Name:

Score:
Grade and Section 7 - Vega
Date:

(For G4 to G12)

SCIENCE VII
FIRST QUARTER WEEK 1
STEP BY STEP

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

Describe the components of a scientific investigation. (S7MTIa-1)

WEEK 1: DAY 1 LESSON 1 – STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD (PART 1)

Objectives
1. Identify the components of an investigation research problem, hypothesis, method
for testing hypothesis and conclusions based on the evidence.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Anyone who experienced checking what happens to the refrigerator light when its door is closed, or the
spoon is really bent when soaked in a glass of water, has used the scientific method. A scientific method is an
organized, logical tool for identifying and researching a problem, and constructing a process of solving it.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Each number stands for a letter in the alphabet. Write the correct letter in the blank to find
the coded words. Write your answers on a separate answer sheet.
____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ ____ ____ ____
1 7 23 21 3 24 23 9 23 17 16 21 24 2 20 17

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
4 14 7 17 21 9 15 2 23 12 8 26 16

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
3 20 10 22 18 1 24 11 19 5 13 25 6

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 Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)
Scientific Method is a systematic and organized way of solving problems. Here are the steps:

1 Identifying the
problem. 2 Gathering of preliminary
data. 3 Formulating a
hypothesis.

Drawing the Collecting and Conducting the

6 conclusion. 5 interpreting the data. 4 experiment.

7 Verifying the conclusion.

Step No. 1. Identifying the problem
This starts with a question based on what has been observed. The question may start with what, when,
who, which, why, where or how. In this step, you must decide what particular thing you will be studying. The
problem must be something measurable and observable.
Step No. 2. Gathering of preliminary data
This step requires that necessary data and information about the problem must be gathered carefully to
avoid mistakes which have been done in the past. These pieces of information may be obtained from the library,
internet, media and other reliable sources.
Step No. 3. Formulating a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or a possible answer to the question or problem you are studying. It
is also known as educated guess to your problem.
This may be stated as:
If (I do this), then (this will happen).
Step No. 4. Conducting the experiment.
Experimentation is the way how to test whether your hypothesis is correct or wrong. Included in the
experiment are listing of materials, instruments, apparatus and supplies needed; laying-out of the procedures to be
followed; and using of diagrams and tables.
To establish whether your hypothesis is supported or accepted, a general rule in experimentation must be
obeyed: vary only one variable at a time to clearly see its effect while keeping the other variable unchanged.

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 A variable is a factor affecting experimental results.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables Controlled or Constant

Variables
Variable that is changed Variables that respond to the All other factors that are kept
change; measured in the constant or unchanged during the
experiment experiment.

However, the results of your experiment can prove your hypothesis wrong. Experiments should have at
least two set-ups.
Control Set-up Experimental Set-up
Used as a reference or standard in comparing the The setup which has the independent variable (factor
results of the experimental set-up being tested)

Step No. 5. Collecting and interpreting the data.

Data refer to any pieces of information that you collect or gather regarding the dependent variable. Data
collection should be organized in charts or tables. These formats provide easy interpretation, quickly compare
results, see trends, and clearly show relationships.
Data may also be expressed as a written description of drawings or illustrations, diagrams, or list of
numbers. Repeating the experiments several times help in confirming the results of the experiment.
Step No. 6. Drawing a conclusion
A conclusion is a statement that answers the problem. It can also be a statement that accepts or
rejects the hypothesis. If results of the experiment do not answer the hypothesis, construct a new hypothesis
based on the information learned. Restating the hypothesis may be done to answer the problem.
Here is the sample format of a scientific method:
Title: ______________________________________________________________________________
I. Problem:_______________________________________________________________________
II. Hypotheses:_____________________________________________________________________
_
III. Materials
IV. Procedures
V. Results
A. Set-up (Drawing)
B. Observation/Table

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 C. Interpretation
VI. Conclusion: __________________________________________________________________

Step No. 7. Verifying the conclusion

If your hypothesis is accepted, it should be repeated using the same procedures and conditions. In
this way, findings become more conclusive. The repetition of the performance of the experiment may be
done by the same person or by another experimenter. The validity of the results is strengthened by repeated
experiments. The experimenter may also recommend his work for further study or improvements. Lastly,
the results of the experiment must be communicated or presented to others.

Let’s Apply

Complete the sentence by filling out the blank(s) with the correct term(s). The first letter
of the answer is given already. Write your answers on a separate answer sheet.

1. A systematic and organized way of solving a problem is called the S________________

M___________________.

2. A h_____________ is a tentative explanation or a possible answer to the question or problem you are studying.

3. The way how to test whether your hypothesis is correct or wrong is by performing an e_________________.

4. D___________ refer to any pieces of information that you collect or gather regarding the dependent variable.

5. A statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis is called c_____________________.

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Copy the following steps in scientific method and arrange them by putting numbers from
1(first) to 7(last step). Write your answers on a separate answer sheet.

__________ Collecting and interpreting of data.

__________ Identifying the problem.
__________ Verifying the conclusion
__________ Gathering preliminary data.
__________ Drawing the conclusion.
__________ Formulating hypothesis.
__________ Conducting the experiment.

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 WEEK 1: DAY 2: LESSON 2 – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION

` Objectives

1. Differentiate qualitative from quantitative observation.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Observation plays a vital role in experimentation. It is where a problem can be drawn, and data can be
derived. It is important that you know the different types of observation. Qualitative and quantitative observations
are utilized whenever there is an experimentation.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Listed below are different information derived from observation. Group them accordingly as to
whether they are Qualitative or Quantitative observation. Write your answers on a separate answer
sheet.

Tall plant 12 hours sunlight

Dark colored leaf 35cm height
20mL hard rock

QUALITTIVE OBSERVATIONS QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Qualitative observations use your senses to observe the results. (Sight, smell, touch, taste
and hear.) The information to be considered as qualitative refers to color, texture, smell, taste or
quality of sound. Quantitative observations are made with instruments such as rulers, balances,
graduated cylinders, beakers, and thermometers. This basically is expressed in numbers.

Let’s Apply

Copy the statements below on a separate answer sheet. Determine which of the following
statements are qualitative and which are quantitative.

____________1. The cup has a mass of 500 grams.

____________2. The coffee in the cup is already cold.
____________3. I decided to make another one so I pour three hundred fifty milliliters of hot water.
____________4. I then put 1 teaspoon of coffee.
____________5. I don’t like black coffee so I put my favorite creamer.

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 Let’s Analyze
Read the short article below. Identify the qualitative and quantitative observations
mentioned in the article. Write them on the designated baskets below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
While Freyn stays at home due to the Covid-19 Pandemic, she has more opportunity of
helping her mother in the garden. She notices that they have 10 plants in their small garden. Some
of these have violet leaves while most have green ones. She also discovers that there is this fig tree
that grows taller than her. In the morning she notices 3 beautiful butterflies visiting their flowers.
She helps her parents in watering the plants. She uses 2 pails of water that equals to 4 L. In the
afternoon, she removes dried and brown-colored leaves that are still attached to the branches.

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Choose from the box the best term to complete the observations below. Then, identify
whether it is qualitative (QL) or quantitative (QN) observation.

Light green 5 ft Loud 1.5 kg 8 oC

TYPE OF OBSERVATION
1. It makes a ________ pop sound. __________________________
2. The temperature of the room increases by _________. __________________________
3. It is ________________ in color. __________________________
4. The tree measures ___________ tall. __________________________
5. The mass of the computer is _________. __________________________

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 WEEK 1: DAY 3: LESSON 3 – TYPES OF VARIABLES

Objective

1. Identify the independent, dependent, and controlled variables

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

To establish whether your hypothesis is supported or accepted, a general rule in experimentation must be
obeyed: vary only one variable at a time to clearly see its effect while keeping the other variable unchanged. A
variable is a factor affecting experimental results.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Unscramble the scrambled words to reveal the mystery concept. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. EPNENDIEDT AVAIRLBE -
● Variable that is changed

2. EPENDEDT AVAIRLBE -
● Variables that respond to the change; measured in the experiment

3. OCDOERLLTN AVAIRLBE -
● All other factors that are kept constant or unchanged during the experiment.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Step number 4 requires an experimenter to perform or conduct an experiment.

Experimentation is the way how to test whether your hypothesis is correct or wrong. Included in
the experiment are listing of materials, instruments, apparatus, and supplies needed; laying-out of
the procedures to be followed; and using of diagrams and tables. The success of every experiment
depends also on the variables under test.

A variable is a factor affecting experimental results.

An independent variable is a variable that is changed in the experiment.
SET UP A SET UP B SET UP C
PESTICIDE: 0 mL PESTICIDE: 50 mL PESTICIDE: 100 mL

In this example, the amount of pesticide is changed for each set up. It is the independent variable.
Dependent variable is a variable that responds to the change. It is the one measured in the experiment.

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 SET UP A SET UP B SET UP C
PESTICIDE: 0 mL PESTICIDE: 50 mL PESTICIDE: 100 mL
HEIGHT OF PLANT : 10 cm HEIGHT OF PLANT : 20 cm HEIGHT OF PLANT : 25 cm

In this example, the height of the plant responds to the change in the amount of pesticide. The height of
the plant is the one measured in the experiment. It is the dependent variable.
However, the results of your experiment can prove your hypothesis wrong. Experiments should have at
least two set-ups.
Control Set-up Experimental Set-up
Used as a reference or standard in comparing the The set-up which has the independent variable
results of the experimental set-up (factor being tested)

Generally, the control set-up is the one that does not have the independent variable while the experimental
set-up contains the factor being tested
SET UP A SET UP B SET UP C
PESTICIDE: 0 mL PESTICIDE: 50 mL PESTICIDE: 100 mL
HEIGHT OF PLANT : 10 cm HEIGHT OF PLANT : 20 cm HEIGHT OF PLANT : 25 cm

In this example, Set-up A has no pesticide. The information observed from set-ups B and C should be
compared with the results of Set-up A which is the control set-up. In this example, Set-ups B and C are the
experimental set-ups. The results of the experimental set-ups are compared against the control set-up to determine
the effects of the changes in the independent variable.

Let’s Analyze
Analyze the situation below then answer the questions that follow. Write your answers on
a separate answer sheet.

A biologist set up an experiment to study 3 lizards. On the first day of his study, he
measured the mass of the three specimens. He made sure that all lizards weigh 100 grams. Then
the lizards were put into individual cages with the following environmental conditions.
Lizard 1 Lizard 2 Lizard 3
12 hours of light per day 12 hours of light per day 12 hours of light per day
Food: once a day: 10 grams Food: once a day: 10 grams Food: once a day: 10 grams
Temperature: 300C Temperature: 300C Temperature: 300C
Cage size: 3ft x 1 ft Cage size: 3ft x 1 ft Cage size: 3ft x 1 ft
Exercise: No exercise/day Exercise: Leash walk for 3 ft /day Exercise: Leash walk for 6 ft /day

The masses of the lizards were recorded again on the fifth day.
Lizard 1 Lizard 2 Lizard 3
150g 130 g 110g

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 1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is/are the dependent variables?
3. Which among the set-ups is the control set-up?
4. Which of them is/are the experimental set-ups?
5. Based on the result of the experiment, what conclusion can be drawn from this?

WEEK 1: DAY 4: LESSON 4 -STEP IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD (PART 2)

Objectives

1. Formulate hypothesis, collect, organize, and interpret data about the investigation, perform
accurate measurements and/or design a simple investigation involving community-based problems
(guided investigation)

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

You might be wondering why grills and steel bridges are often coated with paints. Why do people have to
spend money for that? Is it for aesthetic purpose only or is there a scientific explanation to that?

This part of the module will give you a better understanding on how scientific method is used in
investigating or research.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Arrange the following steps in scientific method by writing A (1st step) to G (last). Write
your answers on a separate answer sheet.

______Formulating hypothesis.
______ Collecting and interpreting of data.
______ Identifying the problem.
______ Verifying the conclusion
______ Drawing the conclusion.
_______ Formulating hypothesis.
______ Conducting the experiment
______ Gathering preliminary data.

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 Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

The Scientific Method is a systematic and organized way of solving problems. Here are the steps:

Identifying the Gathering of preliminary Formulating a

1 problem.
2 data.
3 hypothesis.

Drawing the Collecting and Conducting the

6 conclusion. 5 interpreting the data. 4 experiment.

7 Verifying the conclusion.

Scientific Method Flow Chart

Step No. 1. Identifying the problem

The problem must deal with something that is measurable and observable. It may be an open-minded
question which can be answered through an experiment.
EXAMPLE: What is the effect of pesticide overuse on the fertility of loam soil?

Step No. 2. Gathering of preliminary data

It is very important that preliminary information about the problem is gathered carefully. You may use the
internet, library, and media in gathering necessary data.

Step No. 3. Formulating a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or a possible answer to the question or problem you are studying. It
is also known as an educated guess to your problem.
This may be stated as:
If (I do this), then (this will happen).
EXAMPLE: If the pesticide is overused, then the fertility of the loam soil will be reduced which will
stunt the growth of plants.
Step No. 4. Conducting the experiment.
Let’s apply the steps in this example by listing down the materials to be used in this experiment.
LIST OF MATERIALS
QUANTITY UNIT ITEMS
3 pieces Corn plants, 25 cm
3 pieces Clay pots, same size
3 packs Loam soil
1 piece ruler
1 piece Laboratory notebook
Prepared pesticide
water

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Next is to perform the following steps.

1 Gather materials 2 Fill 3/4 of the pots

with loam soil. 3 Plant one corn plant
to each pot.

Preparing the data tables before carrying out the experiment can help in systematically gathering and
interpreting the experimental data.

TABLE 1: HEIGHT OF THE CORN PLANTS

Set-up Height (cm) in Number of Days
0 3
TRIAL 1 2 3 AVE 1 2 3 4 AVE
A
B
C

The last part of Step 4 is conducting the actual experiment.

Set up A Set up B Set up C

Corn plant Corn plant Corn plant
Loam soil Loam soil Loam soil
No pesticide 50 mL pesticide 100 mL pesticide
(normal amount) (2x the normal
amount)

TABLE 2: RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

SET UP A SET UP B SET UP C
PESTICIDE: 0 mL PESTICIDE: 50 mL PESTICIDE: 100 mL
AVERAGE HEIGHT OF AVERAGE HEIGHT OF AVERAGE HEIGHT OF
PLANT: 10 cm PLANT: 20 cm PLANT: 25 cm

Step No. 5. Collecting and interpreting the data.

This step requires skills on data gathering ang organizing. Each interpretation of the data gathered can be
achieved when they are presented in charts or tables. To confirm the validity of the results, several trials of the
experiment are needed to be conducted.

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 TABLE 3: Tabular Representation of Observed Data (Qualitative Data)
SET-UP GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A Good growth but leaves are attacked with worms and insects.
B Good growth with healthy leaves free from worms and insects.
C Stunted growth with shrunk leaves but free from worms and insects.

The data below were obtained using a ruler and were done 5 times during the whole duration of the
experiment.

TABLE 4: Tabular Representation of Numerical Data (Quantitative Data)

Height (cm) in Number of Days
Set-up
0 3 5 10 15

TRIAL 1 2 3 AVE 1 2 3 AVE 1 2 3 AVE 1 2 3 AVE 1 2 3 AVE

A 25 25 25 25 40 42 40 40.67 70 70 68 69.33 120 122 125 122.33. 180 190 185 185

B 25 25 25 25 50 50 51 50.33 90 90 88 89.33 150 155 156 153.67 210 220 215 215

C 25 25 25 25 50 50 49 49.67 60 60 58 59.33 70 68 70 69.33 80 78 80 79.33

Step No. 6. Drawing a conclusion

The last step in the scientific method is drawing a conclusion. You learned that a conclusion is a statement
that answers the problem or a statement that either accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Below is an example of an
experiment that supported the hypothesis leading to the drawing of conclusion.

The results of the experiment support the We therefore conclude that pesticide overuse will
hypothesis. reduce the fertility of loam soil resulting to the
stunted growth of corn plants.

Step No. 7. Verifying the conclusion.

Verification of the conclusion is very important to establish the validity of the results. This can be done by:
✔ Repeating the experiment using the same procedure and conditions.
✔ Performing similar experiment by the same person or by another experimenter.
✔ Recommending the experiment for further study or improvements.
✔ Communicating or presenting the results to others.

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 Let’s Try (Evaluation)

A. Match the terms in Column A with the correct definition in Column B. Write your
answer on a separate answer sheet.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Scientific method A. It is also known as an educated guess.

2. Experimentation B. A statement that answers the problem.

3. Hypothesis
C. It refers to the way to test whether the
hypothesis is right or wrong.
4. Conclusion
D. Refer to any pieces of information that you
5. Data collect or gather regarding the dependent
variable.
E. The logical and organized step-by-step
process of solving a scientific investigation.

B. Read each question carefully. Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

6. What is the logical and organized steps in solving a problem?

A. Continental Drift Theory C. Scientific Method
B. Experimental Method D. Acid-base neutralization

7. Which of the following set-ups are needed in conducting actual experiments?

I. Experimental Set-up
II. Control Set-up
III. Classroom Set-up
IV. Universal Set-up

A. I and II only C. II and III only

B. I and III only D. III and IV only

8. How can an experimenter verify the results of his experiment?

I. Repeating the experiment using the same procedure and conditions.
II. Performing similar experiment by the same person or by another experimenter.
III. Recommending the experiment for further study or improvements.
IV. Communicating or presenting the results to others.

A. I, II and III C. II, III, and IV

B. I, III and IV D. I, II, III, and IV

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9. How does an independent variable differ from dependent variable?
A. An independent variable is a factor that is changed in the experiment while the dependent variable is
something that responds to the change; measured in the experiment.
B. A dependent variable is a factor that is changed in the experiment while an independent variable is
something that responds to the change; measured in the experiment.
C. All other factors that are kept constant or unchanged during the experiment are called dependent
variables while independent variables are variables that are changed in the experiment.
D. Independent variable refers to the factor that depends on one material present in the experiment while
dependent variable is a factor that affects the other variables under study.

10. What should be done when the results of the experiment do not support the hypothesis?
I. Repeat the experiment and stick with your original hypothesis.
II. Formulate another hypothesis based from the information obtained from the experiment then
perform the experiment with similar conditions.
III. Stop performing the experiment.
IV.Identify different problem and perform different experiment.

A. I only B. II only C. III only D. IV only

Let’s Create

Read and analyze the simple experiment presented below.

Reyn, Grade 7 student, wants to know why window grills and bridges are often coated with
paints. She knew for a fact that these things are made of a hard metal known as steel. She then asked a
question, what if these bridges and grills will not be coated with paints? What will happen to them? With
her knowledge about scientific method, she decided to perform a simple experiment using steel wool and
other materials that are found at home. Then, she prepared the following set-ups and placed them in their
kitchen for 4 days.

SET UP A SET UP B SET UP C SET UP D

Steel wool only Steel wool Steel wool Steel wool

2 tbsp vinegar 2 tbsp soy sauce 2 tbsp water

On the 4th day of his experiment, she noticed that rusts develop in each set-up. She noted the
following observations: The steel wool in Set-up A developed small amount of rust, Set-up B on the other

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 hand showed a steel wool covered heavily with rust, while Set-up C showed significant amount of rust on
the steel wool and Set-up C also grew small amount of rust on the material.
It is now your time to help Reyn finish her experiment by filling out the Scientific Method Outline
provided below. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. Your output will be graded using the rubric
provided below.

Title: ______________________________________________________________________________
I. Problem: ___________________________________________________________________________

II. Hypotheses:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
III. Materials
IV. Procedures
V. Results
D. Set-up (Drawing)
E. Observation/Table
F. Interpretation
VI. Conclusion: ________________________________________________________________________

RUBRIC FOR GRADING YOUR OUTPUT

Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Score
Title Does not give any Gives very little Gives too much Presents a concise
information about information. information--more lead-in to the
what to expect in like a summary. report.
the report.
Problem Does not address Addresses a small Addresses an issue Addresses a real
an issue related to issue issue that is somewhat related to issue directly
research. unrelated to research. related to research
research. findings.
Hypothesis - Hypothesis is - Hypothesis - Hypothesis Hypothesis
incomplete or does follows the format: follows the format: correctly follows
not use the proper "If___affects____, "If___affects____, the format:
format: then______" then______" "If___affects____,
"If___affects____, - Hypothesis - Hypothesis then______"
then______" predicts what will predicts what will - Hypothesis is
- Hypothesis does happen in an happen in an logical and based
not predict what experiment and experiment and on background
will happen in the answers the answers the info
experiment or does question question - Hypothesis very
not answer - Hypothesis is - Hypothesis makes clearly answers
question slightly confusing sense question, and the
reasons for the
prediction are
obvious
Procedure Not sequential, Some of the steps Most of the steps Presents easy-to
most steps are are are understandable; follow steps that
missing or are understandable; some lack detail or are logical and
confusing. most are confusing are confusing. adequately
and lack detail. detailed.

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Data and Data table and Both complete, Both accurate, some Data table and
Results interpretation are minor inaccuracies ill-formed interpretation are
missing and/or illegible characters. neatly completed
information and characters. and very accurate.
are inaccurate.
Conclusion Presents an Presents an Presents a logical Presents a logical
illogical illogical explanation for explanation for
explanation for explanation for findings and findings and
findings and does findings and addresses some of addresses most of
not address any of addresses few the questions. the questions.
the questions questions.
suggested in the
template.
Grammar Very frequent More than two Only one or two All grammar and
and Spelling grammar and/or errors. errors. spelling are
spelling errors. correct.

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