PsfO !

)M lzIf0f ljlwsf] cjwf/0ff

Pedagogy eg]sf] s]6fs]6LnfO{ l;sfpg] lj1fg / snf b'j} xf], o;n] lzIf0f ljlwsf] cWoog ub{5 . lzIf0f l;sfO
sfo{nfO{ cy{k"0f{, ;/n, /f]rs / l;nl;nfa4 agfpg lzIf0f k4ltsf] cfjZostf k5{ . cf}krfl/s lzIf0f k|lqmofsf]
¿kdf sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug]{ ljlwnfO{ g} Pedagogy elgG5 . lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljBfyL{;dIf k'¥ofO{ p2]Zo k|fKt
ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ g} lzIf0f ljlw elgG5 .
df]h{/ of]ª\sf cg';f/ lzIf0f ljlwdf 3Is (Inspiration, Information, Interpretation) xf], h;df lzIf0f ljlwn]
l;sfOsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t / pT;flxt ug'{k5{, lzIf0f ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{n] cfjZos ;"rgfx¿
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'sf ;fy} ;"rgfx¿sf] JofVofdf ;d]t lzIf0f ljlwn] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
F.W. Jackson sf cg';f/ k"j{lqmofTds r/0f -of]hgf lgdf{0f_, cGt/lqmofTds r/0f -sfof{Gjogsf] r/0f_ /
pQ/lqmofTds r/0f -d"Nof+sgsf] r/0f_ u/L # efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . k"j{lqmofTds r/0fdf lzIfsn] cfkm"n]
lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t'df cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ /0fgLltx¿ ;dfj]z u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/G5 . cGt/lqmofTds
r/0fdf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / l;sfO jftfj/0faLr p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . pQ/ lqmofTds r/0fdf
lzIf0fkZrft\ ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf x'g] ub{5 .
lzIfss]lGb|t ljlwx¿
lzIfss]lGb|t ljlwnfO{ k/Dk/fut / k'/fgf] ljlw dflgG5 . cfh klg lzIf0f l;sfOdf lzIfss]lGb|t ljlwx¿ a9L k|of]u
x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIfss]lGb|t ljlwx¿df lzIfs a9L ;lqmo x'g] t/ ljBfyL{{x¿ lgliqmo x'G5g\ .
-s_ JofVofg ljlw
JofVofg ljlw÷efif0f ljlw÷j0f{gfTds ljlw eg]/ lrlgG5 . JofVofg ljlwsf lktf Konrad Paul Liessman
x'g\ . JofVofg Ps ;"rgfs]lGb|t b[li6sf]0f xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo pTk|]l/t ug{, :ki6 ug{, ;dLIff ug{ / lj:tf/ ug{ xf] .
JofVofg ljlwsf] k|sf/
 k/Dk/fut JofVofgM lzIfs dfq} jQmfsf] ¿kdf /xg] .
 ;xeflutfTds JofVofgM ;xefuLx¿nfO{ JoQmfn] JofVofgsf] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df dGyg ug{ ;do pknAw
u/fpg] / ljifoj:t'df ;fdfGo wf/0ff agfpg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .
 k[i7kf]if0f JofVofgM !) ldg]6 ;do;Dd ;fgf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;"Id JofVofg ug]{ / cj:yfcg';f/
JofVofgsf] zLif{snfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
 k|ljlwut JofVofgM lkmNd, :nfO6, j]adf cfwfl/t eP/ JofVofg ug]{ .
-v_ k|bz{g ljlw
k|bz{g ljlw l;sfOdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|bz{gn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOPsf s'/fx¿ x]g{ / ;'Gg df}sf lbG5 . k|bz{g ljlw
Ps b[ZofTds ljlw xf], h;n] ;"rgf, ljrf/ / k|lqmofsf] d"Nof+sg ub{5 . of] o:tf] k|sf/sf] ljlw xf], h;n]
lzIfssf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ lgofNg] df}sf k|bfg ub{5 .k|bz{g ljlw lzIf0fsf] Ps o:tf] ljlw xf],
h;n] k|of]ux¿sf] k|bz{g / JofVof ub{5 .
k|bz{g ljlwsf] of]hgf, tof/L / k|lqmof
 ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 : ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 u/L pko'Qm lzIf0f ug'{k5{ .
 tof/L : lzIfsn] ljifoj:t' / cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 ul/;s]kl5 ljifoj:t' / ;fdu|Lsf] k|bz{gsf nflu pko'Qm
k"j{tof/L jf of]hgf agfpg'k5{ .
 k"j{cEof; : lzIfs k|bz{gsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' / ;fdu|Lx¿ Ps}rf]l6 sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{g ubf{ c;kmn
x'g] ;Defagf /xg] x'gfn] lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug'{eGbf klxn] g} To:tf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cEof; ug'{k5{ .
 kl/ro : k|bz{g ug]{ ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro u/fpg'k5{ .
 k|:t'lt : lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf ljifoj:t' / ;fdu|Lx¿ k|:t't ug'{k5{ .
 5nkmn : ;fdu|Lx¿sf] sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5nkmn ug'{k5{ .

-u_ cfudg / lgudg ljlw

cfudg
cfudg ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ubf{ ljlzi6af6 ;fwf/0ftkm{ x'g] ub{5 . dflg; d/0fzLn k|f0fL xf] egL ljBfyL{nfO{ cfudg
ljlwaf6 l;sfpg'kbf{ lzIfsn] ljleGg dflg;x¿ ljleGg ;dodf d/]sf] 36gfx¿ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{ :jo+n] ;+;f/sf
;a} dflg;x¿ dbf{ /x]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg k|fKt u/]df To;nfO{ cfudg ljlw elgG5 .
lgudg ljlw
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df 36gfx¿sf] JofVof ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ lgudg ljlw elgG5 . lgudg ljlwdf ;fwf/0f
ljrf/x¿af6 ljlzi6 36gfsf] JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 . lgudg ljlwsf lktf c/:t' x'g\ .
 1fgsf] ;|f]t :j¿k lgud ljlw (Deductive method) u|Ls bfz{lgs c/:t'b]lv a]sgsf] ;do;Dd k|rngdf lyof] .
;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6 (From general to particular) tk{m k|0ffnLdf tLg kb x'G5g\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf]
5M
-s_ d'Vo kbM h'g Pp6f ;fdfGo ;To jf lgod x'G5, h:t} dflg; d/0fzLn k|f0fL xf] . pQ/L v08sf afl;Gbf afSnf
n'uf nufpF5g\ .
-v_ uf}0f kbM h'g Ps ljlzi6 pbfx/0f x'G5 . of] kb lg/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df k'li6sf nflu k|:t't ul/G5 . h:t}, /fhf Ps
dflg; x'g\ ;f]n'v'Da' Pp6f pQ/L If]q xf] .
-u_ lgisif{ M /fhf d/0fzLn 5g\ . ctM ;f]n'v'Da'sf afl;Gbf afSnf n'uf nufpF5g\ .
ljBfyL{s]lGb|t ljlwx¿
kl/ro
ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfO ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfjZostf, Ifdtf, ?lr / l;sfO z}nLx¿df s]lGb|t x'G5 . ljBfyL{s]lGb|t
l;sfO ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofsf] s]Gb|df /fVb5 .
-s_ k|of]u ljlw÷k|of]ufTds ljlw
ljBfyL{{ cfkm}F+ lqmofzLn eP/ s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg k|fKt ug]{ ljlw g} k|of]u ljlw xf] . o; k|sf/sf] l;sfOdf ljBfyL{{sf]
;xeflutf ;lqmo x'G5 . ljBfyL{{x¿ cfkm}+n] k|of]u u/]/ k|of]uaf6 jf:tljstf / ;Totfsf] glhs k'Ug] ePsfn] o; ljlwsf]
l;sfO bL3{sfnLg x'G5 . ljNx]d jG8\6 (Wilhelm Wundt) k|of]ufTds ljlwsf lktf x'g\ .
-v_ If]q e|d0fx¿÷:ynut e|d0f ljlw÷cWoog e|d0f ljlw
lgwf{l/t :yfgdf ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{ nu]/ ToxfFsf] jftfj/0f / jf:tljs j:t'l:yltsf] af/]df 1fg lbg] ljlwnfO{ g} If]q
e|d0f ljlw elgG5 . If]q e|d0f ljlwnfO{ z}lIfs e|d0f / If]qfjnf]sg ljlwsf gfdn] ;d]t lrlgPsf] 5 .
sIffsf]7fleq dfq ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{ ;Lldt g/fvL To;eGbf aflx/sf] oyfy{ / jf:tljs tYosf] af/]df 1fg lbg] sfd
If]q e|d0f ljlwsf] /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ vf]h ljlw÷cGj]if0f ljlw÷x\ol/l:6s ljlw
s'g} ;d:of jf ljifoj:t'df vf]h u/]/ To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL ug]{ ljlwnfO{ g} vf]h
ljlw elgG5 . ljBfyL{{x¿n] cfÇgf] zf/Ll/s / af}l4s Ifdtfsf] k|of]u u/L s'g} l;sfO ug]{ sfo{nfO{ vf]h ljlw
elgG5 .
-3_ ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
lzIfsn] s'g} ljifoj:t' jf kf7;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ljBfyL{{;fd' k|:t't u/L pgLx¿af6} Tof] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu k|oTg ul/g] ljlwnfO{ g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw elgG5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t 1fg, lgod
/ l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{{x¿ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ k|oTgzLn /xG5g\ .
;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf p2]Zox¿
 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ OR5f zlQm ljsf; ug'{ .
 ljb\ofyL{sf] w}o{tfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ .
 ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ .
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfTdcjwf/0ffx¿sf] ;'wf/ / ljsf; ug'{ .
 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ /0fgLltx¿af/] ;r]t u/fpg' .
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug{ .
 ;dfwfg /0fgLltx¿ ;xL ¿kdf nfu" ug{ .
;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf r/0fx¿
 hh{kf]Nofsf cg';f/
r/0f !M ;d:of a'‰g'xf];\
r/0f @M of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ -cg'jfb_
r/0f #M of]hgf k"/f ug{'xf];\ -;dfwfg_
r/0f #M k5fl8 x]g{'xf];\ -hfFr / JofVof_
-5_ kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO eg]sf] kl/of]hgf ljlwdfkm{t ul/g] l;If0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk xf] . kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t
lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw lzIffljb\ John Dewey sf] Learning by doing -u/]/ l;Sg]_ eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 .
ljBfyL{nfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd lgwf{l/t sfo{ lbO{ ug{ nufpg] ljlwnfO{ kl/of]hgf ljlw elgG5 .
-h_ lzIf0f l;sfOdf 36gf÷dfdnf cWoogsf] cjwf/0ff
s'g} lqmofsnfk jf sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg 9ª\un] lr/kmf/ ub]{ cWoog u/L pQm ;d:of
;dwfgsf pkfo ;d]t ;'Nemfpg' 36gf cWoog xf] . 36gf cWoog ljlwsf lktf km]8l/s nL Kn] x'g\ . o; cWoogdf
36gfsf sf/0f, k[i7e"ld, sf/s tŒjsf ;fy} 36gfsf k|efj;d]tsf] cWoog u/L ;d:of Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfo;d]tsf]
vf]hL sfo{ 36gf cWoog xf] .
-em_ ;j]{If0f ljlw
cjnf]sg jf lg/LIf0f ljlwaf6 lzIf0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljlwnfO{ g} ;j]{If0f ljlw elgG5 . ;j]{If0f ljlw ;fdflhs /
j}1flgs l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ljleGg ljifo jf kf7df k|ZgfjnL, cGtjf{tf{, 5nkmn, cjnf]sg jf lg/LIf0f u/L
;d:ofsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg] lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ g} ;j]{If0f ljlw elgG5 . s'g} ;d:ofsf] cWoog u/]/ To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf
pkfox¿ kQf nufpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ;j]{If0f elgG5 .cfw'lgs ;j]{If0f ljlwsf lktf eg]/ Paul Felixla zarsfeld -kn
km]lnS;nf hf;{km]N8_ nfO{ lrlgG5 .
cGt/lqmofTds ljlwx¿
-s_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw
k|Zgf]Q/ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg k|of]u ul/g] k'/fgf] /0fgLlt xf], h;nfO{ ælzIf0fsf] ;'s/ftL ljlwÆ klg elgG5 . of] k|l;4
bfz{lgs ;'s/ftåf/f ljsl;t ul/Psf] lyof] .k|Zg ;a} z}lIfs ultljlwsf] k|d'v ;fwg xf] . ;+1fgfTds
p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ / r]tg :t/df 1fg Nofpgdf ;du| /0fgLlt s]lGb|t 5 .
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf] r/0fx¿
 k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug]{,
 tfls{s cg'qmddf k|Zgx¿ Jojl:yt ug]{,
 k|Zgx¿ o;/L k|:t't ug]{ ls ljBfyL{x¿df lh1f;f hfUg] u/L,
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltlqmof;Fu cfwfl/t eP/ gofF k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] .
Apple Technique
A Ö ;d"xdf k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . (Ask question in a group)
P Ö s]xL ;dosf nflu /f]Sg'xf];\ . (Panse for a while)
P Ö Ps k6sdf hjfkmsf nflu Ps JolQm 5fGg'xf];\ . (Pick up one person at a time for answer)
L Ö hjfkm ;'Gg'xf];\ . (Listen the answer)
E Ö pQ/sf] d"Nof+sg (Evaluate the answer)
k|Zgsf k|sf/x¿
!= 1fg -;fwf/0f ;Demgf_ M æg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <Æ
@= a'emfO -a'‰b}_ M æHjfnfd'vL eg]sf] s] xf] <Æ
#= cfj]bg -hfgsf/L k|of]u u/]/_ M æk]l/;df g]kfnsf] ;do lbpF;f] !@ ah]sf] a]nf s:tf] x'g]5<Æ
$= ljZn]if0f -ljrf/nfO{ cnu kfb}{_ M g]kfnsf] nf]stGqdf /f0ff zf;gn] s] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <‛
%= ;+Zn]if0f -gofF s'/f;Fu} /fVg]_ M k|fylds txsf] s'g} klg ljifosf] kf7of]hgf tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
^= d"Nof+sg -lg0f{o ug]{/ k|lt/Iff ug]{_ M æs] tkfOF ;+;bLo ;/sf/sf] kIfdf x'g'x'G5 / lsg <Æ
5nkmn ljlw
‘discuss’ zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] ‘discutere’ af6 ag]sf] xf], h;sf] cy{ xNnfpg' xf] .‘discussion’ eGgfn]
ljifonfO{ /fd|/L xNnfpg' cyf{t\ lgisif{df k'Ugsf nflu To;nfO{ /fd|/L hfFRg' xf] . 5nkmn eg]sf] s'g} vf;
ljifodf a;]/ s'/f ug]{ ultljlw xf] .
5nkmn ljlwsf k|sf/x¿
 uf]nd]r 5nkmn M Round Table df /fv]/ ul/g] 5nkmn .
 Kofgn 5nkmn M ;xefuLx¿dWo]af6 s]xL ljBfyL{ cufl8 cfP/ ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn ug]{ .
 ax; M kIf / ljkIfdf /x]/ ts{ ug]{ .
 ah rrf{ M ;”;fgf] ;d"xdf ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn ug]{ .
 a|]g:6«f]ldª 5nkmn M ljBfyL{n] lbPsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwdf dl:tis dGyg u/L a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug'{k5{ .
 l;Dkf]lhd ;q (Symposium) : @ jf # hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljifoj:t'df tof/L ug{ nufO{ ljifoj:t' k|:t't ug{
nufOG5 . ;xefuLx¿sf tkm{af6 cWoIfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/L cf}krfl/s ¿kdf tof/Lsf] k|:t't ug{ nufpg],
;xefuLaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg] / k|:t'tstf{n] hjfkm lbg'kg]{ /x]sf] x'G5 .
 sf]nf]lsod ljlw M lzIfs / ;'kl/j]Ifs, lzIfs / ljifo ljz]if1aLr 5nkmn ul/G5 .
 :gf]an (Snowball) : cGTodf Pp6} ;d"xdf 5nkmn ub}{ lgisif{df k'luG5 .
 lkm;an (Fishball) : aflx/ 7"nf] ;d"xn] leqsf] ;fgf] ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg ug]{, ;'Gg] / d"Nof+sg ug]{
ub{5 .
;xof]ufTds ljlw
;xof]ufTds lzIf0fnfO{ slxn]sfxL+ ;xsf/L lzIf0f jf 6f]nL lzIf0f klg elgG5 . o; ljlwn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj
ug{, lgb]{zg lbg / ;Nnfx lbgsf] nflu tfnd]ndf sfd ug]{ lzIfsx¿ ;dfj]z ub{5 . ;xof]unfO{ ;a} lgb]{zgfTds
:t/ / ljifo If]qx¿df nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xof]ufTds l;sfO eg]sf] s'g} sfo{ k"/f ug{ jf lglZrt nIo xfl;n ug{sf
nflu afnaflnsfx¿ ldn]/ sfd ug{' xf] . Kenneth Bruffee n] ;xof]uL ljlwsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf x'g .
lzIf0f l;sfOdf gjk|jt{g
 lzIf0fsf gd'gfx¿ (Models of teaching)
Models of Teaching Innovator Aim and Application
-s_ Social Family != sfg'gL lj1fg gd'gf_ Donald ;"rgfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf]
Group (Social (Jurisprudential Oliver & ;dfwfg . ts{zlStsf] ljsf;
interaction Model) James P. (Teaching Jurisprudential frame of
source) Shaver references as a way of processing
information but also a way of thinking
and resolving social issue.)
@= ;d"x cGj]if0f gd'gf Herbert k|hftflGqs Ifdtfx¿sf] ljsf; . hLjgdf
(Group Thelen & 1fg / s'zntfsf] pkof]u . JolSt / ;dfhsf]
investigation John Dewey ljsf; . (Teaching skill for
Model) participation in democratic social
process through combined emphasis
on inter-personal and social skills and
 academic inquiry.)
#= ;fdflhs ;f]wvf]h Byron z}lIfs ;f]wvf]h tyf tfls{s ljZn]if0fåf/f
gd'gf (Social Massials & ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ . (Social
Inquiry Model) Banzamin problem solving through academic
Cox inquiry and logical resolving.)
-v_ Information != cfudg lzIf0f gd'gf Hilda Taba dfgl;s cfudg k|lqmofsf] ljsf; tyf
Processing family (Inductive cjwf/0ffx¿ / l;4fGtx¿sf] af]3 .
Group or Teaching Model) (Primarily for development of
information inductive mental processes and
processing source
Inquiry Model
academic reasoning or theory building
but these capacities are useful for
personal and social goals.)
@= lj1fg vf]h gd'gf Joseph J. cGj]if0f k|0ffnLsf] af]w u/fpg', ;d:ofx¿sf]
(Science) Schwab ljifodf ts{k"0f{ 9ª\un] ljrf/ ug{' .
(Designed to reach the research system
of discipline but also expected to have
effects in other domains )
cfudg tfls{s k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{' .
Designed primarily to develop
inductive reasoning.
#= wf/0ff k|flKt gd'gf Jerome tfls{s, ;fdflhs / g}lts ljsf;sf nflu
(Concept Bruner ;fdfGo af}l4s ljsf;
Attainment Model) (Designed to increase general
intellectual development especially
logical resolving )
$= pRr ljsf;fTds Jean Piaget I. -;"rgfsf] ;+zf]wg Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/L cy{k"0f{
gd'gf Sigel & / lj:t[t 1fg k|fKt ug{' / Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{
(Development E.Sullivan nufpg' ._ Designed to increase the
model) efficiency of information processing to
meaningfully absorb and relate bodies
of knowledge.
%= pRr ;f+u7lgs gd'gf David ausbel :jMlzIf0fåf/f :j;dembf/L, :jMcjwf/0ff
(Advance Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ nufpg' .
Organizer) (Emphasis on building capacity for self-
instruction and through this personal
development in terms of self understanding,
self discovery and self concept )
-u_ Personal family 1. Non-Directive Carl Rogers :jM;dembf/L / :jMpQ/bfloTjsf] ljsf;
group Model u/fpg' .
or the Personal (Development of self understanding
source and self responsibility)
Behaviour
Modification
Family group or
Behaviour
Modifications as
a source.
2. Classroom William ;fdfGo k|of]Ho, ;"rgf ;+zf]wg sfo{df
Meeting Glasser ;jf{lws k|of]u x'g] Pp6f :jtGq wf/0ff,
Model JolStut leGgtfsf cfwf/df 1fgfTds
leGgtfsf cfwf/df 1fgfTds kIfdf
lgDg:t/sf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{' .
-3_ Behaviour 3. Operant B.F Skinner General applicability . A Domain free
Modification conditioning approach through probably most
Family group or Model applicable to information processing
Behaviour function.
Modifications
 as a source .

 ;"Id lzIf0f (Micro- Teaching)

;g\ !(^! df cd]l/sfsf] :6fG8kmf]8{ ljZjljBfno (Standford University) df k|f]=8L=8An" P]n]g (Prof. D.W.
Allen), Pd=aL=a'r (M.B. Buch) / h]=;L= lsNkm{ (J.C. Cliff) sf] ;+oS' t k|of;:j¿k ;"Id lzIf0f (Micro Teaching)
sf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 cd]l/sf, a]nfot / g]b/NofG8\; (USA., UK., Netherlands) cflb b]zsf lzIf0f
;+:yfdf k|of]u x'Fb} qmdzM ;+;f/sf c¿ b]zdf klg lzIfsnfO{ tflnd k|bfg u/fpg] ;Gbe{df o;sf] k|of]u km}lnof] . ;"Id
lzIf0faf6 lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbP/ pgLx¿df ck]lIft lzIf0f lgk"0f{tf / lzIf0f ;Lkx¿ k|fKt u/fpg ;lsG5 . 5f]6f]
;dofjlwdf lglZrt bIftf xfl;n u/fOg] k|lqmofnfO{ g} ;"Id lzIf0f (Micro-Teaching) elgG5 .
g]kfndf lzIff of]hgfsf txx¿ (Level of Education Planning in Nepal)
g]kfndf lzIff of]hgfsf] cEof; ljleGg txaf6 lgdf{0f u/L k"/f ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0f nflu a[xt\ lzIff
of]hgf (Macro-education planning), ;"Id of]hgf (Micro-education planning), ;+:yfut of]hgf (Institutional
Planning) tyf dWo lzIff of]hgf (Meso-education planning) nfO{ lzIff of]hgf ljleGg txx¿ dflgPsf] 5 . h;nfO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
v08 tx lzIff of]hgf d'Vo pQ/bfloTj
a[xt\ /fli6«o ;a}sf] nflu lzIff”/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
dWod lhNnf lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lzIff ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfO
;"Id uf=kf=÷ gu/kflnsf ufp‚ lzIff of]hgf, gu/ lzIff of]hgf ufp‚ lzIff ;ldlt, gu/ lzIff of]hgf
;+:yfut ljBfno ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
!= jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf÷jflif{s sfo{tflnsf÷jflif{s sfo{kfqf]
jflif{s sfo{tflnsfdf Ps z}lIfs ;qleq kg]{ /fli6«o / :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs labfx¿nfO{ s6f}tL u/L ljBfno ;~rfng
x'g] lbgx¿ lglZrt u/L s'g lbgdf k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{, cleefjs lbj;
dgfpg], lzIfs a}7s a:g] cflb h:tf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf
jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf k|To]s ljifosf ljifo lzIfsn] lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . Pp6f ljifo lzIfsn] cfkm"n] cWofkg u/fpg]
ljifosf] Ps jif{el/sf] lzIf0f of]hgfnfO{ jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf elgG5 . jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf agfp‚bf
ljBfnosf] k|wfgfWofksn] agfPsf] jflif{s sfo{kfqf]nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg'k5{ .
jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf] gd'gf
ljBfnosf] gfd M z}lIfs jif{ M
ljifo lzIfssf] gfd M
sIff M
ljifo M
hDdf k9fO x'g] lbg] M
lkl/o8 M
dlxgf dlxgfdf k9fO PsfO PsfOdf nfUg] kf7\oj:t' z}lIfs lzIf0f d"Nof+sg s}lkmot
x'g] lbg cg'dflgt 306L ;fdu|L ljlw
j}zfv
h]7
cfiff9
>fj0f
efb|
cflZjg
sflt{s
dª\l;/
kf}if
df3
kmfNu'0f
r}q
PsfO of]hgf
s'g} klg ljifodf /x]sf k|To]s PsfOx¿sf] lj:t[t of]hgfnfO{ g} lzIf0f PsfO of]hgf elgG5 . lzIf0f PsfO of]hgf
;DalGwt ljifosf ljifo lzIfsn] agfpg] ub{5g\ . lzIf0f PsfO of]hgf agfp‚bf jflif{s sfo{of]hgf;‚u tfnd]n x'g]
u/L agfpg'k5{ . k|To]s PsfOdf tf]lsPsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ PsfO p2]Zo, lzIf0f ;fdu|L, lzIf0f ljlw, d"Nof+sg
ljlw;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf g} lzIf0f PsfO of]hgf xf] .
lzIf0f PsfO of]hgfsf] gd'gf
lzIf0f PsfO of]hgf
ljBfnosf] gfd M z}lIfs jif{ M
lzIfssf] gfd M ljifo M
sIff M
PsfO M
ljlzi6 p2]Zo z}lIfs lzIf0f l;sfO
ldlt kf7 d"Nof+sg s}lkmot
1fg ;Lk clej[lQ ;fdu|L lqmofsnfk

b}lgs kf7of]hgf
sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f ug'{eGbf klxn] g} lzIfsn] cfkm"n] k9fpg] kf7sf] b}lgs ¿kdf tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfnfO{ b}lgs
kf7of]hgf elgG5 . lsg k7fpg] < s'g ljifoj:t' k9fpg] < s;/L k9fpg] < k9fPsf ljifoj:t'sf] pknlAw s;/L
n]vfhf]vf ug]{ < eGg] h:tf kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ lzIfsn] b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfp‚5g\ .
;do tflnsf÷b}lgs sIff tflnsf jf sfo{tflnsf÷;fKtflxs sfo{tflnsf
Ps xKtfleq pknAw x'g] ljBfno sfo{ lbg jf sfo{ 306fnfO{ slt”slt lkl/o8 jf ;dodf ljefhg ug]{ <
ljBfnodf k9fOg] ljifox¿dWo] s'g ljifonfO{ klxn] k9fpg] < / s'g ljifonfO{ kl5 k9fpg] < ljBfnodf sfo{/t
lzIfsx¿dWo] s'g lzIfsnfO{ s'g ljifo k9fpg lbg] < s'g ljifonfO{ xKtfdf slt kf7306f lbg]< s'g sf]7fdf s'g
ljifo k9fpg] < s'g lzIfsnfO{ s'g ;dodf k9fpg lbg] < k|To]s ljifonfO{ xKtfdf slt slt kf7 306f lbg] < cflb
s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ agfOPsf] of]hgfnfO{ g} b}lgs sfo{tflnsf elgG5 .
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ljlw
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg Pp6f o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;n] ljrf/, ljj]rgf / sf/0f;lxt k'li6 ug{] ;f]rfOnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] :jMpTk|]l/t eO{ k|ltlaDafTds cEof; ug{, ax; rnfpg, jfbljjfbdf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy
;xeflutf hgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . cfÇgf ts{ tyf d"No dfGotfnfO{ b[9tf / :ki6tfsf ;fy k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf;d]t ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] ub{5 .
;dfnf]rgfTds ljlwsf] r/0fx¿
-s_ pT;'stf hufpg] r/0f (Anticipation): o; cj:yfdf l;sfO k|lqmofdf ljBfyL{nfO{ pT;flxt agfpg] sfo{
ul/G5 . o;sf nflu b|'t n]vg, dl:tis dGyg, ;f]r hf]8L / cfbfg k|bfg, zAbfy{ lrq h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
-v_ 1fg cfh{g r/0f (Building knowledge): o; r/0fdf ljBfyL{x?n] hfg]sf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
o;sf nflu 36gf cWoog, lhU;c, Uofn/L jfs, u|flkm6L, hf]8Ldf k9fO{ hf]8Ldf ;f/+zh:tf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
-u_ ;'b[9Ls/0f r/0f (Consolidation): o; r/0fdf ljBfyL{n] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu
;f]r hf]8L / cfbfg k|bfg, jfbljjfb d"No/]vf, b|'t n]vg, tftf] s';L{, tftf] snd h:tf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
;dfnf]rgfTds ljlwx¿
;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ;Lk ljlw kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf; ul/Psf] ljlwsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;cGtu{t ljz]if u/]/
lgDglnlvt ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . ;dfnf]rgfTds ljlwn] ljBfyL{df :jMcWoog s'zntfsf] ljsf; ug]{, pRr:t/Lo kl/sNkgf
ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{h:tf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . tL ljlw / k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ dl:tis dGyg (Brain Storming): ljBfyL{nfO{ y'k|} / ljleGg vfnsf s'/f ;f]Rg l;sfpg] ljlw . o;df
ljBfyL{x¿n] Pp6f lglZrt wf/0ff agfpg'k"j{ lzIfsnfO{ cfÇgf] /fo JoSt ug{ lb‚b}g . ljBfyL{nfO{ y'k|} s'/f ;f]Rg
lbdfu v'nf /fVg d2t u5{ . dxŒjk"0f{ / gof‚ ljrf/ lgsfNg pkof]uL of] ljlw PSn}, ;d"xdf, ;fgf] ;d"xdf ;~rfng
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ !) ldg]6leq} l;Wofp‚bf a9L k|efjsf/L dflgG5 .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M dl:tis dGygsf af/]df ;Dk"0f{ sIffnfO{ atfpg]
bf];|f] r/0f M kf7 jf ;d:of a'lemg] u/L atfpg]
t];|f] r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lglZrt ;do tf]sL ;f] ;doleq ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/;Sg eGg]
rf}yf] r/0f M ;do:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo atfpg ljBfyL{nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{, ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ eGg],
ljrf/df yk s'/f /fVg nufpg]
kf“rf}“ r/0f M pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f l6Kg]
5}6f}“ r/0f M kl5, ljBfyL{nfO{ PSnfPSn} jf hf]8Ldf ljrf/ dGyg ug{ nufpg]
-v_ ;ª\ul7t l;+xfjnf]sg (Structure overview): ljBfyL{df pT;'stf hufpg pgLx¿nfO{ d'Vo cjwf/0ffsf af/]df
atfpg / kf7af6 l;Sg tof/ agfpg kf7sf] ;'?jftdf lbOg] 5f]6f] JofVofg xf] . ^ b]lv ^) hgf;Dd ;xefuLx¿df
;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] o; ljlwdf ;fdfGotof % ldg]6eGbf a9L ;do vr{ ug'{ x'‚b}g .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M kf7sf af/]df rfvnfUbf jf ljBfyL{n] hfg] a'em]sf ljifoj:t' kQf nufpg] . kf7af6 l;Sgsf
nflu ljBfyL{x¿n] a'‰g'kg]{ cjwf/0ff / zAbsf af/]df ;f]Rg] / logLx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{
bf];|f] r/0f M ljBfyL{sf] Wofg cfslif{t ug]{ vfnsf gS;f, 8fou|fd tof/ ug]{ / To;;‚u ;DalGwt s'g} j:t'
sIff sf]7fdf n}hfg] .
t];|f] r/0f M kf‚r ldg]6leqdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] u/L d'Vo a'‚bf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5f]6f] k|:t'lt tof/L ug]{ .
rf}yf] r/0f M k|:t'lt ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ Jo:t, cGt/lqmofTds agfpg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] / l6Kk0fL
ug{ xf};nf lbg] ug'{k5{ .
kf“rf}F r/0f M yk s'/f kl5 u/f}‚nf eg]/ k|:t'lt cGt ug]{ h;n] pgLx¿df sf}t'xntf hfU5 . “
-u_ lhU;c (Jigsaw) : ;xof]ufTds ljlwx¿dWo] k|d'v ljlwsf ¿kdf lhU;cnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; ljlwdf
ljBfyL{x¿n] l;Sgsf] nflu Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . o; ljlwdf dft[ ;d"x / lj1 ;d"x /xG5 . o; ljlwdf
lzIfsn] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{cl3 kf7sf af/]df sfo{;"rL tof/ ug'{k5{ . o; ljlwn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;a} ;fdu|L
k9\g ;xof]u ub{5 . lj1 ;d"xdf /x]/ l;s]sf s'/f dft[ ;d"xdf Ps”csf{nfO{ l;sfp‚bf pgLx¿ lj1 aGb5g\ . ;fgf]b]lv
7"nf] sIff;Dd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] o; ljlwdf hfGg], ghfGg] s]6fs]6L ;a} vfnsf ljBfyL{nfO{ /fVg'k5{ . o; ljlwnfO{
lGfDgfg';f/sf r/0fx¿ kf/ u/L ug{ ;lsG5 .
r/0fx¿
k|yd r/0f M lzIfsn] lj1 ;d"xsf nflu k|Zg ;]6 tof/L ug'{k5{ . hlt lj1 ;d"x x'G5, Tolt g} k|Zg ;]6 tof/L
ug'{k5{ . x/]s ;d"xsf k|Zg pgLx¿n] h'g v08 k9\g] xf] ToxL v08sf] kf7\o;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t
x'g'k5{ .
bf];|f] r/0f M lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dft[ ;d"xdf a:g nufpg] . of] ;d"xdf $ jf % hgf ljBfyL{ x'G5g\ . of] ;d"xdf
3'nldn x'g] / l;sfO jftfj/0fnfO{ ;f}xfb{k"0f{ agfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ .
t];|f] r/0f M lzIfsn] dft[ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lj1 ;d"xdf af‚8L sfd nufp‚5g\ . k|To]s lj1 ;d"xnfO{
5'§f5'§} k|Zg lbG5g\ . k|To]s dft[ ;d"xsf sDtLdf !÷! hgfnfO{ lj1 ;d"xdf /fvL lj1 ;d"x lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfsn] x/]s lj1 ;d"xdf Ps Pshgf g]tfsf] 5gf]6 u5{g\ .
rf}yf] r/0f M lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ;d"xsf] efudf k/]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg / To;sf] tof/Lsf] sfo{
ug{ nufp‚5g\ . dft[ ;d"xdf kms]{/ s;/L k|:t't x'g] eg]/ tof/Lsf] sfo{ u5{g\ . lj1 ;d"xdf lzIfsn]
pgLx¿sf] jl/kl/ 3'dL 3'dL sfd nufpg] / pgLx¿n] ga'em]sf s'/f atfOlbg] ug'{k5{ .
kf“rf}“ r/0f M lj1x¿n] cfÇgf] dft[ ;d"xdf kms]{/ 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fp‚5g\ . k|To]s JolStnfO{ cfÇgf] efudf
k/]sf] ljifosf] 5nkmn ug{ lglZrt ;do lbOG5 . dft[ ;d"xsf x/]snfO{ cfÇgf] lj1tf k|:t't ug{
df}sf lbOG5, ;fy} 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/nfO{ a9L k|>o lbOG5 .
-3_ ;f]r–hf]8Ldf 5nkmn–cfbfgk|bfg (Think- Pair- Share): of] ljz]ifu/L nufj hufpg] cyjf kf7k|lt
ljBfyL{sf] pT;'stf hufpg k|of]u ul/G5 h;df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;h{gzLn eP/ 5nkmnsf] ljifoaf/] lrGtg ug{ /
cfÇgf ljrf/x¿ c¿x¿;‚u cfbfgk|bfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/G5 .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M lzIfsn] lbPsf] k|Zgx¿sf af/]df tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfdf JolStut ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ .
bf];f| ] r/0f M cfÇgf] hf]8L;‚u 5nkmn u/L ;femf ljrf/ atfpg] .
t];|f] r/0f M cGTodf @ jf # hf]8Ln] cfÇgf ljrf/ ;a};fd' k|:t't ug]{ . hf]8Laf6 k|:t't ljrf/ Chalk board df
l6Kb} hfg'k5{ . “
-ª_ ZfAbfy{ lrq (Semantic Map): Pp6f lrqfTds k|:t'lt h;df d'Vo ljrf/sf 5fofsf ¿kdf ljleGg a'‚bfnfO{
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . kf7df ePsf d'Vo zAbx¿ lrgfpg of] /0fgLltsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;df ;'?df lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} Ps d'Vo j:t';‚u hf]8]/ k|Zg ug]{ / To;nfO{ uf]nf] 3]/f agfO{ To;df n]Vg] . km]l/ Tof] zAb lrq;‚u
;DalGwt k|Zg jf ;Gbe{ hf]8\b} csf]{ zAb lrq agfpg] qmdzM zAb lrq yKb} hfg] . “
-r_ hf]8Ldf k9fO / hf]8Ldf ;f/f+z (Paired Reading-Paired Summarizing) : of] hf]8Ldf kf7\of+z k9\g] ljlw xf] .
b'O{hgfb]lv b'O{ ;o ljBfyL{dfem ;lhn} ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] o; ljlwdf ;fdfGo lsl;dn] k7geGbf #÷$ u'0ff ;do
nfU5 . ;do arfpgsf nflu ;'?df rf/b]lv ^ cg'R5]b hf]8Ldf k7fO{÷;f/f+z cEof; ug{ nufP/ lrGtgnfO{
pT;flxt ug]{ x]t'n] of] lqmofsnfk u/fOG5 . h;n] kf7\of+z a'‰gsf nflu k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M l7Sssf] nDafOsf] ;"rgfd"ns kf7\of+z 5fGg'xf];\ . kf7\of+z 5f]6f 5f]6f cg'R5]b ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
bf];|f] r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ s'g} x/km 7"nf] :j/n] k9\g'xf];\ / To;sf] ;f/f+z lgsfNg'xf];\ . ;f/f+zsf] ljz]iftfsf af/]df
atfpg'xf];\ . of] d"n kf7of+zeGbf 5f]6f] x'G5 t/ o;n] ;a} dxŒjk"0f{ ljrf/ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 .
-v_ kf7\of+zsf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ @ cf]6f k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . of] ljlw ckgfp‚bf ug'{kg]{ csf]{ sfd
k|Zg ;f]Wg' xf] eg]/ eGg'xf];\ .
t];|f] r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hf]8L agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . klxn] Pshgf ljBfyL{n] cg'R5]b jf lrgf] nufPsf] v08
tkfO{+n] u/] h:t} u/L k9\g'k5{ / ;f/f+z lgsfNg'k5{ egL ljBfyL{nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ . ;a} hgfn] o;f] ug{
;do tf]Sg'xf];\ . To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿n] a'em] ls a'em]gg\ eGg] s'/f hf‚Rgsf nflu s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{
 ;f/f+z k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ . ca hf]8Lsf] csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfÇgf]
hf]8Ln] ev{/} k9]sf] / ;f/f+z lgsfn]sf] x/kmsf af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg nufpg'xf];\ .
rf}yf] r/0f M pgLx¿nfO{ slt ;do lbg] xf], Tof] klg atfOlbg] . -kl5 ;do yk ubf{ klg /fd|} x'G5_
kf“rf}F r/0f M ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf s]xL ljrf/ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . oL n]v ljBfyL{n] cfÇgf] hg{ndf
klg /fVg ;S5 . “
-5_ ;+lIfKt n]vg (Quick Write) : ;ª\lIfKt n]vg eg]sf] s'g} ljifosf] ;DaGwdf cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf s'/f t'?Gt} n]Vg]
sfd xf] . 5nkmnsf qmddf ljrf/x¿ xtf/df lg:sG5g\ . To;/L JoSt ePsf /fd|f ljrf/nfO{ tTsfn} l6kf]6 ul/Pg
eg] lal;{OG5 . of] cgf}krfl/s x'G5 . o;sf] p2]Zo cfÇgf ljrf/nfO{ lnlka4 ug'{ xf] . o:tf] n]vfOdf z}nLsf] plt lrGtf
ul/‚b}g . hlt;'s} ljBfyL{x¿aLr ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] o; ljlwdf % b]lv !) ldg]6df lqmofsnfk ug{ ;lsG5 .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M cfk"mn] lbg nfu]sf] ljifodf cfÇgf] 5f]6f] ljrf/ n]v eg]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg] . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
pgLx¿n] g/f]lsO{sg lg/Gt/ n]Vg'k5{ eg]/ eGg] .
bf];|f] r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljifo lbg] .
t];|f] r/0f M pgLx¿nfO{ slt ;do lbg] xf], Tof] klg atfOlbg] . -kl5 ;do yk ubf{ klg /fd|} x'G5_
rf}yf] r/0f M ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf s]xL ljrf/ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg] . oL n]v ljBfyL{n] cfÇgf] hg{ndf klg
/fVg ;S5 . “
-h_ dfGotf (Value line) M of] Pp6f ;xof]ufTds l;sfO lqmofsnfk xf] . h'g km/s km/s hjfkm cfpg ;Sg] ljifodf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ nufpg pkof]u ul/G5 . o;df s'g} egfOdf ;xdlt jf c;xdlt JoSt ul/G5 . ljrf/df
/xg ;Sg] lje]b klxrfg ug{ ;Sg' tyf lje]bsf] ;Ddfg ug{ ;Sg' /fd|f] u'0f xf] . c¿ ;fyLx¿sf] c;xdlt eP klg
cfÇgf] dfGotfdf cl8u x'g' ljBfyL{sf nflu /fd|f] s'/f xf] . o; cEof;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf Wofg lbg / To;
ljifodf cfÇgf] wf/0ff agfpg, To; ljifodf c¿sf ljrf/ leGg x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ug{, cfÇgf] ljrf/sf] kIfdf
pleg / cfk"mn] To;f] ug'{sf sf/0f k|:t't ug{ d2t u5{ .
^ b]lv ^) hgf;Dd ljBfyL{dfem of] sfd !% ldg]6df ug{ ;lsG5 .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M lzIfsn] k"/} sIffnfO{ k|Zg u5{g\ . k|Zg To:tf] ljifodf ;f]Wg'k5{, h;sf af/]df s;}n] To;sf] kIfdf
s8f ;dy{g / s;}n] s8f lj/f]w ug{ ;S5g\ . o; lqmofsnfksf nflu ul/g] k|Zg o:tf] x'g ;S5
h:t} æ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf ;/sf/ jf hgtfsf] s:tf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 <Æ
bf];|f] r/0f M x/]s ljBfyL{n] of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm PSnfPSn} ;f]Rg]5g\ / cfÇgf] hjfkm sfkLdf n]Vg]5g\ .
t];|f] r/0f M lzIfs / Pshgf ljBfyL{ sIffsf]7fsf] ljk/Lt lbzfdf a:g]5g\ . 5nkmn ug{ nfluPsf]
ljifodf pgLx¿sf ljrf/ ljNs'n km/s 5g\ . Pp6fsf] wf/0ff csf{sf] wf/0fsf] l7s pN6f] 5
rf}yf] r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ ljrf/ ePsf] JolStlt/ pleg nufpg] . o;f] ubf{ k"/} sIff @
efudf ljeflht x'G5 .
kf“rf}F r/0f M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf af/]df cfÇgf] ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿;‚u 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] Pp6f
;d"xdf ;a}sf] dt Ps} x'g'kg]{ . dt km/s eP csf]{df k7fpg] .
5}6f}“ r/0f M b'j} ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿n] 5nkmn hf/L /fVg]5g\ .
;ftf}“ r/0f M lzIfsn] x/]s ;d"xsf Ps”Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;d"xsf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ nufpg]5g\,
pgLx¿sf ljrf/ ;'lg;s]kl5 s'g} ljBfyL{n] cfÇgf] ljrf/ km]g{ rfxG5 eg] p;nfO{ To;f] ug{ lbg'k5{
/ pm km/s ;d"xdf k|j]z ub{5 .
-em_ 3'nldn÷l:y/÷hf]8L (Mix/freeze/pair) M sfug -!(($_ sf cg';f/ of] ljlw ljBfyL{x¿n] gof‚ ;fyLx¿;‚u
ldn]/ tf]lsPsf] sfd ;DkGg ug]{ /dfOnf] tl/sf xf] . Ps 7fp‚af6 csf]{ 7fp‚df hf‚bf ljBfyL{x¿n] k'gtf{ huL k|fKt
u5{g\ / pgLx¿ Hofbf k"mlt{nf x'G5g\ . ;+of]usf cfwf/df 5flgPsf ;fyL;‚u ldn]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ugf{n] ;fdflhs
;Lk vf;u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ldn]/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf a9\5 . ^ b]lv ^) hgf;Dd ljBfyL{ ;d"xdf ug{ ;lsg] o;
ljlwdf @ b]lv % ldg]6df lqmofsnfk ul/;Sg'k5{ .
r/0fx¿
klxnf] r/0f M lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cufj} k|Zgsf af/]df ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ .
bf];|f] r/0f M lqmofsnfk ;'? x'gcufj} :ki6 lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ O;f/f ug]{lalQs} pgLx¿n]
p7]/ sf]7fdf 3'Dg'k5{ . /f]lsg'eGbf /f]lsg'k5{ / ;a}eGbf glhs plePsf] ;fyL;‚u hf]8L
af‚lwg'k5{ egL atfOlbg'xf];\ .
t];|f] r/0f M lx‚8\g O;f/f ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ Ps ldg]6 hlt lx‚8\g nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 ‘/f]lsp’ eGg'xf];\
pgLx¿n] s] sfd ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] atfOlbg';\ .
rf}yf] r/0f M pSt sfd olt ;doleqdf hf]8Ldf u/L ;Sg'k5{ egL atfOlbg'k5{ . To;kl5 pgLx¿nfO{
cf”cfÇgf] l;6df uP/ a:g eGg'k5{ . h'g;'s} lqmofsnfk u/fp‚bf klg ljBfyL{s]lGb|t x'g'
cfjZos x'G5 . cWofkg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{
 cfkm}‚nfO{ s'g} s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ufx|f] tyf cK7\of/f] kg{ ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf dfq
sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ /fd|/L s]nfO{ lzIfsåf/f ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ ;dfwfg ul/lbg' plrt x'G5 . sIffdf
ljleGg k|sf/sf ckfª\utf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿ ePdf pgLx¿nfO{ cg's"n x'g] u/L lqmofsnfk
u/fpg'k5{ .
pkrf/fTds lzIf0f
ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿ ;a}sf] l;sfO Ifdtf Ps} k|sf/sf] x'Fb}g . s'g} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO Ifdtf tLI0f x'G5
eg] s'g}sf] dGb / s'g}sf] Go"g x'G5 . To;}n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sdhf]/Lsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ul/g] lzIf0fnfO{ pkrf/fTds
lzIf0f elgG5 .
l;sfOdf kl5 kg]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sf/0f hGdhft ¿kdf sdhf]/ eP/eGbf klg jftfj/0fLo kl/l:yltsf] kl/0ffdaf6 x'g]
ub{5 . To;}n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L lzIf0fdf ;xefuL u/fP/ ;'wf/fTds ¿kdf ul/g] lzIf0fnfO{ pkrf/fTds
lzIf0f elgG5 .
ljkb\÷dxfdf/L
ljkb\ eg]sf] To:tf] ljklQk"0f{ kl/l:ylt xf], h'g kl/l:yltdf w]/}h;f] hghLjg cs:dft\ c:tJo:t x'g k'U5, o:tf]
kl/l:yltdf dflg;x¿n] w]/} b'Mv kfpF5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;'/Iff, vfgf, cfjf;, n'ufkmf6f], cf}ifwf]krf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf
h:tf dfG5]nfO{ hLjgdf geO{ gx'g] cGo cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{,
 ljkb\ eg]sf] ljklQk"0f{ kl/l:ylt xf] .
 ljkb\af6 hghLjg cs:dft\ c:tJo:t x'G5 .
 ljkb\sf sf/0faf6 dflg;n] b'Mv kfpF5g\ .
 ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQmnfO{ geO{ gx'g] vfgf, af; / nQfsk8fsf] k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
ljkb\sf sf/0fx¿
k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿ dfgjLo sf/0fx¿
 e"sDk  o'4
 af9Lklx/f]  b'3{6gf
 ;'gfdL  cf0fljs / cft+s
 dxfdf/L  lx+;f / xNnf
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cy{
 ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{ jf To;sf] c;/÷k|efjnfO{ sd ug{sf nflu ul/g] k|of; jf k|efjsf/L k|aGw tyf ljkb\sf]
k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{sf nflu ul/g] sfo{x¿nfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
-!_ /f]syfd, cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/L -ljkb\ kg{'cl3_
-s_ /f]syfd M /f]syfd eGgfn] s'g} 36gf÷ultljlwnfO{ x'g glbg /f]Sg] jf c8\ofpg] sfd jf k|oTg egL a'lemG5 .
To;}n] /f]syfdsf] cy{ x'G5 ljkb\ /f]Sg jf c8\ofpg ul/g] ;a} vfnsf k|of; .
-v_ cNkLs/0f M ljkb\df kg'{eGbf klxn] ljkb\sf] c;/ jf k|efjnfO{ sd ug{sf nflu ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{ jf
pkfo .
-u_ k"j{tof/L M ljkb\sf] k"jf{g'dfg, /f]syfd / c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf ;fy} ljkb\ kl//xFbf / kl/;s]kl5 o;af6 pTkGg
kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu klxn] g} tof/ eP/ a:g' . ;ª\If]kdf eGg'kbf{ ljkb\ kl//x]sf ;dodf /
kl/;s]kl5 tTsfn k|efljt dflg;sf] hLjg /Iffsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ p4f/, /fxt tyf cGo sfo{sf nflu
klxn] g} tof/ eP/ a:g' xf] .
-3_ k|ltsfo{ M ljkb\sf] 36gfsf] a]nfjf To;kl5 tTsfn} hLjg /Iff ug]{ p4f/h:tf] cfkt\sfnLg ;]jf / gful/s
;xof]u, :jf:Yo;DaGwL c;/ Go"g ug]{, ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf k|efljt JolQmx¿sf]
cfwf/e"t hLljsf]kfh{gsf vf+Frf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ul/g] k|fjwfg g} k|ltsfo{ xf] .
-@_ vf]h, p4f/ tyf /fxt -ljkb\ ;dodf_
-s_ vf]h tyf p4f/ M elTsPsf ;+/rgfx¿df k'l/Psfx¿nfO{ vf]hL u/]/ kQf nufO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg /Iffsf nflu
k'l/Psf 7fpFaf6 ;'/lIft ;fy ;'/lIft :yfgdf NofOg] sfo{nfO{ g} vf]h tyf p4f/ elgG5 . o; sfo{df
k|efljtx¿nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fy;fy} cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo pkrf/sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
-v_ /fxt M ljkb\af6 k|efljt ePsfx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf -vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, kfgL, k|fylds pkrf/,
:jf:Yo ;]jf, a;f]af;, ;'/Iff, dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf_ pknAw u/fpg'nfO{ /fxt elgG5 .
/fxtleq kg]{ sfd
 vfgfsf] k|aGw M vfgf ljt/0f, b"w agfP/ v'jfpg] sfo{qmd, ef+F8f ljt/0f
 n'ufkmf6f] ljt/0f
 c:yfoL cfjf; tyf ;/;kmfO
 ljz]if sfo{qmd M yk p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] ljt/0f, k'gM:yfkg÷k'glg{df{0f sfo{qmd, Jofj;flos cf}hf/x¿sf]
ljt/0f, z}lIfs ;xof]u, x/fPsf dfG5]x¿sf] vf]hL / lgs6td gft]bf/x¿nfO{ va/ cflb .
-u_ k|To'nlAw M ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQm, ;d'bfo jf If]qnfO{ ljkb\ cfpg'cl3sf] em+}F ;fdfGo cj:yfdf Nofpgsf
nflu ul/g] k'gM:yfkgf tyf k'glg{df{0fh:tf ultljlwnfO{ g} k|To'nlAw elgG5 .
-#_ k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0f -ljkb\kZrft\_
-s_ k'gM:yfkgf M ljkb\sf] 36gfsf sf/0f dfgj ;d'bfo lj:yflkt x'g ;S5 . o;/L lj:yflkt kl/jf/sf] plrt :yfg
x]/L tTsfn c:yfoL a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf elgG5 . cfkt\sfnLg l:ylt ;fdfGog
xF'bf;Ddsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf ljkb\sf sf/0f lj:yflktx¿nfO{ c:yfoL a;f]af; u/fpg] sfo{
k'gM:yfkgf xf] .
 -v_ k'glg{df{0f M ljkb\ k|efljtx¿sf nflu 3/ lgdf{0f jf dd{t, cTofjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf ;+/rgf / ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s ultljlwsf] :yfoL ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g] ljsf;sf sfo{ g} k'glg{df{0f xf] . o;cGtu{t eTs]sf 3/ tyf
cGo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f jf dd{t;Def/ ubf{ eljiodf kg{ ;Sg] ljkb\nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL lgdf{0f ul/G5 /
cj?4 ePsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfdf ;d]t ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ug]{ ultljlw ;~rfng ul/G5 .
a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&% ldlt @)&% kmfu'g !# ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLs[t
 a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iffsf tLgj6f dxŒjk"0f{ :tDenfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5, h;cGtu{tM != ;'/lIft l;sfO ;'ljwf (Safe
Learning Facilities), @= ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, (School Disaster Management), #= ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f tyf pTyfgzLn lzIff (Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Education)
a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldlt / sfo{bn “
-s_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 k|To]s ljBfnodf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt x'G5 .
 ljBfnosf] ;du| ;~rfng Joj:yfkg / /]vb]v ug'{ o; ;ldltsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L xf] .
 k|wfgfWofks o; ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] lzIfs / cleefjssf k|ltlglw ;ldltdf
;b:osf ¿kdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . “
-v_ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf sfo{ ;d"x
 ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f / a;]{lg cBfjlws ug]{ lhDd]jf/L o; ;d"xdf /xg]5, of] ;d"x k|wfgfWofkssf]
g]t[Tjdf kfFrhgfsf] /xg]5 . “
-u_ ljBfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|To]s ljBfnodf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltcGtu{t ljBfno ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{5 . o; ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:o Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 dgf]gLt x'g]5g\ .
 pQm ;ldltn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf JolQm a[xt\ ljBfno ;'/Iff ;Dks{ ;b:o x'g]5g\ .
 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjsf ¿kdf ;d]t k|wfgfWofksn] sfd ug]{5g\ .
 ;b:odf a[xt\ ljBfno ;Dks{ lzIfs, n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;Dks{ lzIfs, afnSna /
cleefjssf k|ltlglw /xg]5g\ . “