Wastewater Treatment Techniques

and Basics on Designing of

wastewater treatment plants

Prepared By: Rushanth Chandrabose

Screening
Grit Chamber
Coagulation & Flocculation

 Coagulant chemicals with charges opposite those of the suspended solids are added to
the water to neutralize the negative charges on non-settlable solid
 Flocculation, a gentle mixing stage, increases the particle size from submicroscopic
microfloc to visible suspended particles. Microfloc particles collide, causing them to
bond to produce larger, visible flocs called pinflocs. Floc size continues to build with
additional collisions and interaction with added inorganic polymers (coagulant) or
organic polymers
Chemical Clarifier
Dissolved Air Flotation
Lamella Clarifier
Biological treatment
General Considerations on selection of
the treatment System
 Treatment Needs
 Future Treatment Needs
 Sludge Settleability
 Wastewater Character tics
 Local Environmental condition ( Temperature )
 Toxic and Inhibitory Substance
 Space
 Cost
Biological Solid Separation Method
Advanced oxidation Process
 Pump used in Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Centrifugal Pump
 Single Impeller Pumps
 Horizontal Multi-Stage Pump
 Vetrical Multi Stage Pump
 Submersible Pumps
 Cutter Pumps
 Dredging Pump
 Heavy Duty Pump
 Open Impeller Pump
 End Suction Pump
 Positive Displacement Pump
 Solenoid Driven Dosing Pump
 Motor Driven Dosing Pump
 Diaphragm Pump
 Screw Pump
Close-coupled Centrifugal Pumps
 Applications:
 Heating and cooling water circulation.
 Broad range of industrial applications.
 Open loop and close loop water circuit systems.
 Water supply and pressure boosting systems.
 Process water for paper mill, brewery, refinery.
 Boiler feed, washing and cleaning system.
 Water supply and disposal for households.
 Water circulation for cooling tower, air-condition facilities.
 Water supply or circulation for swimming pools System
Operating Conditions:
1.Ambient temperature:Max.40 degree C.
2.Liquid temperature: Standard Type: +2~+60 degree C
Hot water Type: Max.100 degree C
( Required to replace for Viton mechanical seal)
3.Working Pressure: Max. 10Kg/cm²
4. Normal water or other clean non-corrosive liquids without
abrasive
Stainless Steel Multi-stage Centrifugal
Pumps
Applicable Medium
 For clean, non-flammable and non-explosive liquid without solid granules and fibers;
 Mineral water, soft water, pure water, edible vegetable oil and other light chemical
mediums.
 Whether a specific liquid is suitable for the pump, it all depends on many factors,
among which the most important ones are chlorine content, PH value, temperature,
solvent and oil content.

Operating Conditions
 Liquid temperature: Standard type -15 degree C~70 degree C
Hot water type :-15 degree C~100 degree C
 Ambient temperature: Max.40C
 Working pressure: Max. 10 bar.
 Suitable for transport clean water, without solid particles or non-corrosive fluids
Vertical Multistage Pump
Features and benefits
•Water supply and pressure boosting for residential and public or services
buildings
•Clean water transfer in light industry, civil works and agricultural application
•Water treatment: filtration and ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis and softeners
•Agricultural irrigation: sprinkler systems, greenhouses, technified irrigation
•Car wash installations
•Washing systems in industrial processes
•Boiler feed
•Heat exchangers and cooling towers
•Food and beverage industries
•Transferring moderately aggressive liquids, de-mineralized water, water and
glycol, etc.
 progressive cavity pump
for pumping highly viscous, compacted and crumbly substances that have a tendency to bridge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Epe-XScMezM

bridge breaking paddle provides continuous, pressure-stable, gentle and low-pulsation handling with metering in
proportion to rotation speed in a variety of industrial markets. It is employed primarily for highly viscous, compacted
and crumbly substances that have a tendency to bridge.
Aeration Unit
 Surface Aerator
 Submersible Aerator
 Jet Type
 TRN Type
 Air Blower ( Root Type- Belt Driven)
 Air Blower ( Silent tri-Lobe)
 Ring Type Blower.
 Air Compressor.
 Air Blower
 Surface Aerator
Surface aerators push water from under the water’s surface up into the air, then the droplets fall back
into the water, mixing in oxygen. The jets of water break the surface with varying degrees of force.
 Horizontal Shaft Surface Aerators
 Horizontal shaft aerators, called brushes or rotors, find application in
oxidation ditches, and sometimes in lagoons
 They provide aeration as well as imparting a circulating velocity in the ditch

Surface aerators provide the greatest evaporation and

therefore provide the greatest cooling. This is especially
true in dry climates. Wind velocity is an important
parameter. Surface aerators may cause a 4 oC
temperature reduction compared to fine pore aerators
for the same conditions. This can be important to
maintain nitrification in winter. • Occasionally surface
aerators are chosen simply because of their cooling
ability, such as in petroleum refinery wastewater
treatment in warm climates, or to avoid heat impacts of
effluents on receiving waters • Power
Submersible Aerator Jet Type
 Jet Type Submersible self-aspirating jet aerators combined a submersible pump with a
venturi-jet based diffuser. The liquid flow generated by the submerged pump causes
negative pressure to form around the nozzle, whereby drawing in air from above the
water's surface. With this jet injector mechanism, the aspirated air mixes with water
and is ejected through the diffuser, simultaneously agitating and aerating the ponded
water. The mixed air-water is ejected powerfully in one direction, which effectively
agitates the water across a wide area.
 Submersible Aerator TRN Type
TRN-series is a submersible self-aspirating aerator designed for aeration and mixing of
wastewater. The liquid flow generated by Tsurumi's proprietary semi-open impeller causes
negative pressure to form on the backside of the impeller vanes and draw in air from above
the water's surface. The aspirated air, mixed with water viciously by mechanical forces inside
the impeller and guide vane, transforms into tiny bubbles. Moreover, the mixed flow of air and
water is evenly discharged in multiple directions along the circumference. The compounded
action of the air lift and convective currents that are generated in the process makes aeration
and agitation very efficient and increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cryYLIi6CI
Root Air Blower ( Belt Driven)
 Air Blower ( Root Type- Belt Driven)
 Air Blower (Coupling driven root blower)
 Air Blower ( Silent tri-Lobe)
 Silent design (reduced noise levels by up to 35%)
 Ultra-low vibration
 Improved energy efficiency
 Optimized gear oil consumption
 Coupling driven (beltless design)
 Oil-free conveying chamber (no contamination of conveying medium)
 Very long lifetime

Air cooled and circulated for the whole blower, Vertical Design - Space Saving, Coupling Driven -
Without the belt, Easy Maintenance, Low Noise, Extremely low vibration, Electricity saving, gear oil
saving, Cleaner Air, Oil-free conveying.
Air Blower
 Ring Type Blower.
Feature:
Dust-proofed shaft seal, protects bearings from contaminated air stream and possible
foreign particle damage.
High reliability, directly connected motor shaft-impeller provides reliable, long term
performance. No gears, belts, motor brushes or sliding blades to require periodic
maintenance.
Space-efficient design, unique design results in substantial airflows at moderate
pressures in minimum space and weight.
Versatility, easily throttled and changed from pressure to suction operation. May be
mounted in a variety of fashioned.
Stable airflow, centrifugal compressor design delivers smooth, stable airflow with no
pulsations.
High-pressure airflow, Produces continuous high-pressure airflow. The Ring Blower is
ideally suited to many industrial application.
No grease, no pollution, the leaf wheel, when in operation,, is isolated from other
parts of the machine, no need lubrication, so this means no cause of pollution at all.
Easy installation
Diffusers
FINE BUBBLE ADVANTAGES
 FINE BUBBLE ADVANTAGES
 High aeration efficiency
 High oxygen transfer efficiency
 Require less energy to run (compared to coarse bubble diffusers)
 Easily adapt to existing basins (for replacements or upgrades)
 Lower volatile organic compound emissions (compared to coarse diffusers or
mechanical aeration devices)
 Satisfy high oxygen demands
FINE BUBBLE DISADVANTAGES

 Susceptible to chemical or biological fouling — leading to impaired oxygen

transfer / aeration inefficiency)*
 * More expensive — fine pore diffusers require more routine cleaning and
replacement (plus additional costs of maintenance and downtime)
 Energy cost challenges — when fine pores become clogged, the diffusers may
require more energy to operate (than coarse diffusers)
 Air Flow distribution is critical for fine diffuser performance. This requires
proper selection of Air Flow Control Systems to ensure fine pore diffusers
function at peak efficiency levels
 Conflicting air flow requirements
COARSE BUBBLE ADVANTAGES

 Less prone to plugging due to air mass coming from the larger hole openings
 Optimal mixing capacity in tanks with thicker mass and sediments
 Ideal solution for secondary treatment phase. (If fine bubble diffusers were
used in this secondary phase, floc, sediment and carbonate build-up would
narrow or plug its smaller air holes.)
COARSE BUBBLE DISADVANTAGES

 Consume more energy to operate

 Less efficient oxygen transfer
 Less contact time — because larger bubbles will ascend more quickly through
the wastewater than smaller bubbles
 Air Compressor.

High Pressure Low Flow?

Not Suitable for Wastewater treatment Plant
Energy Loss is High
Sludge Dewatering System
 Sludge Drying Bed
 Filter Press
 Membrane Filter Press
 Screw Press
 Belt Press
 Centrifugal Dewatering System
Sludge Dewatering System
 Sludge Drying Bed
Sludge Dewatering System
 Filter Press
The slurry that will be separated is injected into the center of the press and each
chamber of the press is filled. Optimal filling time will ensure the last chamber
of the press is loaded before the mud in the first chamber begins to cake. As the
chambers fill, pressure inside the system will increase due to the formation of
thick sludge. Then, the liquid is strained through filter cloths by force using
pressurized air, but the use of water could be more cost-efficient in certain
cases, such as if water was re-used from a previous process.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7vump_1zwA
Sludge Dewatering System
 Membrane Filter Press
Membrane filter plates have a chamber below the drainage surface
that may be inflated. The common method used is water pressure,
which is generated by pumping into the squeeze cavity to inflate
the face of the plate against the filter cake.
Membrane plates usually operate at a feed pressure of up to 7 bar
and squeeze pressure up to 15 bar. Special plates can be designed
to accept higher feed and squeeze pressures.
Two types of membrane plate designs are used the are,
1. Fixed Membranes are most commonly 100% polypropylene
but, thermoplastic is also available. The plate is manufactured
by molding a face membrane and a core plate separately.
2. Replaceable Membranes use a polypropylene core, which is
machined to accept the connection and seal of a rubber
membrane. These faces are easily changed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMwN4DombVI
Sludge Dewatering System
 Screw Press
Screw Press Design Features
Open hopper and auger feed screw design
Optimum product handling: open hopper and auger feed screw
adjustable for each processing task
Easy maintenance due to quick access to the joints and plug-in
connection
Sludge Dewatering System
 Belt Press
Features & Benefits
Heavy-duty all-welded main frame assures component alignment
Modular construction allows variable roller configuration for maximum
process flexibility
Designed for continuous automatic operation requiring minimal
operator attention and low maintenance
Open design provides easy access to all components
Epoxy over zinc coated frame provides maximum corrosion resistance
Pneumatic belt tracking and tensioning provides clean, safe operation
with maximum reliability
Standard, extended, independent, or dual gravity zone for versatile,
effective dewatering performance
Sludge Dewatering System
 Centrifugal Dewatering System
Tapered Screw Design:
Reduced plugging: tapered screw core compresses cake against the screen
rather than the flights
Consistent pressure profile
Accelerated filtrate extraction: tapered core reduces cake thickness as it
progresses toward discharge

Basket Screen Design:

Unique slotted dewatering screen
Multiple patterns for custom dewatering
Tapered profile slots for optimized solids capture and eliminates plugging
Split basket design allows for flight maintenance without removal of screw
auger
Chemical Mixing System
 Fast Mixing
 Slow Mixing
 Plug Flow Reactor
 Air Mixing System
 Chemical Mixing System
 Fast Mixing

Rapid or Flash mixing is the process by which a coagulant

is rapidly and uniformly dispersed through the mass of
water.
This process usually occurs in a small basin immediately
preceding or at the head of the coagulation basin.
Generally, the detention period is 30 to 60 seconds and
the head loss is 20 to 60 cms of water.
Here colloids are destabilized and the nucleus for the floc
is formed.
 Chemical Mixing System
 Slow Mixing

Brings the contacts between the finely divided destabilized

matter formed during rapid mixing.
The microflocs are brought into contact with each other
through the process of slow mixing. Collisions of the
microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger,
visible flocs.
The floc size continues to build through additional collisions
and interaction with inorganic polymers formed by the
coagulant or with organic polymers added. Macroflocs are
formed. High molecular weight polymers, called coagulant
aids, may be added during this step to help bridge, bind,
and strengthen the floc, add weight, and increase settling
rate
Chemical Mixing System
 Plug Flow Reactor

In PFR there should not be any longitudinal mixing (mixing in the direction of
flow) and thus the particles should emerge from the reactor outlet point in the
same sequence in which they enter. There will only be radial mixing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBmTvRefRdU
Chemical Mixing System
 Air Mixing System
Highly efficient mixing and aeration in one piece of equipment
Mechanical aeration means the oxygen transfer performance is nearly as high in
wastewater as it is in pure water
Can be installed easily even in a filled tank, with a pre-mounted
Easy and cost effective while providing aeration where used to reduce septic
conditions.