Estimation and Mitigation of Voltage and
Current Harmonics in Distribution Systems
C. Venkatesh, D. Srikanth Kumar, Student Members, IEEE, and
D.V.S.S. Siva Sarma, Senior Member, IEEE, and M.Sydulu, Member, IEEE
Abstract-- The widespread application of power electronics is
introducing non-linear loads in the distribution system resulting
in the distortion of current and voltage waveforms. In this paper,
IEEE 13-bus distribution system is considered for analysis of
harmonics. The distribution system model is simulated in
PSCAD/EMTDC software with static and adjustable speed drives
as loads. Harmonic analysis of the system gives the harmonic
spectrum and THD of currents and voltages at various buses.
Mitigation of harmonics is performed by simulation using single
tuned, double tuned, reactance one-port filters. Comparative
analysis of filter performance is presented. The simulation study
show that the best performance of the filter is obtained when
positioned at/near the nonlinear load buses.
Index Terms— ASD, passive filters, harmonic mitigation,
sensitivity analysis, distribution system, THD.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HERE are a number of electrical devices that are
nonlinear in their operating mode, which generate
nonlinear line currents. These currents will influence the
voltage on a power distribution system and can degrade the
voltage waveform enough such that the operation of other
electrical apparatus may be impacted. Excessive harmonic
voltage and/or current can cause damage to equipment and the
electrical system. IEEE Std. 519-1992 gives application
guidelines. One of the common ways of controlling harmonic
distortion is to place a passive shunt harmonic filter close to
the harmonic producing load. The harmonic-producing device
can generally be viewed as a source of harmonic current. The
objective of the harmonic filter is to shunt some of the
harmonic current from the load into the filter, thereby reducing
the amount of harmonic current that flows into the power
system [1].
Different methods have been presented in the literature to
describe the behaviour of distribution systems under non
sinusoidal conditions [1-3] and measurement of harmonics is
C. Venkatesh is Research Scholar in National Institute of Technology,
Warangal, India (e-mail: challacvs@ieee.org).
D. Srikanth Kumar is pursuing M.Tech (Power Systems) in National
Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.(e-
mail:srikanthkumar_dara@yahoo.co.in)
Dr. D.V.S.S. Siva Sarma is with the Electrical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India. (e-mail:
sivasarma@ieee.org).
Dr. M. Sydulu is also with the Electrical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.(e-mail:
sydulumaheswarapu@yahoo.co.in)
essential [4,5]. Mitigation of current and voltage harmonics is
obtained by various techniques by the use of passive filters
and/or active filters [6-11].
Passive filters have been extensively used to simultaneously
meet one or more objectives and also meet the requirements of
IEEE Std. 519 with respect to total demand distortion (TDD)
at the point of common coupling (PCC). The single-tuned
filter, also called low-pass filter is most commonly applied.
However, one filter may not be adequate to filter effectively all
the troublesome harmonics. Two single-tuned filters will have
characteristics identical to a double bandpass filter. A high-
pass filter will allow a percentage of all harmonics above its
notch frequency to pass through. This results in large rating at
fundamental frequency and high losses in the resistor [6]. The
filter is commonly applied for higher frequencies and notch
reduction. The composite filter consists of two branches of
bandpass filters and a parallel branch of high-pass filter for
higher frequencies. Single-tuned or double-tuned filters are not
possible to employ for certain loads like cycloconverters or
when the power system has interharmonics [6].
Electronic adjustable speed drive (ASD) has attracted the
attention recently for the high reliability and efficiency
encountered in its performance. The ASD is becoming a
significant load component for different applications in
distribution systems; yet, it is considered as a major
contributor to the system harmonic distortion due to the
inherent non-linearity associated with its switching operation.
In this paper, modeling of ASD is provided and design of
various passive filters and shunt active filter is presented.
IEEE 13-bus system model is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC as
a case study and harmonic analysis is performed. Performance
of filters in compensating current and voltage harmonics is
tested by simulation for variation of load and optimal location
of filter in the distribution system is suggested. THDs of
current and voltage are used as harmonic indices in this paper.
Sensitivity analysis is also performed to analyze the effect of
filter parameter variation on THDs at various buses.
II. ASD LOAD MODEL
ASDs consist of an induction motor supplied by variable
AC voltage derived from converters. Hence, the ASD consists
of three major components; the first is the front end, which is
usually a 6 or 12 pulse rectifier. The second is the inverter
stage that converts the generated DC voltage to controllable
frequency and AC voltage to control the speed of the motor.
The last stage is the DC link (shunt capacitor) that couples the
two main stages and help in reducing the ripples of the DC
voltage in case of VSI and PWM topologies.
The front-end rectifier injects harmonic currents into the
AC supply system due to its switching process. The inverter
introduces additional ripples in the DC link current, which in
turn penetrates into the supply side and hence contributes for
harmonics. Like all other non-linear and switching loads,
ASDs were normally represented by harmonic current
injection. The magnitude of these harmonic currents was taken
to be equal to (1/n)th of the fundamental frequency current for
the nth harmonic. But this method implies does not consider the Fig. 2. Simulation model of ASD in PSCAD/EMTDC.
interaction between the current and the voltage harmonics
generated by the device. This might lead to the wrong
estimation of the system distortion level. In order to
accommodate these interactions while calculating the system
distortion, the ASD model together with the system will be
represented in the time-domain to accurately account for the
harmonic interactions.
The harmonics injected by the inverter is mainly dependent
on the inverter topology and the motor characteristics.
Therefore, the ASD can be modeled with a common three
phase bridge converter circuit together with a DC link circuit Fig. 3. Control circuit for varying speed of the ASD.
and a harmonic current source to represent the inverter and the
motor as shown in Fig. 1. The DC link capacitor in case of A. Single-tuned filter
VSI and the DC inductor in case of CSI can block the The most common type of shunt passive filters used in
propagation of the harmonics generated from the inverter side harmonic mitigation is the single tuned filter (STF) which is
from entering the AC system [7]. This conclusion calls for a either a low pass or band pass filter. This type of filter is the
simple representation of the converter and the motor simplest to design and the least expensive to implement. The
collectively by a DC current source instead of a harmonic configuration of a single tuned filter is depicted in Fig. 4(a).
current source. The direct current into inverter can be The major criteria in designing the filter, is the selection of
estimated from the motor load as (1). proper capacitor size that gives a reasonable power factor at
P fundamental frequency. The capacitor reactance value, Xc and
I = (1) reactive power relationship is given by,
dc 2.3V cos α
ph 2
kVcap
where P is the motor load including losses and V ph is the phase Xc = (2)
MVAr
voltage of the supply system. Changing the converter firing filter
angle α and the DC current source magnitude I dc will reflect where kV cap is the line-to line rated voltage of the capacitor
and MVAr is the reactive power of the capacitor.
different operating conditions of the ASD. The
The filter capacitance is then calculated using (3) as
PSCAD/EMTDC model of the ASD is shown in Fig. 2.
1
C= (3)
2π fX c
where f is the fundamental frequency. (4) is then used to
obtain the reactor value of the filter.
1
L= (4)
2
( 2π fn ) C
where n is the harmonic order to which the filter is tuned. The
value of the resistance R determines the quality factor (Q) of
Fig. 1. ASD model.
the filter and is equal to the ratio of the inductive or capacitive
reactance, at resonance, to the resistance. Typical values of Q
III. DESIGN OF PASSIVE FILTERS range from 15 to 80 for filters used in industrial and
Passive harmonic filters reduce distortion by diverting commercial applications [12].
harmonic currents in low impedance paths. Passive filters are
B. Double tuned filter
designed to be capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that
they are also used for producing reactive power required by The double tuned filter (DTF) consists of a series LC circuit
converters and for power factor correction. and a parallel RLC circuit. The basic configuration of DTF is
shown in below Fig. 4(b). If f1 and f2 are the two tuning This compensator proves to be more efficient in mitigating
frequencies, both the series circuit and the parallel circuit are system harmonics [13]. The main drawback of the reactance
tuned to approximately the mean geometric one-port compensator is being sensitive to the system
frequency f m = f1 f 2 . configuration and parameters variation; however, it does not
create any resonance with the system inductive impedance like
the LC filters.

IV. IEEE 13-BUS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

A practical IEEE 13-bus [9] medium voltage industrial
distribution system feeding different types of industrial and
commercial loads shown in Fig. 5 is considered for harmonic
analysis. The system transformer and feeder data [8] are given
Fig. 4. Passive filter circuits in Tables I and II. The system is fed from a utility supply at 69
DTF can be used to filter two harmonic components kV at bus 4 and a local generator of 13.8 kV operating at bus
simultaneously. Compared to the STF with the same 1. A power factor correction capacitor rated of 6000 kVAr is
performance, DTF has a few advantages such as only one connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) at bus 3.
reactor is subjected to full line voltage, its losses are much Two harmonic producing loads namely the adjustable speed
lower and the impedance magnitude at the frequency of the drives of 20 hp each are serving the customers at bus 7 and bus
parallel resonance is lower and smaller space needed. The 10.
filter parameters L1, C1, L2 and C2 are calculated by using (6).
TABLE I
C1 is calculated using (5) by neglecting the internal resistances. INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM TRANSFORMER DATA
Trans Voltage MVA
R (%) X (%)
   former (kV) Rating

C1 =  ω
 ωp


2
 −
2
( 2 2
) 2 2
1  ω f ω1 + ω2 − ω p ω p − ω1 ω2  V (5) T1 13.8 / 0.48 1.50 0.9593 5.6694
f ω ω 
+  Q


 1 2 
ωf 
 (
ω12ω22ω p 2ωs 2 ) 

T2
T3
69.0 / 13.8
13.8 / 0.48
15.0
1.25
0.4698
0.7398
7.9862
4.4388
L1 is then calculated by (6). T4 13.8 / 4.16 1.725 0.7442 5.9370
2 T5 13.8 / 0.48 1.50 0.8743 5.6831
 ωp  1 T6 13.8 / 0.48 1.50 0.8363 5.4360
L1 =   (6)
 ω ω  C1 T7 13.8 / 2.40 3.75 0.4568 5.4810
 1 2
Value of C2 is calculated from C1as in (7). TABLE II
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM FEEDER DATA
 ω 2 + ω 2 − ω 2   From To Resistance Inductance
p  
C2 = C1   1 2 −1 (7) Bus Bus (Ω) (mH)
 2
ωs   1 3 0.023268 0.13800
    4 5 0.0265 0.18000
L2 can now be calculated as (8). 3 6 0.0143 0.03820

1
 2 2 2
1  ω1 + ω2 − ω p 
3 9 0.0299 0.07924
3 11 0.0208 0.05510
L2 = = (8)
2
ω p C2 ω p 2 C1  ωs2 

where ω1and ω2 are the tuned frequencies,
ωp = Parallel resonance frequency selected
between ω1and ω2 , and ωs = ω1ω2 / ω p .

C. Reactance one-port compensator

The third filtering technique used for harmonic
compensation is the reactance one-port compensator shown in
Fig. 4(c). In order to achieve the minimum voltage and current
distortion, the current harmonics should have minimum values
and their reactive components should be compensated. To
accomplish this task, the proposed filter susceptance should be
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the equivalent load
susceptance such as
BCn = − BLn (9) Fig. 5. Single line diagram of IEEE 13-bus distribution system.
where BCn = Compensator susceptance at harmonic “n” and
BLn = Load susceptance at harmonic “n”.
Fig. 6. PSCAD/EMTDC model of 13-bus industrial distribution system.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The distribution system shown in Fig. 5 is modeled and
simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC as depicted in Fig. 6. Four static
loads and two ASDs are connected at bus 7 and 10. Harmonic
analysis is performed by simulation and THD of current and
voltages at various buses are found. Fig. 7(a) shows the
voltage and current harmonic spectrum and Fig. 7(b) shows
current waveforms at buses 3, 7, 9 and 10. At these buses the
harmonics are found to more. The bus at which ASDs are
connected are prone to more harmonics. Hence filters are used
to compensate the harmonics in the system. STF, DTF and
reactance one-port compensators are designed using (2) – (9).
The parameters of these filters are given in Tables III and IV.

TABLE III
PARAMETERS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE TUNED FILTERS
Single tuned Double tuned
rd 7th or rd 7th or 10th
Parameters 3 bus 3 bus
10th bus bus
L1 ( mH ) 9.147 0.10 0.107 0.570
C1 ( µF ) 50.1433 6907.77 206.50 2873.4
R(Ω) 0.0000271 0.010 Nil Nil
Fig. 7.(a).Harmonic spectrum, (b).Current waveforms at buses 3, 7, 9and 10.
C2 ( µF ) Nil Nil 42.69 358.0255
L2 ( mH ) Nil Nil 0.140 2.580 Simulation is performed by placing these filters at different
buses and performance of the filters in mitigating current and
TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF REACTANCE ONE PORT FILTER voltage harmonics are tabulated in Table V. In this paper,
Reactance one-port compensator THD is used as the harmonic index. It is clear that passive
Parameters 3rd bus 7th bus 10th bus filters can compensate the harmonics at the buses where they
L1 ( H ) 37.34120 2.4093870 1.199780 are connected but the other buses do have harmonics
C1 ( F ) 0.011902 0.1844640 0.370439 exceeding the limits. When filters placed at bus 7 and bus 10,
L2 ( H ) 3.271550 0.1715512 0.102331
at which the ASDs are connected, system harmonics are
C2 ( F ) 0.019104 0.364323 0.610762
L3 ( H ) 5.082170 0.317687 0.170384 controlled and are well within the limits. For different position
C3 ( F ) 0.0030745 0.0491835 0.0917044 of the filters the THD variation of current is shown in Fig. 8.
 5
TABLE V ±30% is considered for analysis. From Table VII it can be
COMPARISON OF FILTER PERFORMANCES WHEN PLACED AT DIFFERENT BUSES
Reactance one-
observed that by increasing the loads, the harmonic distortion
Double Tuned
Filter Moni Single tuned Filter
filter
port levels or THDs are slightly lower as compared to decreasing
positio tor Compensator
n Bus THD THD THD
the loads. This fact is attributed to attenuation in which by
THDI THDI THDI
V V V increasing the loads, the system impedance is increased
3 3.19 0.52 2.29 0.39 0.19 0.11 thereby, decreasing the THD of the system.
7 25..10* 4.71 25.19* 4.22 25.78* 2.87
3
9 25.86* 0.53 25.95 0.38 26.07* 0.11
10 26.31* 5.69* 26.41* 5.19* 26.74* 3.36 TABLE VI
3 9.64 1.74 1.16 0.37 6.81 1.02 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN X/R RATIO OF SOURCE IMPEDANCE ON SYSTEM
7 5.19 3.14 1.26 2.69 0.93 0.57 HARMONICS
7
9 25.72* 1.75 25.62* 0.37 25.78* 1.08 7th Bus 9th Bus 10th Bus
10 26.18* 6.71* 26.03* 5.44* 26.24* 6.13* X/R
Ratio THD THD THD
3 9.09 1.65 3.13 1.12 6.49 0.65 THDI THDI THDI
V V V
7 24.99* 5.54* 25.19* 3.95 25.13* 4.75
10 w/o
9 8.78 1.65 1.53 1.13 5.61 0.65 24.85* 6.18* 25.63* 2.59 26.09* 7.30*
filter
10 8.51 3.88 1.53 3.99 5.58 4.02
0.5 28.02* 4.74 25.93* 0.49 26.38* 5.93*
3 6.14 1.08 1.12 0.25 5.46 0.33
1 24.96* 5.05* 25.83* 0.95 26.29* 6.17*
7 & 10 7 5.48 2.84 1.25 2.73 1.19 0.87
9 9.27 1.08 9.14 0.25 6.28 0.34
2 24.79* 5.69* 25.71* 2.17 26.17* 7.04*
10 8.98 3.65 8.93 4.59 6.25 4.16 4 24.47* 6.79* 25.50* 3.96 25.97* 8.24*
* indicates that THDI and THDV exceeds the limit. 6 24.26* 7.46* 25.40* 4.89 25.88* 9.04*
8 24.15* 7.88* 25.33* 5.47* 25.81* 9.50*
10 24.08* 8.15* 25.28* 5.70* 25.77* 9.72*
* indicates that THDI and THDV exceeds the limit.

TABLE VII
THD VALUES OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FOR CHANGE IN LOAD WHEN
DTF IS CONNECTED
DTF THDI (%) THDV (%)
Load
Positi Bus
(%) Bus 3 Bus 7 Bus 10 Bus 3 Bus 7
on 10
30% ↑ 1.01 1.25 25.98* 0.33 2.75 5.45*
7th
Rated 1.16 1.26 26.03* 0.37 2.69 5.44*
Bus
30% ↓ 1.18 1.28 26.09* 0.38 2.75 5.48*
7th 30% ↑ 1.01 1.25 8.90 0.24 2.79 4.69
& Rated 1.12 1.25 8.93 0.25 2.73 4.59
10th
30% ↓ 1.15 1.26 8.99 0.26 2.81 4.69
Bus
* indicates that THDI and THDV exceeds the limit.

C. Change in filter parameters

Fig. 8. Variation of THD of currents and voltages for different filter positions.
VI. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
In this section variation of load, source X/R ratio, effect of
power factor correction capacitor (PFCC) and filter parameter
variation are considered for analysis to investigate the effect of
harmonic distribution in the system.
A. Change is source X/R ratio
The effect of changing the X/R ratio of the source internal
impedance is investigated with source impedance kept
constant. The results tabulated in Table VI show that
increasing the source impedance X/R ratio may lead to more
harmonic cancellation. Increase in the X/R ratio will increase
in the THDs of bus voltages but the current harmonics are
reduced slightly. This is due to the fact that harmonic phase
angles are changed which may result in cancellation of some of
the harmonics.
B. Change in load
Harmonic amplitudes in the distribution system depend on
various loading conditions. Variation in the static loads by
Filter circuit selection is normally based on the economics
of the construction of the filter circuit and maintenance.
Sensitivity of the filter under various conditions is to be
considered. When a network is synthesized, its nominal
component values can be obtained. The filter performance
remains same if the system and filter parameters remain same
throughout their lifetime. However, in practice, real
component do deviate from their normal values due to initial
inaccuracy in fabrication, environmental factors such as
temperature and humidity, and chemical and mechanical
changes due to aging. Therefore, it is important to select a
network whose performance is least affected by the changes in
its element values. Hence filter performance is to be
investigated for change in filter parameter values to make the
decision of proper selection of the filter.
Table VIII shows the THD indices of current and voltage at
the PCC for variation of filter parameters (L and C) from
±5% to ±15% . From the table it is seen that when L and C are
made to change from 5% to 15% the THDs vary slightly but
remain within the limits. Thus in this case, the filter is not
sensitive to parameter variation and economic factors
influence the filter selection.
 6
TABLE VIII system is performed for static loads and ASDs in the system.
EFFECT ON THD BY VARIATION IN L, C PARAMETERS OF TUNED FILTER
THDI THDV
Mitigation of harmonics is suggested by using STF, DTF and
Paramet %
er Change
3rd 7th 10th 3rd 7th 10th reactance one-port compensator. Optimal location of filter is
Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus identified and is found that harmonics are within limits when
Normal 1.77 6.08 9.66 0.29 2.56 3.30
5 2.08 6.10 9.75 0.32 2.66 3.44 filters are placed at buses where the ASDs are connected.
C↑;
L↑
10 2.30 6.09 9.76 0.36 2.77 3.55 Sensitivity analysis is also performed and harmonic
15 2.58 6.05 9.71 0.39 2.87 3.65
5 1.51 5.98 9.44 0.25 2.48 3.13
distribution in the system are investigated for increase and
C↓;
L↓
10 1.28 5.85 9.18 0.22 2.37 2.97 decrease of load, change in source X/R ratio, effect of power
15 1.41 5.67 8.75 0.22 2.19 2.81
factor correction capacitor (PFCC) and filter parameter
5 1.68 5.69 9.12 0.27 2.51 3.20
C↑; variation are considered for analysis to investigate the effect of
10 1.56 5.32 8.61 0.26 2.46 3.10
L↓
15 1.46 4.96 8.09 0.24 2.39 3.01 harmonic distribution in the system.
5 1.78 6.48 10.1 0.30 2.61 3.39
C↓;
10 1.92 6.90 10.7 0.31 2.67 3.45
L↑
15 1.99 7.32 11.2 0.32 2.73 3.51 VIII. REFERENCES
5 1.97 6.38 9.97 0.31 2.64 3.42
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PFCC connected.

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the mitigation of harmonics in an
IEEE 13-bus industrial system. Harmonic analysis of the