LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE AND PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY IN THE

COMMUNITY

JHON MICHAEL M. PALAWAN

MARJORIE C. BUTIGAN

HANAMIE P. HILARIO

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Capstone Project 1(cap101)

Submitted to the College of Technology Information Systems

Makilala Institute of Science and Technology (MIST)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

May 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET....................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................vi

LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................vii

LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................................viii

Chapter I......................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1

Background of the Study...................................................................................1

Objectives of the Study......................................................................................3

Significance of the Study...................................................................................4

Scope and Limitations of the Study..................................................................4

Chapter II.....................................................................................................................5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................5

Chapter III....................................................................................................................7

METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................7

Research Design.................................................................................................7

Population and Sampling...................................................................................7

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Research Instrument..........................................................................................7

Research Procedure...........................................................................................7

Statistical Treatment...........................................................................................7

Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................7

Chapter IV....................................................................................................................7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS..............................................................................7

Technical Feasibility...........................................................................................9

Schedule Feasibility.........................................................................................12

Economic Feasibility........................................................................................13

Requirements Modeling...................................................................................14

Data Processing and Modeling.......................................................................15

Data Flow Diagram............................................................................................16

System Flowchart.............................................................................................17

Program Flowchart...........................................................................................18

Risk Assessment Analysis..............................................................................20

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3. 1 System Architecture...................................................................................9

Figure 3. 2 Network Architecture................................................................................10

Figure 3. 3 Organizational Chart................................................................................11

Figure 3. 4 Gantt Chart..............................................................................................16

Figure 3. 5 Input-Process-Output...............................................................................18

Figure 3. 6 Context Diagram......................................................................................19

Figure 3. 7 Data Flow Diagram..................................................................................20

Figure 3. 8 System Flowchart....................................................................................21

Figure 3. 9 Admin Program Flowchart.......................................................................22

Figure 3. 10 Patient Program Flowchart....................................................................23

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1 Software Specifications...............................................................................7

Table 3. 2 Hardware Requirements...........................................................................14

Table 3. 3 Software Requirements............................................................................15

Table 3. 4 Cost and Benefit Analysis.........................................................................17

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Relevant Source Code

Appendix B User Manual

Appendix C Evaluation Forms

Appendix D Curriculum Vitae

 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Law enforcement is a cornerstone of the criminal justice system, focusing

primarily on the maintenance and enforcement of laws. When viewed through a
criminological lens, it becomes evident that the functions of law enforcement
highlight the indispensable role it plays. Without this critical component, the justice
system would be incapable of functioning efficiently or attaining its fundamental
goals.
According to Jacob (2011), the Philippine National Police (PNP) is actively
working to enhance the provision of essential police services by implementing a
more efficient crime prevention program centered on police-community relationships.
This approach is expected to shed light on the effectiveness of establishing robust
two-way communication between law enforcement and the community, with the
ultimate goal of improving the peace and order situation in communities. The PNP
has initiated several programs, with a primary focus on strengthening police-
community partnerships, aiming to bring law enforcement closer to the community.
It is very important for the law enforcement to know the resident’s opinions
about the police. These opinions and perceptions are tended to affect the law
enforcement officer’s work performance and should be considered as an important
element of a successful police training and effective activity planning. Moreover,
trust issues are specifically significant in democratic societies, where police actions
are needed to be legitimized by the citizens (Kaariainen, 2007, p. 410).
The relationship of the police and the community should be harmonious. The
community relies to the police to provide safety and security; on the other hand, the
police also rely to the community in giving their support and cooperation in order to
have an effective rapport. The better police-community connection, the law enforcer
will have enhanced understanding of the public’s concerns, specifically on crime-
related matter. Thus, citizens will have the initiative and cooperation to report crimes
that occur in their community, provide tips and intelligence to law enforcement,
willingly serve as witnesses and participate in jury trials. As a result, police tend to
 2

become more proactive which leads to preventing crimes before it occurs or

minimizing the impact to the community. A harmonious police-community relation
prevents the stigma about the police in our country.
Enhancing the feeling of safety for individuals in society regarding the risk of
crime can yield favorable effects on a nation's overall populace. This necessitates
the implementation of consistent policies accompanied by well-organized and
purposeful initiatives. A country's objectives in preserving peace and the welfare of
its citizens should prominently encompass the reduction of crime, including
alleviating concerns about crime. Mitigating anxiety related to criminal activities and
reinforcing the perception of human security can provide numerous benefits to
society (Hamdan, 2022).
The researchers find interest in the study level of performance and perception
of safety in community of Poblacion, Makilala, North Cotabato in order to ensure
effective policing and community involvement, it's important to understand how well
the local law enforcement operates and how safe residents feel. This study seeks to
assess the performance of law enforcement and explore the safety perceptions of its
residents. By identifying any gaps between actual performance and perceived
safety.
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Objectives of the Study

This study aims to determine the level of performance and perception of safety in

community of Barangay Poblacion, Makilala, Cotabato. It will specifically inquire the

following:

1. To determine the level of performance of safety in community in terms of:

1.1 Community Involvement

1.2 Safety

2. To determine the level of perception of safety in community in the presence of:

2.1 Police officers

2.2 Auxiliary officers

3. To determine the significant relationship between the level of performance and

perception of safety in the community of Poblacion, Makilala, North Cotabato.

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the level of performance and

perception of safety in the community of Poblacion, Makilala, North Cotabato.
 4

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study is to know the level of performance and

perception of safety in the community of Barangay Poblacion, Makilala, North
Cotabato.
This study would be a great contribution to the following:

Community. This will help them to become more aware about the
effectiveness of the performance of law enforcement personnel on their
safety.

Law Enforcement Personnel. With the result of this study, it can help them
to become more aware from perception of the community on the inadequacy
of crime prevention programs and to find solution to the existing problems.

Government. This research would be beneficial to the government which will

help to provide and improve effective new orders.

Researcher. This research would be beneficial to the future researcher in

order
to get information and idea that might be use in their study.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is to determine the relationship between performance

and perception of safety in the community of Makilala. The respondents of this study

will be the citizens in the Municipality of Makilala. Specifically, those from Barangay

Poblacion, Makilala, Cotabato. This study has a total of one hundred fifty (150)

respondents.
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Dentistry has evolved beyond just fixing dental problems and now focuses on
predicting and preventing oral diseases. Oral health was previously treated
separately from overall health care, but there has been a recent effort to integrate it
into health care diagnosis due to its potential for preventing and detecting non-oral
systemic diseases. The surgeon general's "A National Call To Action To Promote
Oral Health" in 2000 urged health professionals to collaborate in research,
treatment, and policy efforts to change this perception. There is growing evidence of
the connection between oral health and systemic diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, cancer, and dementia. The surgeon general's office plans to
release a report on oral health in 2020 to assess progress and encourage further
action (Nayyar, 2020).
Digital technology has revolutionized dentistry by making processes that were
once cumbersome and time-consuming more streamlined. This has numerous
benefits, including consistent high-quality dentistry and reduced costs for patients. In
any business, net operating income is crucial, and reducing the amount of time
patients spend in the dental chair can increase revenue on a daily basis. Digital
dentistry can speed up many processes, leading to a more efficient practice. For
example, the use of digital technology significantly reduces the time required for new
patient data acquisition, including physical impressions, model pouring, mounting,
and storage (Fung, 2020).
In Gapan City, the implementation of an Online Dental Reservation with SMS
Notification system will provide Dr. Ricky Salvador an opportunity to attract more
customers and increase profits by showcasing his clinic's availability and schedule
on the website. The system will also provide valuable information about Dr. Ricky
Salvador and his expertise, as well as the scope and limitations of his practice,
allowing potential clients to make informed decisions. Clients can easily set
appointments through the website without hesitation, and receive a confirmation
SMS Notification, providing them with assurance that their appointment is confirmed
for the day. This system will also serve as an advertising platform for Dr. Ricky
 6

Salvador's clinic, enhancing its visibility and reach to a broader audience (Rala,
2018).
A hospital appointment system plays a crucial role in facilitating
communication between patients and hospitals. However, patients who fail to show
up for appointments waste valuable medical resources and undermine the
sustainability of medical services. Therefore, it is essential to explore the
determinants of patients' no-show behavior. Based on a multi-stage perspective, we
identify channel convenience, waiting time, and expected technical quality as
conscious determinants, and no-show habit as an unconscious determinant. We
propose a model to analyze patients' no-show behavior and test our hypotheses
using data collected from a Chinese tertiary care public hospital's appointment
system through binary logistic regression. Our study findings reveal that channel
convenience and expected technical quality have a negative relationship with no-
show behavior, while waiting time and no-show habit have a significantly positive
effect. Moreover, the relationship between no-show habit and no-show behavior is
stronger when waiting time is shorter or channel convenience and expected
technical quality are higher. Our research has significant implications for managing
patients' no-show behavior, improving hospital appointment system management,
and ensuring sustainable medical services (Hu, 2020).
Bookazor is an online application that enables users to book appointments
with parlor, hospital, and architect services located in a specific geographic area.
The application is developed using the ionic framework, which is an open-source
software development kit for creating hybrid mobile applications. Bookazor uses
standard web development technologies like CSS, HTML, and JavaScript. The
application relies on Firebase, a backend-as-a-service (BaaS) platform, to retrieve
data for appointment scheduling. Each request specifies a sequence of regions to be
visited. NodeJS is also used to offer appointments at specified times by checking the
availability of operatives in specified regions. The system can also insert new
appointments into the routes to reflect newly booked appointments. A scheduler
periodically updates the routes using a simulated annealing process, which
generates a new set of appointments and prevents duplication. This ensures that the
 7

appointments offered to users are optimized for efficiency and minimize waiting
times. Overall, Bookazor provides a streamlined and efficient platform for booking
appointments with various service providers within a specific geographic area
(Akshay, 2019).
 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, population and sampling,

research instruments, data gathering procedures, statistical treatment of the data,
and ethical considerations.

Research Design

This study will make use of quantitative research design particularly non-
experimental descriptive correlation to produce a design and intervention based on
the result and analysis to determine the performance and perception of safety in
community of Barangay Poblacion, Makilala, Cotabato. Correlation method are used
in this study to discover relationships between two variables; Performance and
Perception.

Locale and Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the 150 selected member of the
community coming Barangay Poblacion, Makilala, Cotabato. The Barangay
Poblacion is one of the biggest barangays in the Municipality of Makilala who have
also biggest population.

Population and Sampling

This study will be conducted to the one hundred fifty (150) members of the
community coming from the selected barangay in the Municipality of Makilala.
Specifically, the Barangay Poblacion. In the selecting the respondents the
researchers will use random sampling technique where every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected.
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Research Instrument

Research Procedure

Statistical Treatment

Ethical Considerations

Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the requirement specification for Web-based Dental

Clinic Appointment and Record System. It outlines the comprehensive assessment
of operational feasibility, technical feasibility, schedule feasibility, and economic
feasibility. By thoroughly evaluating these aspects, the project team can accurately
define the scope and requirements of the system, ensuring that it aligns with the
objectives and constraints of the project.
 9

Operational Feasibility
Operational feasibility refers to the practicality and effectiveness of integrating
the proposed Web-based dental clinic appointment and record system into the
existing operations of the Cabrera-Gloriani Dental Clinic. This analysis assesses the
system's ability to meet the operational needs and requirements of the clinic,
considering factors such as user acceptance, potential benefits, and any challenges
or risks associated with the implementation.

User Acceptance
The successful implementation of any system heavily relies on user
acceptance and adoption. In the case of the Web-Based dental clinic appointment
and record system, user acceptance will be a key factor in determining the system's
operational feasibility. To ensure user acceptance, the project team will actively
involve clinic staff members, including dentists, receptionists, and administrators, in
the system development process. Their input and feedback will be incorporated into
the system's design and functionality to ensure it aligns with their operational needs
and workflows. Additionally, proper training and support will be provided to users to
facilitate a smooth transition to the new system and mitigate any resistance to
change.

Potential Benefits
The Web-based dental clinic appointment and record system offers several
potential benefits to the clinic's operations. First, it streamlines the appointment
scheduling process by allowing patients to book appointments online, reducing the
reliance on manual appointment booking and minimizing the risk of errors or double
bookings. This automation leads to increased efficiency, shorter wait times, and
improved patient satisfaction. Second, the system facilitates the management of
patient records and treatment plans, enabling staff members to access up-to-date
information, reduce paperwork, and enhance data accuracy. This centralized record-
keeping system simplifies administrative tasks and enables better coordination
 10

among clinic staff. Third, the system's email notification feature provides automated
reminders and instructions to patients, reducing no-shows and improving overall
appointment attendance rates. This contributes to better resource utilization and
improved patient flow within the clinic.

Challenges and Risks

While the Web-based dental clinic appointment and record system offers
numerous benefits, there may be challenges and risks associated with its
implementation. One potential challenge is the initial learning curve for users who
may be accustomed to the existing paper-based appointment system. Training and
support will be crucial to address this challenge and ensure a smooth transition to
the new system. Additionally, technical challenges, such as internet connectivity
issues or system downtime, may arise. Mitigation strategies, such as implementing
reliable internet connections and regular system maintenance, will be put in place to
minimize such risks and ensure the system's availability and performance.

The operational feasibility analysis demonstrates that the proposed online

dental clinic appointment and record system has the potential to effectively integrate
into the existing operations of the Cabrera-Gloriani Dental Clinic. By addressing user
acceptance, considering potential benefits, and identifying and mitigating challenges
and risks, the system aims to improve operational efficiency, enhance patient
satisfaction, and streamline administrative tasks.

Technical Feasibility

Hardware

13.56MHz USB RFID Contactless

USB RFID Scanner
IC S50 S70 One Card Reader
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Monitor HP L1908W 19” WIDE

Keyboard HP Keyboard 100 |

ZUN30AA#ABL

SYCAT Y01 Optical USB Mouse

Mouse Black Gaming Mouse 1200 DPI
USB Wired Mouse For PC

Intel® Core™ i7-12650HX

CPU Processor (24M Cache, up to
4.70 GHz)
Table 3. 1 Hardware Requirements

Table 3.2 provides an overview of the minimum hardware specifications

required for the system. It outlines the specific hardware components necessary to
support the system's operations. These components may include computers,
servers, network infrastructure, and peripheral devices such as printers or scanners.
The minimum hardware specifications mentioned in the table are carefully
determined to meet the system's performance and functionality requirements while
considering the clinic's budget and technological capabilities.
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Software

Source Code Editor Visual Studio Code

Database Manager MYSQL

Programming Language PHP

Table 3. 2 Software Requirements

Table 3.3 shows the software requirements for web-based dental clinic
appointment and record system where three software are essential in developing
this proposed system. First, is the Visual Studio Code where the system will be
coded. MySQL will be used for database management. Second, PHP or Hypertext
Preprocessor is the programming language used in developing the front-end and
back-end of the system.
 13

Schedule Feasibility

Figure 3. 1 Gantt Chart

Figure 3.4 shows the gantt chart for the development of Web-based dental
clinic appointment and record system. The project will commence with a one-month
planning phase, during which the proponents will define the project scope,
objectives, and requirements. They will also conduct a feasibility study to ascertain
the project's achievability and identify the project's subject. During the second
month, the proponents will gather requirements by conducting user interviews and
surveys, developing use cases and user stories, and creating a requirements
document to guide the project. In the third month, the proponents will design the
system, including the system architecture, user interface design, and database
schema. In the fourth month, the proponents will begin implementing the system,
which will include front-end and back-end development, database and email
notification system integration, and testing to ensure everything is functioning
correctly. In the fifth month, the proponents will test and validate the system by
conducting user acceptance testing and optimizing the system for performance and
security. In the final month, the proponents will deploy the system on the clinic's
server, provide user training and documentation, and conduct ongoing maintenance
and support to ensure the system remains secure and up-to-date.
 14

Economic Feasibility

Cost Benefit Analysis: Online Dental Clinic Appointment and Record System
Costs Annual
Category Item Quantity Price Total
Hardware Monitor 1 P 3,000 P 3,000
Mouse 1 P 500 P 500
Keyboard 1 P 500 P 500
System Unit 1 P 5,000 P 5,000
Domain
Software 1 P 3,000 P 3,000
Server
Maintenance P 500 P 6,000
Annual Total Cost P 18,000
Benefit
Enhanced Productivity P 9,000
Workflow Efficiency P 10,000
Quality Database Management P 9,000
Reduced Paper Print P 9,000
P 37,000

Table 3. 3 Cost and Benefit Analysis

Table 3.4 shows the cost and benefit analysis for Web-based dental
appointment and record system. The annual total cost of implementing the online
dental clinic appointment and record system amounts to P 18,000. However, the
estimated annual benefits sum up to P 37,000, indicating a positive cost-benefit
ratio. The projected benefits outweigh the costs, indicating the potential financial and
operational advantages of adopting the system. The enhanced productivity,
improved workflow efficiency, quality database management, and reduced paper
usage contribute to overall cost savings and streamlined operations.
 15

Requirements Modeling

Figure 3. 2 Input-Process-Output

In Figure 3.5, the input, process, and output of the proposed system are
depicted, outlining the flow of information and actions within the system. Users of the
system will provide input through various forms, including patient registration details,
appointment information, patient records details, and SMS notification settings.
These inputs serve as crucial data points that initiate the system's operations. The
proposed system will then process the received inputs, performing several important
tasks. User validation ensures that only authorized individuals can access and
interact with the system, ensuring data security and privacy. The system will store
and manage patient records securely in a database, allowing for easy retrieval and
efficient management of patient information. The validation process and database
management are key components that ensure data accuracy, integrity, and
confidentiality within the system. The system generates meaningful outputs. One of
the primary outputs is the appointment schedule, which is sent to the patient's email
address. This email notification serves as a convenient way to inform patients of
their scheduled appointments, providing them with necessary details and
instructions. This feature reduces reliance on manual communication methods and
enhances convenience for both patients and clinic staff.
 16

Data Processing and Modeling

In this section, models of the entire system are being presented. These
models include processes and visual representations that establish connections
between various data points and structures. The purpose of these models is to
provide a clear understanding of how different components of the system interact
and function together. By presenting these models, it becomes easier to visualize
the flow of data and the relationships between different elements, enabling a
comprehensive view of the system's architecture and functionality.

Figure 3. 3 Context Diagram

The Context Diagram for the development of Web-based Dental Clinic

Appointment and Record System (ODCARS), depicted in Figure 3.6, outlines the
system's key components and processes. The system's primary users are the dental
clinic staff who will input patient details, treatment plans, and appointment schedules
into the system. They will also be responsible for modifying the automated email
message and date settings. On the other hand, patients can access the clinic's
website through a web browser and input their details and appointment booking. The
system will generate reports for the staff to assist the dentist in decision-making and
scheduling appointments. The system will also send an email notification to the
patient, informing them of their scheduled appointment date.
 17

Data Flow Diagram

Figure 3. 4 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 3.7 is a data flow diagram that outlines the key steps and components
of the Web-based dental clinic appointment and record system. It shows how
patients as one of the external users will input information and credentials to access
the system. The system will add user and this will be saved to the database patient
records. The dentist or staff will access the system through verification and these will
be saved to the user’s credentials. With the scheduling, the dentist will make
schedules and this will be sent through SMS as confirmation of the schedule.
 18

System Flowchart

Figure 3. 5 System Flowchart

In Figure 3.8, the system flowchart of the proposed system is presented,

providing an overview of the sequence of actions and interactions within the system.
The flowchart demonstrates the steps involved in accessing and utilizing the
system's functionalities. Users are required to log in to the system using their
respective credentials. This login process ensures that only authorized individuals
can access the system, enhancing security and privacy. Once logged in, users,
particularly the admin, are granted access to various management features within
the system. The admin, who holds administrative privileges, can perform several key
tasks. These include managing appointments, which involves scheduling,
rescheduling, or canceling appointments based on the clinic's requirements and
availability. The admin also has the ability to manage health records, allowing them
to update, retrieve, or delete relevant health information for patients. The proposed
system consists of two distinct databases: the patient database and the health
records database. The patient database stores comprehensive information related to
patients, including personal details, contact information, medical history, and other
relevant data. On the other hand, the health records database contains specific
health-related records, such as treatment procedure, diagnoses, prescribed
medications, and any other pertinent medical information.
 19

Program Flowchart

Figure 3. 6 Admin Program Flowchart

Figure 3.9 shows the admin access program flowchart of the proposed
system where the admin has the ability to manage patient records wherein the
admin can add, edit, and delete dental records in the system. Manage appointments
wherein the admin can send notifications to the patient. Manager reports wherein
admin user can print records that has been requested by the patient.
 20

Figure 3. 7 Patient Program Flowchart

Figure 3.10 shows the program flow of the patient’s access wherein patients
have the ability to apply for dental clinic appointment and request dental health
records through the system. The issuance of these records should be received from
the dental clinic. The system will not print and allow patient to access their dental
health records.
 21

Risk Assessment Analysis

Identifying and assessing potential risks is essential in any system

implementation. The following risk assessment analysis outlines potential risks
associated with the implementation of the Web-based Dental Clinic Appointment and
Record System:
Security Risks
Data Breach: Unauthorized access to patient records and sensitive
information could compromise patient privacy and violate regulatory
requirements. Measures such as strong user authentication,
encryption, and regular security audits should be implemented to
mitigate this risk.

Cyberattacks: The system may be susceptible to various cyber threats,

including malware, ransomware, and phishing attacks. Robust security
measures, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular
security patches, should be employed to safeguard against such
attacks.

Technical Risks
System Downtime: Technical failures or issues, such as server
crashes or network outages, could lead to system downtime, resulting
in the inability to access patient records or schedule appointments.
Implementing backup systems, redundant infrastructure, and regular
system maintenance can help minimize the impact of such technical
risks.

Compatibility Issues: Incompatibility between the system and users'

devices or web browsers may result in usability issues and hinder the
 22

system's functionality. Extensive compatibility testing and providing

clear system requirements to users can help mitigate this risk.

Operational Risks
User Training and Adoption: Insufficient user training and resistance to
change may lead to suboptimal utilization of the system's features,
impacting the efficiency and effectiveness of clinic operations.
Comprehensive training programs, user-friendly interfaces, and
effective change management strategies should be implemented to
ensure smooth user adoption.

System Reliability: System malfunctions or errors could result in

inaccurate appointment scheduling, loss of patient data, or other
operational disruptions. Regular system testing, quality assurance
processes, and proactive maintenance can minimize the risk of system
reliability issues.

Legal and Compliance Risks

Data Protection and Privacy Compliance: Failure to comply with data
protection regulations, such as HIPAA, could result in legal and
financial consequences. Implementing strict data protection measures,
adhering to privacy regulations, and regularly reviewing and updating
policies can mitigate legal and compliance risks.

Liability Issues: Inaccurate or incomplete patient records, missed

appointments, or miscommunication could potentially result in liability
claims. Clear documentation, accurate data management, and
effective communication protocols can help minimize liability risks.
23
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 2

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