What are the 6 different elements of organizational design?

1. Work specialization (how operations are divided into separate roles)

2. Departmentalization ( the process by which jobs are grouped together.)
3. Chain of command (line of authority that runs from the top to the
bottom, defining who reports to whom.)
4. Span of control(the number of employees that can be managed by one
manager.)
5. Centralization (Top management makes crucial decisions in a
centralized structure with little or no involvement from lower-level
employees.) also decentralization
6. Formalization (the creation of processes, relationships, and operational
procedures which outlines procedures, rules, and duties for
individual employees, units, groups, teams, and the company as a
whole.)

Difference between Mechanistic and Organic Organizational Structure

Mechanistic organization structure is pyramid shaped with authority centralized at the

top. It is more formal and bureaucratic. It follows hierarchy of command. Mechanistic
organization structure emphasizes on narrow span of control.

Organic organisation structure is flat shaped with authority decentralised

to lower levels of management. It is more informal. Organic organisation
structure does not follow hierarchy of command. It emphasises on wide
span of control. Work is divided into general tasks and there is little or no
specialisation.

Which contingency factors affect choice of organizational structure

1. Strategy
2. Size
3. Technology
4. Environments
5. Culture

A functional organizational structure is a team structure that groups employees into

different departments based on areas of expertise. This type of structure is one of the most
common types in business, especially in larger companies, where groups of employees are
organized according to the function they perform
A divisional structure organizes employees around a common product or geographical
location. Divisional organizations have teams focused on a specific market or product line.
Within a matrix organizational structure, team members report to several managers at once.
Having multiple supervisors allows for company-wide interaction and faster project delivery.
For instance, when answering to functional managers and project managers, employees
have a chance to collect experience outside their team.
In a flat organizational structure, there are few middle managers between employees and
top managers. The structure requires less supervision, increases employee involvement, and
boosts trust in the workplace.
Which factors affect the Human resource management process
1. Implementation of Technology (This results in a boost in HR productivity and
efficiency, along with more effective employee management.)
2. The Work Environment
3. Availability of Good Talent
4. Training and Development (Training and development programs for the employees
can be a great way to boost employee engagement and at the same time, help the
organisation find resources with the exact skillset required for different positions).

In an organisation how best can one provide employees with needed skills and knowledge.
1. Training and Development Programs: Establishing comprehensive training and
development programs is crucial for equipping employees with the necessary skills
and knowledge.
2. Individual Development Plans: Encourage employees to create individual
development plans that align with their career goals and organizational objectives.
3. Learning Culture and Knowledge Sharing
4. Performance Feedback and Coaching

In which ways can we retain competent and high performing employees?

1. Invest in Their Development ( High-performing employees thrive on constant growth.
When employees feel that a business is committed to their growth, they’re more
likely to feel committed to that business).
2. Aim for Continual Progress
3. Respect Work/Life Balance
4. Understand Company Culture (High-performing employees want to work for caring
mentors who champion their work, at places that care about them personally and
professionally and their development.)
5. Listen and Learn
6. To retain high-performing employees, understand what their goals for advancement
are and consider if they would perform as well as a manager as they do in their
current role.

What 4 categories of resources do employees bring to a group?

Resources are finances, staff, physical space, equipment, technology, and time. The goal of
resource management is to use the best combination of resources to satisfy requirements
while also realizing these same resources are likely in demand elsewhere in the business.
What is the difference between a formal and informal group?
In a formal group, the relationship between the members is professional, they gather just to
accomplish the task allotted to them. On the other hand, in an informal group, there is a
personal relationship between members, they share their opinions, experiences, problems,
information with each other.
What are the different stages of group formation?
1. Storming (There exists a considerable amount of fights and arguments in this stage).
2. Norming (In the norming stage, the group works through individual and social
issues).
3. Performing (In this stage, the group is ready to begin performing its respective task
and assigned jobs).
4. Adjourning (the group is adjourned once the task that is assigned to the group is
completed).

Differentiate between storming and adjourning?

Storming: During this stage, the group starts to face challenges as they work towards their
goals. Conflict may arise as group members challenge each other's ideas and opinions.
Adjourning: This is the final stage of group development, in which the group completes its
task and disbands.

Identify and explain four key aspects in group structuring

1. Work Roles (a group must differentiate the work activities of its members).
2. Norms (rules expectations within the group).
3. Status( rank given to group by others)
4. Cohesiveness ( members sense of responsibility).

Group vs team
A group is a collection of individuals who coordinate their efforts, while a team is a group of
people who share a common goal. In a work group, group members are independent from
one another and have individual accountability. On the other hand, in a team, team
members share a mutual accountability and work closely together to solve problems.

How is the internet affecting group communication in the workplace?

The convenience and ease of communication brought by technology mean your teams are
more willing to engage with each other. They can simply shoot an email to the team when
they have new updates or ideas.

What are the different communication channels?

Face-to-face conversations ,Videoconferencing, Audio conferencing, Emails, Written letters
and memos, Chats and messaging, Blogs.
Which measures can be put in place for 21st century employees to perform at work with
less stress?
1. Offer flexible hours- Employees who have some control over their work hours tend to
be more satisfied than those with stricter work-hour rules.
2. Allow telecommuting- If the job is such that it can be done remotely, allow
employees to work from home
3. Provide resources and support
4. Encourage employees to take care of their health.
In which circumstance is communication constructive?
The goal of constructive communication is to foster positive connections and mutual
understanding between parties by actively listening to the interlocutors and understanding
their opinion as well. both sides would pay close attention to one other, accept differing
viewpoints, and come up with solutions that benefit all parties involved.

What is Organisational behavior?

Organizational behavior is the academic study of how people interact within groups.

What are the goals of Organisational behavior

1. Describe how people behave under various conditions
2. Why people behave as they do
3. Predict future behavior of employee
4. Control and develop friendly atmosphere in organization

Why is Organisational Behavior important?

It influence how the organization itself behaves and how well it performs.

What are the 4 elements of Organisational Behavior?

The four elements of organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the
external environment. By understanding how these elements interact with one another,
improvements can be made.

What is a motivation?
The term motivation describes why a person does something. It is the driving force behind
human actions.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an
individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging
needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

McCelland’ 3 needs theory

every person has one of three main driving motivators: the needs for achievement(They
thrive on overcoming difficult problems or situations), affiliation( work best in a group
environment, so try to integrate them with a team), or power(Those with a high need for
power work best when they're in charge. Because they enjoy competition). These motivators
are not inherent; we develop them through our culture and life experiences.

Hertzberg’s 2 factor theory

employee satisfaction has two dimensions: “hygiene” and motivation. Hygiene issues, such
as salary and supervision, decrease employees' dissatisfaction with the work environment.
Motivators, such as recognition and achievement, make workers more productive, creative
and committed.

Self determination theory

Self-determination theory suggests that all humans have three basic psychological needs—
autonomy, competence, and relatedness—that underlie growth and development.
Autonomy refers to feeling one has choice and is willingly endorsing one’s behavior.
Competence refers to the experience of mastery and being effective in one’s activity.
Finally, relatedness refers to the need to feel connected and a sense of belongingness with
others.

Self-efficacy theory
Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation,
behavior, and social environment.

Identify and explain 4 issues of employee motivation in the 21st century

1. The reward system

2. Recognition
3. Workplace culture (Offering employees a positive work environment is one of the
most important factors for employee motivation.)
4. Providing positive feedback

What are the 4 cardinal roles of leaders?

1. Modeling: Setting a good example and creating trust
2. Pathfinding: Building a common vision and set of values
3. Aligning: Setting up systems to say on course
4. Empowering: Focus people on results and get out of way

List and explain 4 types of leaders

1. Authoritarian leadership -An autocratic leader centralizes power and decision-making
in himself. He gives orders, assigns tasks and duties without consulting the
employees.
2. Democratic or Participative leadership -Participative or democratic leaders
decentralize authority. It is characterized by consultation with the subordinates and
their participation in the formulation of plans and policies.
3. The Laissez-faire or Free-rein leadership- Free-rein leaders avoid power and
responsibility. The laissez-faire or non-interfering type of leader passes on the
responsibility for decision-making to his subordinates and takes a minimum of
initiative in administration.
4. Paternalistic leadership -Under this management style the leader assumes that his
function is fatherly or paternal. As the head of the family he provides his
subordinates with good working conditions and fringe benefits.

What are the 6 key attributes of leaders?

self-demanding attitude, Learning from failure, Authenticity, Acceptance, Empathy, know
how to listen.
Followers look out for various traits among leaders, mention any four
In which ways do leaders develop themselves?

1. Becoming aware of how you are perceived by others.

2. Adapting and learning new skills and techniques.
3. Seeking the support and encouragement of others.
4. Applying new skills to current and new situations.

Trait theory
trait theory is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily
interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of
behaviour, thought, and emotion.
Behavioral theory
Behavioral theory seeks to explain human behavior by analyzing the antecedents and
consequences present in the individual's environment and the learned associations he or
she has acquired through previous experience.
Contingency theory
claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make
decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) on the internal
and external situation.
What is the reasoning behind these theories?
The reason behind these theories is to discover how successful leaders are created.
Explain the thinking behind the fallowing contingency theories
According to this theory, someone can be an effective leader in one circumstance and an
ineffective leader in another. This theory ignores the false dichotomy that someone is either
a "good" or "bad" leader. Instead, it focuses on matching the right leadership traits to the
situation. All models present different ways to approach and apply the contingency theory of
leadership.
1. Fiedler's Contingency Theory states that, for a leader to be effective, their leadership
style must fit the situation. Using this model, you'll identify your own leadership
style, assess the situation that requires leadership, and determine whether you're
the right leader.
2. The path-goal theory of leadership says that a leader's style, traits and behaviors
influence team productivity, motivation and satisfaction.
3. Situational Leadership means adapting your leadership style to each unique situation
or task to meet the needs of the team or team members.
4. Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering
information, and assessing alternative resolutions.
5. The leader–member exchange theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership
that focuses on the two-way relationship between leaders and followers.
6. According to leader follower theory, LMX is a relationship between leaders and
followers. It is developed over time through three stages: role taking, role making,
and role routinization.

List and explain any three issues in 21st century leadership

Describe the concept of controlling in management
It is a process of comparing the actual performance with the set standards of the company
to ensure that activities are performed according to the plans and if not then taking
corrective action.
What is the process undertaken in controlling?
The control function can be viewed as a five-step process: (1) establish standards, (2)
measure performance, (3) compare actual performance with standards and identify any
deviations, (4) determine the reason for deviations, and (5) take corrective action if needed.
Why is controlling important in management?
This helps managers understand where they are lacking and how they can improve their
performances.
What is the difference between controlling for organizational performance and employee
performance
controlling for organizational performance involves monitoring and managing the overall
effectiveness of the organization, while controlling for employee performance focuses on
monitoring and managing the performance of individual employees within the organization.

What are the three formats of controls in an organizational setting?

(1) output control (financial goals, operating budget)
(2) behavioral control (Rules, direct supervision, management by objective)
(3) clan control (values, norms, socialization)

Define the term career management

Career management is the combination of structured planning and the active management
choice of one's own professional career.
Describe the key foundations for career success
1. Continue to educate yourself in whatever way interests you.
2. say YES to any speaking opportunity that is presented to you.
3. get comfortable with being uncomfortable. Change only happens when boundaries
are pushed and to push boundaries people are going to get uncomfortable. That is ok
4. put in the extra effort, be ready for the opportunity, and be dependable.

As a new comer in any organization which three things are important to focus on in order for
you to settle in.
1. becoming familiar with the company’s culture, their systems and processes, and who
to go to for what information.
2. building relationships with your colleagues.
3. In order for you to be successful in a new job, it’s important to deliver results.

List four important career anchors for any rising manager of the 21st century.
1. Continuous Learning
2. Adaptability and Change Management
3. Leadership and Influence
4. Global and Cultural Awareness