Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486

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Measurement: Sensors
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Service Constraint NCBQ trust orient secure transmission with IoT devices
for improved data security in cloud using blockchain
Premkumar R.*, S. Sathya Priya
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Problem of secure transmission in cloud systems has been well studied; there exist number of approaches dis­
Cloud security cussed around the problem. Number of threats has been identified in cloud which targets the services and data
IoT behind them. To mitigate the threats, different approaches are discussed in literature. The most approaches uses
Block chain
behavior of user in measuring trust, and some of them uses data level features in measuring trust of user. Also,
Data security
SCNCQB-TSTP
various data encryption schemes are discussed which suffer with poor performance in security achievement. To
NCBQ handle this issue, an efficient Service Constraint NCBQ (Network Condition and Behavior Quality) Trust orient
SCBM secure transmission protocol (SCNCQB-TSTP) is presented in this article. The proposed model involves in secure
Data encryption transmission by analyzing various factors of network, user behavior and quality of service. The method discovers
Secure transmission score set of routes to reach the service point and fetches several information about the transmission route like traffic,
Service constraint block chain model transmission frequency, bandwidth, IoT devices, hop count, throughput, and bandwidth utilization. According to
the above information fetched about different routes, the method analyzes the trust of each route in three ways
like Network Support Analysis, Behavior Support Analysis and QoS-Support Analysis. Based on the result of
different analysis, the method estimates the value of Secure Transmission Score (STS). According to the value of
STS, an optimal route has been selected to perform data transmission. Similarly, the method adapts Service
Constraint Blockchain Model (SCBM) towards data security, which classifies the services in various levels. Ac­
cording to the service claimed by the user, the service data has been encrypted with specific class of scheme and
key. Further, encrypted data has been placed is adapted to block chain to perform data transmission. The pro­
posed SCNCQB-TSTP model improves the performance of secure transmission and data security.

1. Introduction
The growth of information and communication technology has
encouraged the global users in accessing various services independent of
their location through different devices. Also, the emerge of cloud
environment stimulate the organizations in moving their data to cloud
and maintaining them with little cost. The entry of cloud environment
allowed the users of the environment to access the data through set of
services. This methodology allowed the organizational employees to
work together independent of their location in a collaborative manner.
The cloud service provider enables number of services and allows the
organizational users in accessing the services to perform their task. Like
any environment, the cloud also faces number of challenges in terms of
threats towards data as well as services.
Towards services, there are number of threats identified which target
the services available and degrades the performance of the service by
claiming numerous number of services and holding them without using
further. Also, there are few other type of threats can be named which
target the service performance, which would place illegal data, does not
following the protocol of the service, format and so on. Each would
affect the performance of the service and degrade the service perfor­
mance. On the other side, the service point would be far away from the
user location which cannot be accessed directly by the user. In this case,
the service data has been forwarded through number of intermediate
nodes like wireless nodes, IoT (Internet of Things) devices, routers and
other networks. In this case, there is a possibility of containing malicious
node in the route identified. The presence of malicious node in the route
would target the data, service or both. The malicious user would directly

Abbreviations: IoT, Internet of Things; SCNCQB, Service Constraint Network Condition and Behavior Quality; TSTP, Trust orient secure transmission protocol;
NCBQ, Network Condition and Behavior Quality; SCBM, Service Constraint Blockchain Model; STS, Secure Transmission Score.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: premkumar.raju@gmail.com (R. Premkumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100486
Received 13 August 2022; Received in revised form 21 September 2022; Accepted 26 September 2022
Available online 1 October 2022
2665-9174/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya
drop the packet or modify the data or route the packet in an unsuitable
route. In all the cases, the service performance gets reduced and affects
the entire QoS performance.
The presence of malicious nodes has been detected and mitigated in
several ways. There are different ways in transmitting the data in secure
way, for example, secure transmission can be performed by choosing a
secure route, encrypting the data with efficient encryption scheme.
Towards secure routing, there are numbers of approaches available
which select a route according to the trust of the routes where the trust
value is measured by considering different metrics like earlier trans­
mission, throughput support and so on. However, the methods do not
consider other metrics like the network condition, the support of nodes
in achieving the required QoS performance and behavior of nodes. In
case of data encryption, there are number of approaches described like
Attribute based encryption (ABE). Still the methods struggle to achieve
higher performance in data security as the adversary is capable of
tampering the encoded data. To improve the data security as well as
route security, the blockchain techniques are recently encouraged by
researchers. By adapting blockchain technique, the access restriction
can be performed in block level as the blocks of the chain has been
allowed to access by only reputed and authorized users according to the
design. Also, the data in the block can be accessed and decrypted only by
the users who are dedicated for that [1].
By considering all these constraints, an efficient Service Constraint
NCBQ Trust orient secure transmission protocol Trust Orient Secure
Transmission Protocol with Blockchain (SCNCBQ-TSTP) is presented.
The model is designed to transmit data by choosing a route according to
trust value measured with Network Support Analysis, Behavior Support
Analysis and QoS-Support Analysis. Also, the data level security has
been enforced with Service Constraint Blockchain Model (SCBM) which
improves data security. Multi-service networks rely on a (usually
centralized) authority to oversee and coordinate their different delivery
at certain pricing in order to efficiently supply various items inside the
same infrastructure. Final consumers, in turn, are continuously looking
for ways to cut costs while enhancing quality and trustworthiness. The
detailed approach has been sketched in next sections.
2. Related works
There exist number of approaches towards secure transmission and
data security in cloud. Some of the approaches are discussed in detail in
this section.
An SVM based encryption service model is presented in Ref. [2],
which generates key in formal process to support data encryption in
cloud environment. A centralized low-latency, secure and reliable
decision-making algorithm having powerful emergency handling ca­
pacity (LSRDM-EH) is presented in Ref. [3], which improves the network
security with blockchain using multidimensional strategy. An optimal
blockchain deployment method is presented to support IoT [4], which
consider the limited resources of IoT devices and their vulnerability. The
method checks all the transaction by adjusting the blocks in a dynamic
way. The method uses chaotic based genetic algorithm to assign the
length of blocks in chain.
A deep learning model with blockchain security is presented in
Ref. [5] to support 5G networks, which uses the chain in different layers
of cloud like cloud, fog, edge and user. A blockchain based authentica­
tion scheme is presented in Ref. [6], which uses modular square root and
block chain in improving the performance. A block chain based access
control approach is presented in Ref. [7], to support smart grid systems.
The DBACP-IoTSG is designed to handle various attacks. A smart con­
tract based blockchain envisioned model is presented in Ref. [8], which
enforces device to device authentication and device to gateway
authentication.
A fuzzy logic based block chain model (FBASHI) is presented in
Ref. [9], which uses behavior of users in restricting the access of services
to healthcare IoTs. In Ref. [10], presents a blockchain-based model
2
Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486
migration approach for resource-constrained IoT systems. A Deep
Blockchain Framework-with Collaborative Intrusion Detection is pre­
sented in Ref. [11], in the sense to protect IoT and cloud environments.
The model uses learning-based ensemble models in identifying mali­
cious events on different virtual machines. A detailed review on
detecting intrusion attack with blockchain is presented in Ref. [12],
which works on collaborative manner in detecting anomalies.
A Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) based security architecture
design is presented in Ref. [13], which monitors the VM at process level
and detect the attacks at the process level. The behaviors of the processes
are monitored in supporting the detection of attack. A novel approach to
handle brute force and DDOS attacks in cloud has been presented in
Ref. [14], which consider the activities of services in detecting intrusion
attack. A blockchain based distributed approach in detecting intrusion
attack is presented in Ref. [15], which uses Blockchain upon a stable
platform like cloud infrastructure [12]. A random forest based intrusion
detection scheme is presented in Ref. [16], which uses network traffic
data in identifying the intrusion attack using various tools like tcpdump.
A honeypot based detection scheme is presented in Ref. [17], which
uses various security measures. A cloud based intrusion detection
scheme is presented in Ref. [18], which consider different features in
detecting the intrusion attack. A deep blockchain framework (DPF) is
designed towards intrusion detection and smart contracts are presented
in Ref. [19]. The method uses bidirectional long short-term memory
(BiLSTM) scheme in assessing different data sets.
A Network Intrusion Detection System as a Service (NIDSaaS) is
presented to support openstack model in Ref. [20], which uses command
line interface (CLI) to integrate network intrusion detection system with
tenants. A Swarm Intelligence Based Feature Selection model has been
presented in Ref. [21], towards intrusion detection. The method uses
Whale Pearson hybrid feature selection wrapper and Whale optimiza­
tion Algorithm (WOA). The method identifies the intrusion attack ac­
cording to different features. A detailed review on different approaches
in detecting attack on openstack cloud is presented in Refs. [22,24].
Also, a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is presented in
detecting the attack with network traffic [31,32].
A detailed analysis of different anomaly detection scheme and ma­
chine learning techniques are presented in Ref. [23]. A cuckoo search
with ANN towards intrusion detection is presented in Ref. [24], where
cuckoo search is used for feature selection and intrusion detection is
performed using ANN. A Security Infrastructure for Vehicular Informa­
tion Using SDN is presented in Ref. [25], which uses protective measures
towards intrusion detection. A VMI-Based Security Architecture for
Intrusion Detection (VMGuard) is presented in Ref. [26], which monitor
the process level and detects the attacks. CLOUD-IOT Based Smart Villa
Intrusion Alert System is presented in Ref. [27], whichcontains com­
ponents to detect illegal entry, location detection API, and image of
illegal object, alarm, water springer in detect intruders.
Deep reinforcement learning-based adaptive cloud IDS architecture
is presented in Ref. [28], which perform accurate detection and
fine-grained classification of new and complex attacks. A deep learning
model combined with kernelized support vector machine to handle
multi stage jamming attack is presented in Ref. [29]. In Ref. [30], an
efficient security model is presented which monitor different devices in
detecting various attacks to provide optimal solution to protect from
threats.
All the above discussed approaches suffer to achieve expected per­
formance in data security as well as secure transmission.
3. Service Constraint NCBQ trust orient secure transmission
using blockchain
The proposed approach maintains different traces of data trans­
mission performed earlier. The transmission traces contains number of
information from source, destination, route, bandwidth, traffic, resource
utilization, number of IoT devices, hop count, throughput, status and
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya
Fig. 1. Architecture of Proposed SCNCQB-TSTP model.
service. Such trace set has been used in analyzing the trust of different
routes towards data transmission when there is a service request. Upon
receiving a service request or when the service has a data to be send to
the user, it finds the set of routes available. For the routes identified, the
method analyze the trust of route in three ways by performing Network
Support Analysis, Behavior Support Analysis and QoS-Support Analysis.
Each analysis measure the trust of the route considered according to
various features to measure specific support values. According to the
support values obtained from the analysis, the method estimates Secure
Transmission Score (STS) based on which route selection is performed
towards data transmission. Second, the method uses Service Centric
Blockchain Model (SCBM) which enforce data encryption and generates
blockchain to improve data security. The detailed approach is discussed
in this section.
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Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486
The architecture of proposed SCNCQB-TSTP model is presented in
Fig. 1, where the components of the model are discussed in detail in this
section.
3.1. Route discovery
The proposed model handles the service request with a service
handler or the service provider receives the service request. Once the
service request is received, then the method identifies the set of routes to
reach the source node to deliver the data packets. The presence of routes
is identified according to the location details of the cloud user obtained
from the service request. To deliver the service data, the method dis­
covers the set of all routes to reach the user. Identified routes are used to
perform secure data transmission further.
3.2. Network support analysis
The performance of transmitting the data packets or service packets
towards a service point or to the user is depending on how the network
infrastructure supports secure transmission. The network support anal­
ysis is the process of analyzing such metric according to the network
conditions. The network support value is measured by considering
various factors like bandwidth, number of hops or devices, number of
IoT devices, throughput and so on. Using the above mentioned factors,
the method computes the following metrics as follows: Consider the
route R has K number of hops which includes M number of IoT devices,
N number of routers then the method computes the value of Infra­
structure Support (IS). Second, the method computes the value of
Streaming Factor (SF) according to the value of bandwidth, throughput
and number of hops. Using these two values, the method compute the
value of Network support (NS) towards secure transmission.
The above discussed algorithm shows the process of analyzing the
network support produced by the given route. It has been measured with
the factors of hop count, IoT devices, bandwidth, and throughput and so
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486

Table 1
Scheme index set.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Table 2
Index of scheme and key index.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Table 3
Table 4
Details of evaluation.
Performance analysis on secure transmission.
Key Factor Value
Secure Transmission Performance vs No of Services
Tool Used Advanced Java
50 Service 75 Services 100 Services
Total Services 100
Total Features 75 BiLSTM 68 72 78
Number of Traces 5 lakhs. DBACP-IoTSG 71 76 81
FBASHI 77 81 86
SCNCQB-TSTP 87 93 97
on. The method computes the value of infrastructure support and
streaming support to compute the value of network support. Estimated
value of NS has been used to perform secure data transmission. The above discussed algorithm explains the method of behavior
support analysis which is performed by computing the value of Trans­
mission Frequency and complete transmission rate. Using these values,
3.3. Behavior support analysis the method computes the value of behavior support to support secure
transmission.
The method performs behavior analysis to measure the trust of nodes
in the route according to the transmission performed. Towards this, the
method counts on the number of transmission each node performed, 3.4. QoS support analysis
number of them went complete and number of them went failed,
number of IoT devices and transmission frequency. Using all the above The QoS support analysis is the process of analyzing the performance
mentioned features, the method computes the value of Behavior Support of route in using the resource available like bandwidth, the average
(BS) for the route. Estimated value of BS has been used towards secure traffic in the route, average throughput in the route and latency with IoT
routing. devices. Using all the features, the method computes the value of QoS
Support. The estimated value of QoS Support has been used to perform

secure transmission.

4
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486

3.5. Secure transmission

The above discussed algorithm estimates the value of QoS support The proposed approach identifies the set of routes to send the data to
according to latency, traffic and throughput achievement on the route at the service point in most secure manner. For the routes identified, the
different transmission. Using these features, the method computes the method estimates different support measures by analyzing their trust on
value of QoS-support to perform secure transmission. behavior, network and QoS support. Based on the values obtained, the

Fig. 2. Analysis on Secure Transmission performance.

5
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486

Table 5
Analysis on Data Security performance. The above discussed algorithm shows how the data transmission is
Data Security Performance vs No of Services performed in secure way, andthe method select a single route from
available set by computing STS value and performs service centric block
50 Service 75 Services 100 Services
BiLSTM 72 76 81
DBACP-IoTSG 73 82 85
FBASHI 79 86 87 Table 6
SCNCQB-TSTP 86 92 98 Analysis on data encryption/decryption performance.
Data Encryption/Decryption Performance vs No of Services
method computes the value of Secure Transmission Score (STS). Ac­ 50 Service 75 Services 100 Services
cording to the value of STS, the method selects a single optimal route to
BiLSTM 65 71 78
perform secure routing. The data has been applied with service centric DBACP-IoTSG 72 79 83
block chain model to generate block chain and performs transmission FBASHI 75 83 87
through the route selected. SCNCQB-TSTP 85 88 96

Fig. 3. Analysis on Data Security performance.

6
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya
chain towards secure transmission.
3.6. Service Centric Blockchain Model
The service centric block chain model generates a block chain with
number of block. Each block has been generated with part of service
data which has been encrypted with specific scheme and key. The
method maintains different set of schemes and keys towards various
service. According to the service class, the method identifies a scheme in
a random manner and encrypts the data. The data encrypted has been
split into blocks and added to the chain. Each block has been generated
with a hash code which denotes the scheme and key to be used in
decrypting the block of data. To select the scheme, the method finds the
midpoint of the scheme array. The method split the data into k number
of blocks and the chain is generated with the same k value. Now towards
selecting the scheme index, the method generates a random value r, and
interpolates the value r in the left to identify scheme index where the
same is interpolate on another direction to identify the index of key
index. The hash code has been generated using the index generated to
support decoding the original data.
The Table 1 shows the scheme index set being used in encrypting the
data given and generating hash code for different blocks. Now, first the
method generates a midpoint as 8 for example, then it generates a
random number R as 3, then it will be interpolate to left to identify the
index value 5 as index for the scheme and again interpolate right to
identify the key with the random number 4 to get index as 12. Here, the
random number is generated specially for key to get a random number to
identify the key index.
The index of scheme and key being selected with the proposed
approach has been marked in Table 2. Now with these two index values,
the method would generate a hash code as “3@4@8” which denotes the
user that the user should interpolate to left for 3 and right for 4 to
identify the index of scheme and keys to get decrypts the original data.
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Measurement: Sensors 24 (2022) 100486
The above discussed algorithm encrypts the data with the schemes
and keys dedicated for the service. The method identifies service centric
scheme and key to select optimal key according to interpolation and
randomization to generate the hash code. According to the hash code
present in the block the method can decrypt the data.
4. Results and discussion
The proposed service centric trust orient secure transmission proto­
col with NCBQ and Block chain has been implemented and evaluated for
its performance under various parameters. The method has been vali­
dated with different number of data and users. In each case, the per­
formance of the method has been measured and compared in this
section.
The conditions considered for the performance evaluation is pre­
sented in Table 3. Accordingly, the performance of the method has been
measured and compared in this section.
The proposed approach has been measured for the performance of
secure transmission and compared in Table 4. The proposed SCNCQB-
TSTP approach improves the performance of secure transmission than
others.
The performance of SCNCQB-TSTP approach in secure transmission
is presented in Fig. 2, and the proposed approach improves the perfor­
mance than other approaches.
The performance of the method in providing data security has been
measured and presented in Table 5, where the proposed SCNCQB-TSTP
algorithm has produced higher performance than other approaches in
all the test cases.
The performance of different methods in providing data security has
been measured and presented in Fig. 3, where the proposed SCNCQB-
TSTP algorithm has achieved higher performance than other schemes.
R. Premkumar and S. Sathya Priya
Fig. 4. Analysis on data encryption decryption performance.
The performance of methods in data encryption and decryption is
measured and compared in Table 6, where the proposed SCNCQB-TSTP
algorithm has produced higher performance than other schemes.
The performance of the methods in data encryption and decryption
has been measured and compared in Fig. 4, where the proposed
SCNCQB-TSTP algorithm has produced higher performance than others.
5. Conclusion
This article presents a novel service centric trust orient secure
transmission protocol with IoT devices in cloud environment using block
chain. The method discovers the routes and analyzes the trust of routes
in different ways like behavior, network and QoS support. Using the
result of all the analysis results, the method computes the value of secure
transmission score to identify a optimal route. The method encrypts the
data according to the service centric block chain model. The SCBM
model generates the block chain with interpolation scheme and hash
codes are used in decrypting the data. The proposed approach improves
the performance of data security, secure transmission and encryption/
decryption performance.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Premkumar R.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation,
Validation, Writing – original draft, preparation. S. Sathya Priya: Su­
pervision, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
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