. As it is very fluid, it can
flow considerable distances horizontally and upwards
to fill vertical elements from the bottom.
2.3.2 Passing Around Reinforcement5
The passability enables SWC, containing the
appropriate aggregate size, to flow around congested
reinforcement without blocking or affecting the
homogeneity of the concrete.
2.3.3 Segregation Resistance5
Segregation after placement can be observed
as surface bleed water and formation of surface mortar
laitance. Excessive bleeding is as undesirable in SWC
as it is in normal concrete.
Segregation resistance is the most difficult fresh
property to achieve in unset (plastic) SWC. The most
critical manifestation of segregation is the separation of
the mortar from the coarse aggregate fraction even
though full compaction is achieved. This can cause
settlement of coarse aggregate in deep sections,
together with blocking around reinforcement, which can
prevent the free flow of concrete. The required cohesive
nature of SWC in spite of its high fluidity is that there is
no internal settlement of coarse aggregate particles.
2.3.4 Bleed
Refer to Clause 4.3.3 Flatwork for comments
on bleeding.
2.4.4 Modulus of Elasticity5
The relationship between static modulus of
elasticity and compressive strength is similar for super-
workable mixes and normal concrete mixes.
2.4.5 Bond Strength5,6
The bond between concrete and reinforcement
for both medium and high-strength grades of SWC is
as strong as that of the equivalent normal concrete
mixes.

2.4.6 Structural Performance5

2.4 Hardened Properties of SWC
The structural performance of SWC does not
differ much from that of normal concrete for the same
2.4.1 Compressive Strength5
strength grade. Assessment by loading to failure of
At similar water–cement ratios, the characteristic
reinforced columns and beams has shown normal
strength of SWC is normally at least equal to that
fracture patterns occur in all cases.
of normal concrete and has a similar strength
development for the same grade. A characteristic 2.4.7 Durability5
compressive strength of up to 60 MPa at 28 days No difference has been found in carbonation
is easily achievable. For a lower specified strength depth of both types of concrete using the same grade
requirement, the high fines content and low water and same specified period. SWC generally exhibits
to cement-and-fines ratio required for the SWC may lower surface absorption, a probable indication of lower
make it difficult to keep the strength at the specified permeability and improved durability.
level. The benefits of higher characteristic strength may
be incorporated in the specification for the structural
design.

2.4.2 Tensile Strength5

The tensile strength is comparable to the same
grade of normal concrete, as is the ratio of tensile to
compressive strength.

2.4.3 Shrinkage5
Drying shrinkage has been shown to be similar
or lower than that of normal concrete of the same
grade. This is contrary to that expected from the lower
coarse aggregate content, but is partially explained
by the similar water content of SWC and normal
concrete. The high fines content and viscosity of the
SWC inhibit bleeding and, therefore, evaporation, so
the plastic settlement is reduced. Plastic shrinkage and
associated cracking may be increased as water lost (ie
by evaporation) is not replaced by bleed water. Careful
attention to curing procedures is most important,
especially on large flat exposed areas in highly
evaporative conditions.
The use of evaporation-control methods
(eg evaporative retardants, misting, windbreaks)
during finishing may need to be specified to limit the
occurrence of plastic cracking.

9
Super-Workable Concrete
 3 500 and 600 kg/m3 of concrete. Other materials
Materials and Proportioning
3.1 General
Materials for use in SWC are essentially the
same as used in normal concrete of good quality
and should meet the requirements of the relevant
Australian Standards. The proportioning of these
materials is generally considered to be the most critical
part of producing good quality SWC (see Clause 3.3
Proportioning). SWC is generally produced using
relatively low water to binder ratios and high dosages
of superplasticiser (HWR), this can make the concrete
highly susceptible to variations in water contents. It is
extremely important for maintaining a uniform water to
binder ratio that moisture contents of the aggregates
are checked regularly and that there is no residual
water left in the transit mixer prior to batching.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Cementitious Binder
SWC can be produced with most commercially
available cements; however, when selecting the
cement and other supplementary cementitious
materials, consideration should be given to the
specific requirements of the project including strength,
durability, exposure conditions, self compactability and
placement method. The binder content required for
producing good quality SCC is generally considered to
be in the range of 400–600 kg/m3, this will obviously
depend on the performance level and placing
techniques required of the concrete. Supplementary
cementitious materials including fly ash, ultra fine
fly ash and micro silica are generally believed to be
advantageous in producing good quality SWC and are
commonly used as a means of controlling viscosity
(segregation resistance). All material particles passing
the 150–micron sieve including cements and other
pozzolans are considered part of the mortar fraction
of SWC. This part of the mortar fraction required for
producing good quality SWC is believed to between
10
Super-Workable Concrete
commonly used for increasing the mortar volume of
SWC are limestone and silica flour; availability, cost
and the influence they may have on the potential for
plastic shrinkage cracking should be considered prior
to project commencement.
3.2.2 Admixtures – General
Admixtures used in producing SWC
could include water reducers (WR and WRRe)
superplasticiser (HWR, HWRRe), retarders (Re), air
entraining agents (AEA) and viscosity modifiers (VMA).
Good quality SWC that is free from segregation
but exhibits good self compacting properties whilst
maintaining a reasonably low water to binder ratio
requires the use of HWR admixtures, VMAs are
commonly used in conjunction with HWR admixtures
to help guard against segregation. Other admixtures
like AEA, WRRe and RE can also be used depending
on the specific requirements of the SWC; it is
recommended that trial mixes be conducted prior
to the project commencement for the selection of
admixture dose rates and the compactability of the
admixtures.
3.2.3 Superplasticisers (HWR)
The two most common HWR admixtures on the
market are beta naphthalene sulphonates (BNS) and
polycarboxylates (PCE). It is generally accepted that
these products should not be used in conjunction with
each other as severe slump loss may be experienced.
Recent experience suggests the use of PCEs is more
beneficial than BNS in producing high quality SWC.
This is due mostly to the large dose range available
from these materials without significantly affecting the
setting time of the concrete, and the very homogenous
nature of the concrete produced when using the PCEs.
The dose rates of these materials can vary significantly
depending on the manufacturers’ formulations,
binder content and the water to binder ratio. It is
recommended that the manufacturer be consulted prior
to the project commencement.
Trials should be conducted to ensure the
concrete exhibits the desired characteristics for the
use intended. Specific test data or trials should also be
conducted prior to adding any other form of admixture
to the concrete; this may include colouring and
waterproofing systems. The binder content (including
supplementary cementitious materials), apart from
helping gain the desired ultimate strength, is extremely
important in maintaining a homogenous SWC that is
free from segregation yet still able to fill intricate voids.
The binder contents as mentioned above are generally
in the range of 400–600 kg/m3. It may also be
advisable to use a viscosity modifying admixture (VMA),
especially when producing concrete with total binder
contents at the lower end of the scale, say 400 kg/m3.
3.2.4 Viscosity Modifiers (VMA)
Viscosity modifying admixtures are considered
to be extremely beneficial in SWC to help maintain
a segregation-free concrete. These materials are
designed specifically to aid in the production of good
quality SWC; they will not, however, be beneficial if the
concrete has too high a water-binder ratio or uses low-
quality materials or poor proportioning.
VMAs can be formulated from many sources,
the most common are cellulose, synthetic polymers
and organic gums including Whelan, Guar and
Xanthate gum. They can have quite dramatic effects on
SWC, for example if too much of the material is used it
can make the concrete extremely sticky and difficult to
place. It is recommended that trials be carried out prior
to the project commencing to ascertain the optimum
dose rate. As previously mentioned these materials are
particularly useful when producing SWC with relatively
low binder contents. VMAs can be classified under
AS 1478.17 as a special purpose admixture and may fall
under the abbreviations SN, Sre or SAc depending on
the setting characteristics of the particular admixture.
3.3 Proportioning
3.3.1 General
The mix composition should satisfy all
performance criteria specified for the concrete in both
the plastic and hardened states. In addition to these
properties SWC must also possess the following key
characteristics:
■ Fillability – SWC must be able to flow into
all spaces within the formwork without the
addition of water or any other assistance.
■ Passability – SWC must flow through tight
opening between reinforcement without
assistance and without blocking.
■ Resistance to segregation – SWC must meet
the above properties without segregating.
If SCMs are included in the mix, their effect
on the plastic properties of the SWC should be
considered. Research has shown that the addition
of fine pozzolans can make SWC very cohesive and
sticky, which may cause difficulties in placement.
3.3.2 Basics
The supplier’s main objective is to produce
SWC that will flow under its own weight without
blocking or segregation, while satisfying all the
performance criteria applicable to the specification. In
order to achieve this property, to ensure the aggregates
remain suspended in the concrete paste and to
guarantee a maximum degree of compaction, mix
designs will differ considerably from those for standard
or normal grade concretes. With this in mind, the
proportion of total fines and the maximum aggregate
sizes have to be taken into consideration. Other
important considerations are:
■ Size of materials – A suitable maximum size
aggregate has been shown to be somewhere
between 10 and 20 mm.
■ Gap-graded mix designs – Mix designs that
rely on gap-graded materials as part of their
mix constituents are likely to result in better
flowing mixes than those using continuously-
graded materials.
■ Shape of fine materials – The use of sharp,
angular fine particles as a portion of the mortar
paste can result in a resistance of SWC to flow,
mainly due to mechanical interference. A high
degree of sphericity is beneficial.
■ Mix designs that are too cohesive or too
well graded (ie containing a large number
of fine graded aggregates) are not suitable
in producing SWC as the particles finer than
the typical 20 mm used for normal concrete
will tend to lock up the concrete’s flow by
mechanical interference.
11
Super-Workable Concrete
3.3.3 Initial design methodology
■ Mix design guidelines for SWC inevitably
differ in some respects from those for normal
concrete. Consideration of performance
criteria will influence the type of mix design,
which will be required. Listed in Table 3.1 are
a number of guidelines from various sources,
which have been shown to be beneficial when
designing SWC.
■ Adjustment of the initial mix design may be
necessary. Confirmatory laboratory trial mixes
should be undertaken to verify the plastic
properties of the SWC and used as a basis for
further modifications if required.
■ Water demand is critical. High water demand
often results in segregation and poor
performance.

Table 3.1 Mix Design Guidelines

Suggested
Property CPS 1235 EFNARC3 JSCE4 practical guidelines

Coarse aggregate 50% of bulk density 28%–40% by volume 28%–35% by volume 700–800 kg/m3
content

Sand (fine aggregate > 50% of total > 38% of the mortar To be determined Approximately half
content) aggregate content volume from other figures of total aggregate
content

Cementitious content Around 500 kg/m3 400–600 kg/m3 Not less than Higher than normal
0.16–0.19 m3 by cement contents are
volume usually required

Total water content < 200 litres/m3 < 200 litres/m3 < 185 litres/m3 Excess water
content often results
in uncontrolled
segregation

W/C ratio < 0.5 by mass 0.8–1.0 by volume 0.28–0.37 by mass –

0.85–1.15 by volume

Admixture usage To manufacturer's To manufacturer's To manufacturer's Dosage must be

guidelines guidelines guidelines tailored to materials,
mix design and
concrete properties

12
Super-Workable Concrete
 4 4.1.3 Batching
Production Control
4.1 Concrete Supplier Control
4.1.1 Plant selection
The production of SWC needs to be carried
out in plants where the equipment, operation and
materials are suitably controlled. Plants that have
production quality systems that conform to ISO 9000
or similar quality systems are preferred. Production staff
involved in the manufacture of SWC should be trained
to understand the differences between SWC and
conventional concrete.
Mixing plants suitable for the manufacture of
SWC are:
■ Drum, agitator or transit mixer
■ Pan mixer
■ Paddle mixer
Paddles, blades and flights should be in very
good condition to facilitate the thorough mixing that
SWC requires. Generally, the mixing time needs to be
longer than for conventional concrete; it should be
determined by practical trials.
4.1.2 Raw Material Storage
If possible, aggregates should be covered
to minimise fluctuations in surface moisture. During
production of SWC, tests of aggregate gradings and
moisture contents should be carried out frequently,
since SWC is more sensitive than normal concrete to
variations.
A key element in producing SWC is the control
of the water-cement ratio. The manufacturing plant
should be fitted with calibrated and well maintained
moisture probes. In addition to these, aggregate
and sand moisture contents should be tested in the
laboratory prior to the commencement of production
and at regular intervals throughout the pour.
At the beginning of a contract, and particularly if
there is limited experience with SWC, additional expert
personnel may be needed for the supervision of all
aspects of initial production.
The quality of fresh concrete may fluctuate
at the beginning of production, it is therefore
recommended that workability tests be conducted
on every load, until consistent and compliant results
are obtained. Thereafter, every delivered batch should
be visually checked by an experienced and trained
operator before transportation to site. Routine testing
should be carried out at the frequency recommended
in AS 13798.
4.1.4 Mixing
The efficient mixing of SWC is crucial to the end
product. Cement, aggregates and admixtures should
be thoroughly dispersed throughout the concrete.
This means that the mixing time for SWC needs to
be pre-determined in trials and applied throughout
the production cycle. As stated in Clause 4.1.1
above, mixing times will generally be longer than for
conventional concrete. It should be noted that AS 1379
requires mixers to be fitted with an identification plate
that shows the agitation speed of the mixer.
4.1.5 Delivery and Transportation
If SWC is to be transported in transit mixer
trucks there will need to be an assessment of load
size based on the high workability of the concrete.
Generally, because of the fluid nature of the product,
load sizes may need to be reduced in comparison
to those for normal concrete. If SWC is transported
in kibbles or buckets, the doors or gates on the
equipment should be in good condition for opening
and closing. The doors or gates should not permit
the loss of cementitious paste or mortar. Depending
on the size of the structure being built, production
capacity, journey time and placing capability need
to be considered. SWC should be designed so that
workability is maintained to meet the requirements
of the contract. Generally, placing should be faster,
especially if SWC is pumped, but it is essential to make
sure that delivery and placing can be completed within
the workability-retention (self-compactability) time of the
concrete.
13
Super-Workable Concrete
 Concrete mixed at a remote concrete supply
plant should be transported to the point of discharge
by truck-mounted drum mixers complying with the
requirements of AS 1379.
On completion of mixing, the concrete should
be continuously agitated until it is fully discharged.
The agitation speed should be specified by the
manufacturer of the equipment, and should be at the
ideal charging barrel speed after mixing.
4.2 Transportation
4.2.1 Pumping
When concrete pumps are to be used, the
pipe diameter, layout and length should be determined
in consideration of quantities of concrete, type of
pumps, pumping conditions, operating efficiency,
discharge rate, concrete workability, test results and
site experience.
4.2.2 Other On-site Methods
Chutes, bucket or skip/ kibble can be used
providing they do not permit loss of cementitious paste
and mortar. Drop pipes/ tremies can also be attached
to reduce free fall distance and provide more-accurate
placement. Belt conveyors should not be used.
When other methods of transport are used,
care should be exercised to avoid segregation due to
excessive vibration of the concrete.
4.3 Placement, Finishing, Curing and Joint
Control
4.3.1 General
Before placing SWC, it should be confirmed by
the contractor that reinforcement and formwork are
arranged in accordance with the approved construction
drawings (see Clause 4.4.1).
Contractors may wish to consider possible
advantages of pumping from the bottom of formwork.
Equipment and personnel should be adequate
to maintain the rate of concrete placement.
4.3.2 Placing Distance
Though it is easier to place SWC than ordinary
concrete, the following rules are recommended to
minimise the risk of segregation:
■ Limit the vertical free-fall distance to 5 m.
■ Limit the permissible distance of horizontal
flow from point of discharge to 10 m.
14
Super-Workable Concrete
4.3.3 Flatwork
SWC, although not originally designed for
flatwork, has been successfully used in many parts of
the world in warehouse and workshop facilities.
Formwork should be constructed to a tolerance
suitable to maintain the concrete within the forms whilst
minimizing leakage (see Clause 4.4).
SWC can be placed by chute, kibble or pump. If
a kibble is used, its jaws should be tight enough so that
the SWC does not leak during transporting. In flatwork
where there are large faces of exposed concrete it is
extremely important to keep fresh concrete moving
over these faces, as most SWC is of a thixotropic
nature (ie it will continue to move whilst energy is being
applied). If the concrete is left too long without fresh
concrete being applied, a cold joint may be formed.
Where concrete has been untouched for long periods it
may be necessary to vibrate the new concrete into the
old to prevent a cold joint occurring. It is recommended
that the concrete supplier, site supervisor and finishing
contractor be consulted when planning large pours
in order to ensure continuity of supply and that the
placer has adequate manpower and machinery to
cope with the workload. As SWC generally contains
400+ kg/m3 of binder it can be assumed this material
may harden quite rapidly after initial set. The placing
contractor must be aware of this and measures should
be undertaken with the concrete supplier to ensure
the concrete has enough working time for successful
placement.
Due to its higher binder content and any
other fine proportions, SWC will probably exhibit little
bleed and therefore should be protected from the
possibility of plastic shrinkage cracking. It is strongly
recommended that all flatwork done with SWC be
protected to minimize the evaporation rate. Due to the
potential lack of bleed water the use of finishing aids
should be considered.
Curing should be carried out by the usual
means of water ponding, covering with wet hessian
or plastic, or by a suitable liquid membrane curing
compound that meets the requirements of AS 3799.
Precast concrete elements may also be cured
using accelerated strength gain methods such as
steam curing.
Jointing should be carried out as with normal
concrete and will depend on the size and volume of the
reinforcing steel. The joint patterns and spacing should
be designed by the engineer and carried out following
good concrete practice.
4.3.4 Mass Concrete
SWC is well suited to mass concrete pours,
particularly where poor access makes it difficult to
consolidate the concrete by traditional means. It is,
however, important to maintain a continual supply
of concrete as any long delays may result in a cold
joint. Where delays have been experienced it may
be necessary to vibrate the subsequent concrete
into the previous layer, this should be done with a
poker vibrator inserted at the appropriate centres.
Consideration should be given to the placement
method so as not to have a freefall of more than 5 m
(see Clause 4.2). Curing requirements should be the
same as for traditional concrete and in line with project
specifications and relevant Australian Standards.
4.3.5 Walls/Columns/Beams
This is probably the most appropriate
application for SWC. These elements are generally
heavily reinforced, thus making good compaction
difficult because of the restricted access for poker
vibrators. With good quality SWC the off-form
appearance is generally better than that of normal
concrete. Formwork must be of good quality and
able to withstand the internal pressures of the plastic
concrete (see Clause 4.4) with tight tolerances
so that leakage is kept to a minimum. Again, it is
extremely important to have continuity of supply
and ample manpower to cope with the size of the
pour. Placement can be by pump, kibble, chute or
tremie and consideration may be given to pumping
from the bottom up, particularly for columns. Curing
requirements are the same as for normal concrete and
in line with project specifications and relevant Australian
Standards.
conventional concrete, type of concrete placement and
rate, frictional resistance, etc. SWC may be expected
to result in reduced pressure on formwork due to the
absence of vibration, and generally faster stiffening
after placement at a given concrete temperature. It is
recommended that a detailed (local) testing programme
be carried out before (further) reduction factors to
liquid/hydrostatic pressure be considered.
When placing SWC in enclosed spaces
(particularly when pumping from the bottom), vent
holes should be provided at appropriate positions in
the top of forms to allow expulsion of air.
4.4.2 Release Agents
Chemical release agents containing particular
surfactants may put additional pressure on the
formwork, by reducing frictional resistance between
the concrete and the form during concrete placement.
Reference should therefore be made to manufacturers’
recommendations in regard to the selection of a
suitable release agent. Care should be taken in the
selection and application of form release agents with
particular reference to the required off-form finishes11.
4.4.3 Strip Timing
Strip timing should be verified with consideration
given to the proposed mix design and applicable site
conditions.

4.4 Formwork

4.4.1 Structural Design

Formwork should be in good condition and
accurate (refer to AS 361010)
The maximum lateral pressure of plastic SWC
acting on formwork and supports should as a rule be
designed as liquid/hydrostatic pressure.
There are various theories regarding calculations
of pressure on formwork. It is a complex function of
the rheological properties of the concrete, type of
cement, setting time, temperature of the concrete
and ambient temperature, geometry of formwork,
amplitude and frequency and position of vibrators for

15
Super-Workable Concrete
 5 For more-difficult structures or members where
no previous experience is available it may be necessary
Performance Verification to carry out full-scale field trials to verify the suitability
of the concrete.

5.3 Field Verification

The procedure for site acceptance must involve
the checking of the suitability of the concrete to meet
5.1 General the design requirements. A selection of test methods
from Appendix A would be appropriate to confirm
It is necessary to verify the performance of
the higher workability properties that are required.
SWC to ensure that it meets the original specifications
Guidance on their suitability is given in Table 5.1.
required. Concrete may vary in its required
performance between structures and so may the
importance of each property specified. There is 5.4 Quality Control Verification
therefore a need to clearly nominate the concrete’s Regular quality control of the concrete should
performance requirements and the method and degree be established at the point of discharge to determine
of verification. the resistance to segregation, flowability, passability
No single test method can assess the suitability and suitability to fill the form. This should be carried out
of the concrete for all the desired workability properties. at a minimum frequency of once in every 50 m3 or part
Alternative test methods for the different parameters thereof.
are listed in Table 3.
For the initial mix design of SWC all three 5.5 Hardened Concrete Inspection
workability properties need to be assessed to ensure Verification
that the concrete has the potential to meet the
Normal hardened concrete properties such
nominated requirements. A full-scale test should be
as compressive strength and shrinkage will usually
used to verify the workability of the chosen design for
still be required and should be verified by standard
a particular application. For site quality control, two of
test methods as set in AS 1012. Higher workability
the tests methods are generally sufficient to monitor
properties required for surface finish and fillability of
production quality. Typical combinations are Tests A.2
the concrete may require site inspection to determine
and A.3 in Appendix A.
acceptance.
In the event that the concrete does not satisfy
the established performance requirements, materials
and mix designs should be reviewed, modified if
necessary and then reverified.

5.2 Laboratory/Trial Verification

The suitability of the concrete may be
established in laboratory trials using test methods
listed in Appendix A. Guidance on the appropriate
test method to verify a particular property is given in
Table 5.1.
The verification and acceptability of the concrete
may be determined by laboratory trials comparing
acceptable test method results with previous field
experience.

16
Super-Workable Concrete
Table 5.1 Test Methods for Various Properties

Test methods (see Appendix A)

Property Lab (mix design) Field (QC) Comments

Filling ability A.2 Slump Flow A.2 Slump Flow T500 and Dfinal can be measured

A.5 Orimet A.5 Orimet –

Passing ability A.3 Slump Flow and J-ring A.3 Slump Flow and J-ring T500 and Dfinal can be measured

A.4 L-box – –

Resistance to A.2 Slump Flow A.2 Slump Flow T500 and Dfinal can be measured.
segregation Can only give a visual indication of
sergegation; it is not a conclusive test

A.6 GTM Screen Stability – Suitable only for initial laboratory trials
at design stage

Note: Reference should also be made to Table B.1 (Appendix B) for guidance on specification

17
Super-Workable Concrete
 A A.2 Slump Flow Test Method

Appendix A Test Methods A.2.1 Overview

■ The test method is used to indirectly measure
the ability of a concrete with a maximum
coarse aggregate size of 20 mm or less to flow
into all spaces within the mould (filling ability),
under its own weight.
■ The test method is a simple, rapid test
A.1 Relevance and Modification of AS 1012 procedure used to assess the consistency of
Standard Test Methods supply of pre-mixed concrete to a site from
load to load.
A.1.1 Sampling
■ Two parameters can be measured, ie the final
Reliability of results and conclusions obtained
diameter of the concrete (Dfinal) and the time
from the tests on fresh concrete depend very strongly
taken for the concrete to reach a diameter of
on the sampling procedures used. The sampling
500 mm (T500). The latter is generally regarded
procedures should produce samples as representative
as the more reliable.
as possible of the bulk of the concrete assessed and
■ The test usually requires two operators for the
minimise sampling error.
T500 measurement.
Samples should be taken from diversions of the
entire or significant portion of the discharge stream into A.2.2 Equipment Required
sample buckets. ■ Sample buckets.
■ A rigid flat plate with smooth, polished metal
A.1.2 Making Test Specimens
surface, at least 800 mm in diameter, marked
The procedures outlined in AS 1012 should
with a circle indicating the central location for
be followed, with the exception of filling and standard
the slump cone, and a further concentric circle
compaction of the concrete in the test mould.
of 500 mm diameter Figure A.2.1.
Samples are required to be remixed prior to
■ AS 1012 slump cone with a flange at the
use by transferring from initial sub-sample buckets
bottom to enable it to be held against the
into other buckets of equivalent size to ensure a
board by the operator’s feet.
homogenous sample.
■ Tape measure to 1 mm accuracy.
The concrete sample should be poured
■ Timer to 0.1 second accuracy.
continuously, filling the standard test mould without
standard compaction.
Excess concrete should be struck off, and the
surface of the concrete smoothed level to the top edge
of the mould.

18
Super-Workable Concrete
A.2.3 Test Procedure
■ Level and check that the board is on a stable
and horizontal surface.
■ Moisten the surfaces of the plate, sample
bucket and cone, removing any excess water.
■ Centre the slump cone on the board.
■ Sample concrete representatively
(approximately 8.5 litres).
■ Remix samples prior to use by transferring
from initial sub-sample buckets into other
buckets of equivalent size to ensure a
homogenous sample.
■ Stand on cone bottom flange, fit a funnel to top
of cone aperture, and fill cone by pouring in
concrete continuously until it reaches the top
edge. Do not tamp.
■ Remove the funnel, trowel off any excess
concrete from top, and clean the plate of spills.
■ Transfer and maintain hold-down pressure from
feet to hands on cone handles.
■ Simultaneously commence stop watch and
raise the cone vertically by a steady upward lift
without interruption, such that the cone is clear
of the concrete sample within 2 to 3 seconds.
■ Measure, record and report the time, to the
nearest 0.1 second, for the spreading concrete
to reach the marked 500-mm circle (T500).
■ Measure and record the final diameters of
the concrete spread in two perpendicular
directions. If the two measurements differ by
more than 50 mm, then the test is deemed to
be invalid and must be repeated. Report the
final diameter of the concrete spread as the
average of two perpendicular diameters, to the
nearest 10 mm (Dfinal).
■ Review and report visually detectable
segregation.
A.2.4 Interpretation of Result
■ The Dfinal measurement is an indication of flow.
The greater the final diameter the greater the
fillability of the concrete.
■ The T500 time is a secondary indication of flow.
A lower time indicates a greater ability to fill
formwork under its own weight.
■ In the case of severe segregation most
coarse aggregate will remain in the centre
of the pool of concrete and mortar paste at
the periphery. In case of minor segregation
a border of mortar without coarse aggregate
can occur at the edge of the pool of concrete.
This test method can give a visual indication of
segregation, but it is not a conclusive test for
segregation of the concrete in the final form.
���
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������
���
�����������final
�����������500
������
��������
Figure A.2.1
Flow Table and Modified Slump Cone
19
Super-Workable Concrete
A.3 Slump Flow And J-Ring Test Method
A.3.1 Overview
The test method is used to indirectly measure
■
the ability of a concrete with a maximum
coarse aggregate size of 20 mm or less, to
flow into all spaces within the mould (fillability)
and flow through tight spaces and openings
(passability) under its own weight.
The test method is a simple, rapid test
■
procedure usually used at intervals to assess
the consistency of supply of pre-mixed
concrete to a site.
Two parameters can be measured, ie the final
■
diameter of the concrete (Dfinal) and the time
taken for the concrete to reach a diameter of
500 mm (T500). The latter is generally regarded
as the more reliable.
The test usually requires two personnel both
■
to simultaneously hold down and fill the cone,
and for the T500 measurement.
A.3.2 Equipment Required
■ Sample buckets.
■ Flow table and slump cone (without bottom
foot holding flanges).
■ J-Ring assembly capable of rigidly fixing
standard reinforcement vertical in a
300-mm-diameter circle, at standard intervals.
■ Standard reinforcement at least 100 mm in
length and spacing intervals based on SWC
ranking required:
Rank 1 – 18 x 12 mm reinforcement at
40 mm ± 2 mm spacing
Rank 2 – 15 x 12 mm reinforcement at
50 mm ± 2 mm spacing
Rank 3 – 12 x 12 mm reinforcement at
66 mm ± 2 mm spacing
See Figure A.3.1.
■ Tape measure to 1 mm accuracy.
■ Timer to 0.1 second accuracy.
20
Super-Workable Concrete
A.3.3 Test Procedure
■ Level and check that the board is on a stable
and horizontal surface.
Moisten the surfaces of the plate, sample
■
bucket, cone and J-Ring, removing any excess
water.
■ Centre the J-Ring and slump cone on the
board.
■ Sample concrete representatively
(approximately 8.5 litres).
■ Remix samples prior to use by transferring
from initial sub-sample buckets into other
buckets of equivalent size to ensure a
homogenous sample.
■ Fit a funnel to top of cone aperture, while
holding cone securely, fill by pouring in
concrete continuously until it reaches the top
edge.
Remove the funnel, trowel off any excess
■
concrete from top, and clean the plate of spills.
■ Simultaneously commence stop watch and
raise the cone vertically by a steady upward lift
without interruption, such that the cone is clear
of the concrete sample within 2 to 3 seconds.
■ Measure, record and report the time for the
spreading concrete to reach 500 mm in
diameter to the nearest 0.1 second (T500).
■ Measure and record two diameters of the
concrete spread at right angles to each other,
when the movement of the concrete has
stopped. The test is deemed to be invalid and
must be repeated if the two measurements
differ by more than 50 mm. Report the final
diameter of the concrete spread as the
average of two diameters, to the nearest
10 mm (Dfinal).
■ Measure and record the difference between
the concrete just inside the bars and that just
outside and adjacent the bars. Calculate the
average of the difference in height at four
locations to the nearest 1 mm. Report as the
J-Ring Passing Ability Difference.
■ Review and report visually-detectable blocking
and/or segregation.
A.3.4 Interpretation of Result
■ The Dfinal measurement is an indication of flow.
The greater the final diameter the greater the
fillability of the concrete.
■ The T500 time is a secondary indication of flow.
A lower time indicates a greater ability to fill
formwork under its own weight.
■ The J-Ring Passing Ability Difference is an
indication of segregation resistance. The
greater the value, the less the passability of the
concrete.
■ Blocking and/or segregation can also be
detected visually. In the case of severe
segregation most coarse aggregate will remain Figure A.3.2
in the centre of the ring and mortar paste at Typical Test Result
the periphery.

���

���

���

�����������final

�����������500

���

Figure A.3.1
Flow Table, J-Ring Assembly and Modified Slump
Cone

21
Super-Workable Concrete
A.4 L-Box Test Method A.4.3 Test Procedure
■ Set L-Box on a horizontal plane.
A.4.1 Overview
■ Moisten the surfaces of the L-Box and
The test method is used to indirectly measure
sampling buckets, removing any excess water.
■

the ability of a concrete with a maximum

■ Close the discharge gate.
coarse aggregate size of 20 mm or less, to
■ Sample concrete representatively
flow into all spaces within the mould (fillability)
(approximately 14 litres).
and flow through tight spaces and openings
■ Remix samples prior to use by transferring
(passability) under its own weight.
from initial sub-sample buckets into other
The test method is a widely used test, mainly
buckets of equivalent size to ensure a
■

suitable for initial laboratory assessment of mix

homogenous sample.
design.
■ Fill box by gently pouring in concrete
The ‘wall effect’ (l’effet de paroi – Neville12)
continuously until it reaches the top edge/rim
■

may have some influence on concrete flow;

however, this arrangement does, to some
extent, replicate what happens to concrete
on site when it is confined within formwork.
(Note: Neville suggests that the wall influences
the packing of concrete, since the quantity of
mortar required to fill the space between the
particles of the coarse aggregate and the wall
is greater than that necessary in the interior of
the mass, and therefore in excess of the mortar
available in a well-proportioned mix).
of the box.
■ Trowel off and level any excess concrete from
top.
■ Leave concrete sample to stand for 1 minute.
■ Raise the gate allowing the concrete to flow
through the reinforcement into the horizontal
section of the box.
■ Measure and record the height of the concrete
at both ends of the L-Box to the nearest 1 mm
(H1, H2).
■ Report Filling Ratio = H2/H1.

A.4.2 Equipment Required ■ Measure and record the height difference

■ Sample buckets.
■ L-Box made with smooth, non-absorptive
surfaces, with rigid shape and dimensions
as shown in Figure A.4.1. Gate assembly
to prevent the flow of concrete at the time
of charging, and provide smooth and quick
opening to commence flow.
■ Tape measure to 1 mm accuracy.
between the concrete inside and that just
outside adjacent to the bars to the nearest
1 mm. Report as the L-Box Passing Ability
Difference.
■ Review and report visually-detectable
segregation.

22
Super-Workable Concrete
A.4.4 Interpretation of Result
■ The Filling Ratio is an indication of flow value.
The closer the value to 1, the higher the flow of
concrete.
■ The L-Box Passing Ability Difference is an
indication of segregation resistance. The
greater the value, the less the passability of the
concrete.
■ After 5 minutes of setting, segregation of
concrete will show a less continuous flow with
an increase in flow time.
■ Blocking and/or segregation can also be
detected visually. In the case of severe
segregation considerable coarse aggregate
will remain behind the reinforcement and
mortar paste only at the opposite end of the
box.

���

���

������������������
��������� Figure A.4.2
���
��� Typical L-Box
���

�1
�2

Figure A.4.1
L-Box Details and Application

23
Super-Workable Concrete
A.5 Orimet Test Method
A.5 Overview
The test method is used to indirectly measure
■
the ability of a concrete with a maximum
coarse aggregate size of 20 mm or less to
flow into all spaces within the mould (fillability)
under its own weight.
The test method is a simple, rapid test
■
procedure usually used to assess the
consistency of supply of pre-mixed concrete to
a site from load to load.
The test method has a high degree of
■
correlation to the Flow Table T500 value, and
can be used as an alternative test method.
A.5.2 Equipment Required
■ Sample buckets.
■ Orimet funnel pipe and reduced standard
orifice sizes at the base made with smooth,
non-absorptive surfaces, with rigid shape
and dimensions as shown in Figure A.5.1.
The orifice discharge should be equipped
with a watertight trap that is instantaneously
openable. The funnel to be on an adjustable
stand to maintain approximate verticality.
■ Standard orifice sizes: 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm.
■ Timer to 0.1 second accuracy.
24
Super-Workable Concrete
A.5.3 Test Procedure
■ Set funnel approximately vertical.
■ Moisten the surfaces of the funnel, removing
any excess water.
■ Close the discharge orifice trap door.
■ Sample concrete representatively
(approximately 7.5 litres).
■ Remix samples prior to use by transferring
from initial sub-sample buckets into other
buckets of equivalent size to ensure a
homogenous sample.
■ Fill funnel by gently pouring in concrete
continuously until it reaches the top edge/rim
of the funnel, without compacting or tapping.
■ Trowel off and level any excess concrete from
top.
■ Within 10 seconds of levelling the top surface,
simultaneously commence stop watch and
release the trap door.
■ By observing the funnel internally from the
top down to the orifice, measure and record
the flow-through time to daylight. Report T0
through-flow time as a measure of fluidity to
the nearest 1 second.
■ Note and record the state of flowing during
testing, ie whether the flow was continuous or
tended to clog up during discharge.
■ An average of two or three tests can
significantly correct the scatter of sampling.
Providing that consecutive tests are within 2
minutes, do not wash the equipment. Calculate
and report average times.
A.5.4 Interpretation of Result
■ The test measures the ease of flow of the
concrete through an orifice, shorter times
indicate greater flowability.
■ The inverted-cone shape at the orifice
restricts flow, and prolonged flow times or
discontinuous flow may give some indication of
the susceptibility of the mix to blocking and/or
segregation.

���

���

����

��

Figure A.5.2
Orimet Funnel Pipe

Figure A.5.1
Orimet Funnel Pipe Details

25
Super-Workable Concrete
A.6 GTM Screen Stability Test Method
A.6.1 Overview
This test has been developed by the French
contractor, GTM, to assess segregation resistance
(stability). The test consists of taking a sample of
10 litres of concrete, allowing it to stand for a period to
allow any internal segregation to occur, then pouring
half of it onto a 5-mm sieve of 350-mm diameter which
stands on a sieve pan on a weigh scale. After two
minutes, the mortar which passed through the sieve is
weighed, and expressed as a percentage of the mass
of the original sample on the sieve.
Practising engineers who have used this test
say it is a very effective way of assessing the stability
of SWC. However, though simple, it is not a rapid test,
and requires an accurate weigh-scale, so the test may
not be suitable for site use.
The repeatability of results may be questionable.
A.6.3 Test Procedure
■ About 10 litres of concrete is needed to
perform the test, sampled normally.
■ Allow the concrete in the bucket to stand
for 15 minutes covered with a lid to prevent
evaporation.
■ Determine the mass of the empty sieve pan.
■ Inspect the surface of the concrete; if there is
any bleed water, note it.
■ Put the top 2 litres or approximately 4.8 kg
± 0.2 kg only of the concrete sample in the
bucket, into a pouring container.
■ Determine the mass of the filled pouring
container.
■ Determine the mass of the empty sieve pan.
■ Pour all the concrete from the pouring
container onto the sieve from a height of
500 mm in one smooth, continuous movement.
■ Weigh the empty pouring container.

A.6.2 Equipment Required ■ Calculate mass of concrete poured into sieve,

■ 10-litre bucket with lid. Ma, (ie the difference between the weights, full
■ 5-mm Sieve, 350-mm diameter sieve pan. and empty)
■ Weigh scale to 20 g accuracy, minimum ■ Allow the mortar fraction of the sample to
capacity 20 kg. flow through the sieve into the sieve pan for a
■ Stopwatch. period of 2 minutes.
■ Remove the sieve and determine the mass of
the filled sieve pan.
■ Calculate the mass of the sample passing
sieve, Mb, by subtracting the empty sieve pan
mass from the filled sieve pan mass.
■ Calculate the percentage of the sample
passing sieve, ie the segregation ratio:
(Mb/Ma) x 100.

A.6.4 Interpretation of Result

Empirical observations suggest that if the
percentage of mortar which has passed through the
sieve, ie the segregation ratio, is between 5 and 15%
of the weight of the sample, then the segregation
resistance is considered satisfactory.
Below 5% the resistance is excessive and is
likely to affect the surface finish (blowholes are likely).
Above 15% and particularly above 30%, there is
a strong likelihood of segregation.

26
Super-Workable Concrete
 B
Appendix B Specification
Guide

Table B.1 provides a template for the

specification of SWC.
It cannot be assumed that concrete meeting
the listed criteria can be produced at all plants or
locations throughout Australia. The alternative use
of economically viable materials available in certain
locations, sophistication of plants and logistics,
or requirement of special resources may make
compliance with some criteria difficult and/or cost
prohibitive.

Table B.1 Evidence on Values of Properties Assessed by Test Methods Described in Appendix A

Suggested value for structure ranking (see Table 2.1) of

Test method
Suggested frequency and properties assessed R1 R2 R3

Slump Flow (Clause A.2)

Freq: Site test every load
Dfinal (mm) ‡ 650–800 550–700
T500 (sec) ‡ 3–5 4–7

Slump Flow & J-Ring (Clause A.3)

Freq: –
Dfinal (mm) ‡ 650–800 550–700
T500 (sec) ‡ 3–5 4–7
J-Ring passability (mm) 10 max 10 max 10 max

L-Box (Clause A.4)

Freq: Laboratory test initially and at subsequent
changes in materials, source or proportions
Filling ratio 0.8–1.0 0.8–1.0 0.8–1.0
L-Box passability 10 max 10 max 10 max

Orimet (Clause A.5)

Freq: Site test every load
To (sec) Select standard cone size to give 4 second flow

‡ To be determined for each project

27
Super-Workable Concrete
 References
1 AS 1012 Methods of testing concrete, Standards
Australia.
2 Hurd MK Self Compacting Concrete, Concrete
Constructions Vol. 47, No. 1, Jan 2002,
p 44–47.
3 Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting
Concrete, EFNARC, February 2002.
4 Recommendation for Self-Compacting Concrete,
Japan Society of Civil Engineers – Concrete
Engineering Series 31, August 1999.
5 Gaimister, R & Gibbs, J Self Compacting
Concrete – The materials and its properties,
Current Practice Sheet No. 123 Concrete
Vol. 35, No. 7, July/August 2001.
6 Yin-Wen Chan, Ying-Goo Chen & Yi-
Shi Liu Effect of Consolidation on Bond
of Reinforcement in Concrete of Different
Workabilities, ACI Materials Journal – July 2003.
7 AS 1478.1 Chemical admixtures for concrete,
mortar and grout; – Admixtures for concrete,
Standards Australia, 2000.
8 AS 1379 Specification and supply of concrete,
Standards Australia, 1999.
9 AS 3799 Liquid membrane-forming curing
compounds for concrete, Standards Australia,
1998.
10 AS 3610 Formwork for concrete, Standards
Australia, 1995
11 Yannick Vanhove & Chafika Djelal, Formwork
Pressures with SCC, Concrete, June 2002.
12 Neville AM Properties of Concrete 4th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 1996
28
Super-Workable Concrete
Bibliography
BETONS AUTO – PLACANTS –
Recommendations provisoires, Association
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– studies on mix design, BFT 1/2001.
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Z40 Super-Workable Concrete RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Super-Workable Concrete

SWC