UNINTENDED EFFECT

A Case Study Analysis

In fulfilment of the subject requirements in

Ethics
2nd Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

Submitted to
PROF. JOLIBER CAMINONG

Submitted by:
BILLONES, JAMES A.
CRUZ, KELLY JOYCE
DAANOY, CAMILLE SHAYNE
GALVEZ, MARIELLA
MENDOZA, KRIZTAL RHAIN P.
PANGILINAN, MARK JUSTIN O.
REFORMA, BRYAN G.
SANCHEZ, ERICA
VARGAS, HANS GERALD

BSBA 1D
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sections Pages

Issue at Hand ………….…………………………………………………………… 1

Necessary Information …………………………………………………………….. 1
Theories to Consider ……………………………………………………………….. 2
Expected Outcomes ……………………………………………………………….. 4
Game Plan …………………………………………………………………………... 5
Reforms Towards Sustainability …………………………………………………... 7
Integrity Impact ……………………………………………………………………… 9
Transformative Impact to Multi-stakeholders ……………………………………. 9
Yields and Insights …………………………………………………………………. 10

References ………………………………………………………………………….. 11

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SECTION I: Issue at Hand

Jack has been working as a project engineer for a mechanical energy technology firm for
a few years now, and has recently been promoted to review projects for in need communities
overseas. He has been put in charge of managing the current company's charity projects, and
determining how to distribute the funding for them.

The problem is, Jack is doubting whether the company should be funding the project. He is also
wondering if he will bring up his doubts to his boss.

Reason why Jack is doubting to fund the project:

• The project is expensive and high maintenance.
• The people just want better lighting in their homes, so why will they insist on putting solar
panels.
• It could also lead to a negative effect such as the equipment being stolen in exchange of
money.

SECTION II: Necessary Information

For the past few years, Jack has worked as a project engineer for a mechanical energy
technology corporation, and he has lately been promoted to examine projects for in-need
communities overseas. Some of the projects have fairly simple missions and material
requirements, but Jack is unsure if the corporation should fund one of them.

The goal of the project is to deliver new solar panels to an East African community, but the data
reveals that it would be more practical to just improve the lighting in the homes. Jack is undecided
about raising his concerns with his supervisor. The community, according to the company's study,
wants a better lighting system for their homes, and solar panels would be an expensive and high-
maintenance undertaking. Not to mention a previous project that resulted in the theft of equipment
from the same location in exchange for money. Jack recognizes that having solar panels in the
community would benefit their local sponsor greatly.

It would also aid in the formation of a solid business relationship between the two companies.
Instead of going on a large undertaking that may have unexpected consequences, Jack believes

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it is his responsibility to give the community with a more basic and efficient answer to their
dilemma.

SECTION III: Theories to consider

THEORY OF CHANGE FOR OFF-GRID SOLAR UPTAKE IN EMERGING

ECONOMIES by KYLE M. KARBER B.S. Arizona State University, 2010.
Identifying Impacts of Off-Grid Solar to begin the ToC we started by identifying the likely impacts
of increased solar adoption, in order to verify that we are pursuing a worthwhile outcome. The
most apparent impact of solar is additional lighting hours from a brighter higher-quality light source
relative to kerosene and other traditional sources.
Other non-economic aspects of functional value include the product’s convenience and service.
Convenience includes time saved, such as avoiding time spent going to the market to 22 buy
kerosene or charge a cell phone. It also includes the flexibility to meet variable and increasing
energy demand. Service includes support, training, and maintenance. Personal value includes
satisfying a desire for knowledge, provoking curiosity, and providing novelty and emotional value.
Not only is knowledge gained about the technology through its purchase and use, but
opportunities to acquire more knowledge are increased due to additional light. In Kenya, there is
a desire for a light switch and permanent bulb that are similar to those of a grid electrified house,
because of the emotional value associated with a western lifestyle.
Issues which can negatively affect user-value for solar products must also be taken into
consideration. Households may place a higher value on grid electricity, thus their willingness to
pay for solar products is lower. Similarly, some see grid power as more effective at charging
battery-powered lamps, which may be partly due to the need to charge the solar lamp daily, rather
than only, when necessary, with grid charging. Functional value may decrease when accounting
for time and effort spent on managing the charging process and mitigating concerns of theft,
where necessary. However, in some contexts the perceived reliability of SHSs makes them more
attractive than a grid connection. Other issues arise when SHSs are not installed properly or
incorrect information is given regarding system performance, which results in disappointed
consumers whose expectations of system value were not met.
Social and Cultural Value Societal norms, cultural values, and other social structures can
influence an individual’s perception of a new technology. It is possible that tradition can be a
barrier, and the “day-to-day culture” in rural areas can lead to disinterest in new technology. If a

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population is skeptical of a new technology and reluctant to try it, the adoption process is hindered.
Furthermore, religion can be a deciding factor in purchasing decisions, and spirituality can lead
to fear of unknown technologies. However, this disinclination toward new technology is 23 either
not universal, or can be overcome, as evidenced by the rapid diffusion of cell phones in Sub-
Saharan Africa and the popularity of television and radio, even in rural areas.
Perceived Quality Another element influencing the attractiveness of solar technology is the
perceived quality of these products. Quality, service, and sufficiency are identified as the
dimensions of reliability, which is an important parameter that influence a potential customer’s
value judgement. Inadequate or inaccurate information about the reliability of a new product is a
market imperfection that inhibits adoption. Inadequate information on quality is perpetuated by
the over-the-counter nature of solar product purchases, which limit the ability of customers to
assess reliability before purchase. Low quality solar products are widely available on the market
in developing communities. Lighting Global created a product-testing and certification program
for off-grid lighting products; of the 110 products submitted in 2014, only 45 met the minimum
standards for quality. Product submission was voluntary, so this already meager 41% pass rate
does not include the multitude of low-quality products that were not subject to testing. Additionally,
the real-world failure rate is likely to be higher than those demonstrated in lab testing conditions.
In an RCT which deployed almost 700 Lighting Global quality-certified solar lanterns, around 10%
were broken after 7 months. Mills et al. took an in-depth look at lighting product quality issues in
Kenya, and their potential consequences. They found that most low-cost LED flashlights have a
lifespan of just a few months, and they were concerned that low-quality LED flashlights could
create negative perceptions of solar lighting products, which also use LEDs; users of LED
flashlights might 25 conclude that all LED products are low-quality, including solar LED lamps,
leading to “market spoiling” for these products. This market spoiling issue is an instance of
information failure, since consumers are aware that there are low-quality products on the market,
but they cannot differentiate between high and low-quality off-grid lighting products.

Theory of materials for solar energy conversion by Natalia Martsinovich Department of Chemistry,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
The ability to generate energy in a renewable and sustainable way is rapidly becoming one of the
key priorities both for science, technology and society. Solar energy is one such renewable
resource, and nature harnesses it through the process of photosynthesis. Inspired by natural
photosynthesis, photovoltaics and photocatalysis are using sunlight to produce electricity or to
drive chemical reactions.

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Frameworks for Understanding and Promoting Solar Energy Technology Development Chelsea
Schelly Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University
Understanding Solar Energy Technology Adoption across the Globe The theory of metabolic rift
proposes that there is a long-standing rift in the human-nature metabolism. As argued here, this
rift occurred with human exploitation of nonrenewable resources, a prerequisite to urbanization,
industrialization, and mechanized agriculture, creating a rift in the solar energy balance
metabolism and the carbon metabolic balance. Humans are the only species on earth to exploit
nonrenewable energy sources that surpass the constraints of our solar income budget. Marx
considered the demise of capitalism be the only means of healing the rift, because he believed
that industrial capitalism necessitates being out of balance with nature. However, since the
concept of the rift is based on the concept of metabolism, healing the human-nature metabolic
relationship is another way of addressing the rift. Solar energy technology offers one way to
eliminate the metabolic rift and restoring a balance in human-nature metabolic relations. Solar
energy technology allows for the harnessing of the renewable and practically infinite energy of
the sun to provide for human energy needs. Solar technology has the potential to heal the rift in
the human-nature metabolic energy and carbon balances. By using the energy provided by the
sun, humans would be realigned with the energy flow of the earth as a metabolic system and
could live within the solar energy budget. Solar electric technology adoption is developing rapidly,
as costs continue to plummet and the technology continues to improve. One limitation to
harvesting the abundant resources available from solar radiation for meeting global electricity
demand is the storage of this intermittent resource, although battery storage technologies also
continue to advance. Furthermore, the storage capacity necessary for small-scale solar electric
systems is already available.

SECTION IV: Expected Outcomes

The project’s mission is to provide new solar panels for an East African community but
the project data suggests it is more practical to just install better lighting inside the homes. Based
on the company’s research on the community, the community desires better lighting system for
their homes, and the solar panels would be an expensive and high maintenance project.
Objectives:
• To provide what is the East African community needed rather than expensive and high
maintenance project for them.

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• Jack will think wise decision for determining how to distribute the funding for them if he will
really invest in that project.
• The goal is to dispel Jack's doubts so that the project may move forward.

Things needed to achieve to make the project:

• To make this project happen, more lights should be installed or added to more homes.
• In order to complete the project, they must have a clear plan and communicate effectively.
• They must have sufficient funds, resources and time.

SECTION V: Game Plan

Game Plan A
- “HYDRO-POWER-ENERGY”
We chose Hydro Power Energy because Clean, Sustainable, In every part of the country,
hydropower keeps the lights on, and affordable and long-term and above all it is a way to help
and provide light to homes in their communities.
Proposed Solution:
- Controlling erosion in upstream watersheds and managing water elevation more carefully
especially during hot seasons, could be solutions. Pollutants left behind by earlier
industrial activities are also trapped in reservoirs, which move downstream and
accumulate behind dams.

Game Plan/Steps:
• PLANNING PHASE
- 1. Approval to construct a new renewable energy power station with a capacity of more
than 10 megawatts
- 2. Resolving concerns with property rights
- 3. Architectural Design $ Conceptual Design, preparation of State Urban Plan
Documentation
- 4. Environmental Impact Analysis
• CONSTRUCTION PHASE
- 5. Permit for construction
- 6. License to generate electricity
- 7. Permission to Use

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 - 8. Connection to the electrical system
• COMMISSIONING PHASE
- 9. Inclusion in the Renewable Energy Power Plants Register
- 10. Purchasing a power generator is a temporary decision.
- 11. Decision on obtaining favored power generator status and approval for using feed-in
tariffs for renewable energy generation
- 12. Power purchase agreement with MEPSO, the electricity market operator, for the sale
of electricity generated by RES preferred power generators.
• ELECTRICITY
- Generator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, which then generates the
final output, electricity.
- Powerhouse. The generated electricity is stored in the powerhouse. The electricity will
then be distributed via power lines.

PROS: CONS:

▪ Renewable energy source ▪ Some adverse environmental impact

▪ Pairs well with other renewables
▪ Can meet peak electricity demand
▪ Is inexpensive in the long run
▪ Produced domestically
▪ Can be used for irrigation
▪ Expensive up-front
▪ Lack of available reservoius
▪ Facilities rely on local hydrology

Game Plan B
- “GENERATOR POWER BY FUEL”
We chose this because gaining and having electricity can aid and facilitate people's lives, and it
doesn't require energy to operate because standby generators aren't powered by electricity;
instead, they run on gasoline, propane, or natural gas, depending on your setup.
Proposed Solution:
- Regular maintenance is the simple solution to most generator issues. Generator owners
should have a service agreement in place with a reputable company. A planned service

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 agreement is the most effective way to mitigate and avoid generator problems in industrial
environments. Working with the generator manufacturer and distributor will also describe
proper usage to ensure that the proper load quantities are used on a regular basis.

Game Plan C
- “SOLAR PANEL”
Solar panels are extremely environmentally beneficial because they generate electricity
solely from the sun's natural renewable energy. Solar, unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels such as
coal and oil, is clean and produces no greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, or toxic pollutants.

Proposed Solution:
- Solar panels for homes and businesses are the most effective way to harness the sun’s
energy. The sun generates enough energy in one hour to cover our annual global energy
needs. Allow that to sink in. Below, we go through solar power in further depth, including
its advantages and why you should consider it.

Status Quo:
• No constant supply of electricity.
• There’s no electric Light/LED Light.
• To make sure that the budget that’s allotted will be enough to build a long lasting project.
• The sponsors should be satisfied to promote the project.
• Ensures that the location is correct for project work.

SECTION VI: Reforms Towards Sustainability

As of 2016, hydropower was the world's greatest source of renewable energy, accounting
for up to 71% of total supply. Big dams are no longer being built in industrialized countries because
the finest dam sites have already been explored, and the prices are too high due to environmental
and social considerations. Dams are being demolished at a faster rate than they are being built
nowadays. The hydropower sector proceeded to build dams in emerging countries, and since the
1970s, has been building ever larger dams along river basins.

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Disrupting river ecology, deforestation, loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, releasing
significant greenhouse gases, displacing thousands of people, changing people's livelihoods, and
harming food systems, water quality, and agriculture around them are all problems that are being
repeated. This study looks at the rise of major dams in developing nations, the need of considering
climate change when deciding whether or not to build a dam, as well as some of the governance
and compensation issues. We also look at the overestimation of benefits and underestimating of
costs, as well as the necessary modifications to address the real social and environmental
concerns of people living near dams. Finally, we propose creative ideas for integrating
hydropower with solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources to achieve long-term
sustainability.

Hydropower does not pollute the environment or the water supply. Hydropower plants, on the
other hand, can have significant environmental consequences by altering the environment and
impacting land use, housing, and natural habitats in the dam area.

A dam and a reservoir are common features of hydroelectric power projects. These constructions
could block fish migration and have an impact on fish populations. The temperature of the water
and the flow of the river may be affected by the operation of a hydroelectric power plant. Native
flora and animals in the river and on land may be harmed as a result of these changes. People's
residences, valuable natural regions, agricultural land, and archaeological sites may be covered
by reservoirs. Dam construction may necessitate the relocation of populations. Methane, a
powerful greenhouse gas, may also form and be released into the environment in some
reservoirs.

China, the United States, and Brazil are the world's top three hydropower producers. Hydropower
energy has been demonstrated to have more than doubled worldwide electricity production over
the last two decades, and electricity consumption is fast expanding around the world as economic
prosperity expands to new economies. Electricity demand has expanded dramatically, and it is
now the fastest-growing energy end-use. Hydroelectric power is thus an essential contributor to
the future global energy mix, particularly in emerging nations, due to its technological, economic,
and environmental benefits.

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SECTION VII: Integrity Impact

Jack has been working as a project engineer for a mechanical energy technology firm for
a few years and has been promoted. In that sentence, we will know that jack have a full integrity.
He will not be promoted if he's not good to his work or position, we will see that jack is a man of
integrity, because of the result that he have done. He wants to install a solar panels in East African
Community, although he is unsure if the company will fund that project, but we will see the
willingness in his decision just to provide a better lightning in every house.
It is better if jack will provide better lightning in evey house than the solar panels because it will
be practical, and it's less struggle to him because it will need less budget than solar panels. But
the company will support him too. Because the company will not let him down to his decisions in
the project. And it will not affect the companies integrity and stakeholder's integrity, as long as
they agree on Jack's decisions.
If they have a better lightning in their every homes, people will be happy and will do all the things
that they can't do without light. They can see each other's face expression in the night, because
they have a better lightning, they can cook delicious foods, they can eat, they can do what ever
they want without difficulty unlike before that they don't have lights. Every body will be happy in
the results of Jack's decisions. It will have a big change in that community if they have a lights.
They can see the beautiful faces in every human in nights.

SECTION VIII: TRANSPORMATIVE IMPACT

The good news is that if this project is successfully done, it will benefit additional activities
because previously unused water will be repurposed after being cleansed. flowing water, winter
and spring runoff from mountain streams, and pristine lakes all contribute to hydroelectric power
generation. Water can be utilized to turn turbines and generators that generate power when it is
falling due to gravity. Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air. However, hydropower
facilities can have large environmental impacts by changing the environment and affecting land
use, homes, and natural habitats in the dam area. Controlling erosion in upstream watersheds
and appropriately managing water elevation will assist in cleaning up sewage trapped in
reservoirs, which can then be reused and converted for use in machines that require water.

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SECTION IX: Yield and Insights
The case analysts integrate that a problem concerning decision-making may occur when
the company honesty and trust will be a stake. Jack is worrying on how he will distribute the
donation that he will going to give. The east African community is in need of light and proper
housing so jack decided that he will donate to the community but like on the first sentence said
that he is in doubt on giving the donation because of the corruption that is possible to happen and
also it is too expensive and has very high maintenance cost and also the people just want lighting
and so they insist on putting it.

We the analysts realize that giving to the people who is charge isn’t the best way to do
and we should always come up with back up ideas on how you will properly distribute the money
or the donations that you are going to give.

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REFERENCES:

Benefits of Hydropower. (n.d.). Energy.Gov. https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-

hydropower?fbclid=IwAR2gTGxTzCFKS_24YX3KmBvc8jjlEhOXTyOwP1FXMKjZpFSaW_roGH
Ol5Us

Freitas, T. (2022, May 22). Battery Backup vs. Generator: Which Backup Power Source Is Best
for You? Cnet. https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/battery-backup-vs-generator-
which-backup-power-source-is-the-best-for-
you/?fbclid=IwAR395uobwD5ZhlSwP1wkDp3z0dzGrmmDzSFUrWacbo56edG2D3eeKelq7K8#:
~:text=Generators%20run%20on%20fuel%20to%20keep%20your%20electricity,run%20on%20
either%20natural%20gas%20or%20liquid%20propane

Gresham, T. (n.d.). Hydropower Vs. Solar Power Advantages. Sfgate.

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/hydropower-vs-solar-power-advantages-79612.html

Hydroelectric Energy. (n.d.). National Geographic.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hydroelectric-energy

Hydropower Vs. Solar Power Advantages. (n.d.). Sfgate.

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/drought-tolerant-plants-outdoor-13771625.html

Martsinovich, N. (2016, January 25). Theory of materials for solar energy conversion.
Iopscience. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-
8984/28/7/070301?fbclid=IwAR2X6LPcnnRtGYpVlLMYDDDX_T4FAyYicH9TEv8w9OdXDmVzh
1ZjvoLLIxw

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