BANJO A. REYES, RPB, MBA (cand.

IT 101 Year Level/Semester

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy/CABEIHM PB Year 2/First Semester

Course Description
The goal of this course is to present overview of IT Fundamentals and Tools used in business
environment. This includes computer terminology, hardware, software, operating systems and
information and application systems. This course will also explore business applications of
software, including spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, word processing and
business-oriented utilization of the internet.
 OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the introduction to computers.

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of computers.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Computer - are electronic devices capable Name
of performing a wide range of tasks by
processing and manipulating data according to a set of instructions.
Job Title

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the
computer. It performs the actual processing of data and
instructions, executing calculations and managing tasks.

2. Memory:
▪ Random Access Memory (RAM): is a type of volatile
memory that provides the computer with fast and
temporary storage for data that is currently being used or
processed.
▪ Read-Only Memory (ROM):
This is non-volatile memory that stores
firmware and essential system instructions.
It retains data even when the computer is
turned off.

3. Storage Devices
Computers use various storage devices to store
data persistently, even when the power is turned
off.

4. Input Devices
These devices allow users to input data
and commands into the computer.

5. Output Devices
Output devices display or present the results of
processed data to the user.
 6. Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board that
connects and interconnects all the computer's
components.

7. Expansion Cards
These cards are inserted into slots on the
motherboard to add extra functionality to the
computer.

8. Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Provides electrical power to the components in the
computer.

9. Cooling System
Computers generate heat during operation, and
cooling systems (fans, heat sinks, and
sometimes liquid cooling) are used to prevent
overheating.

Consider This
Are mobile devices computers?
The mobile devices can be described as computers because they operate under the instructions stored in
their own memory, can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce or display
information and store the information for future use.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

1. Speed: Computers can execute billions of instructions per second, enabling fast
calculations and data processing. This speed is crucial for tasks that require rapid analysis
and response.

2. Accuracy: Computers are highly accurate in performing calculations and executing

instructions, as they follow predefined algorithms without human error or bias.

3. Versatility: Computers can perform a wide variety of tasks by running different software
applications. They can handle tasks ranging from word processing and graphic design to
scientific simulations and data analysis.

4. Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data, from documents and images to videos
and software. Storage capacities have continuously increased over time with
advancements in technology.

5. Diligence: Computers can work tirelessly without getting fatigued or bored, making them
ideal for repetitive and time-consuming tasks.

6. Automation: Computers can automate complex tasks and processes, reducing the need
for manual intervention. This is particularly useful in industrial, manufacturing, and data
processing settings.

7. Reliability: When properly maintained, computers are reliable tools. However, they can
be susceptible to hardware failures and software glitches, necessitating backup systems
and data recovery plans.

8. Consistency: Computers consistently follow instructions, ensuring that the same task
executed multiple times yields the same results, which is crucial for tasks requiring
precision.

9. Multitasking: Modern computers are equipped with multitasking capabilities, allowing

them to run multiple applications and processes simultaneously.

10. Connectivity: Computers can communicate with other devices and computers through
networks, enabling data sharing, remote access, and collaborative work.
 11. Scalability: Computers can be easily upgraded and expanded by adding more memory,
storage, or processing power to accommodate increasing demands.

12. User Interaction: Computers offer various user interfaces, including graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) and command-line interfaces (CLIs), enabling users to interact with the
system and software.

13. Portability: With the advent of laptops, tablets, and smartphones, computers have become
more portable, allowing users to carry their computing power with them.

14. Security Concerns: As computers are interconnected and handle sensitive data, security
is a critical concern. Security measures are implemented to protect against unauthorized
access, data breaches, and cyberattacks

15. Upgradability: Many components of a computer can be upgraded, allowing users to

improve performance, replace outdated hardware, and keep up with technological
advancements.

16. Customizability: Users can customize their computers with software, applications, and
settings to suit their specific needs and preferences.

17. Environmental Impact: Computers consume energy and generate heat, contributing to
environmental concerns. Energy-efficient designs and responsible disposal practices are
important to minimize their ecological footprint.

Secure It
Shopping Safely Online

Browsing electronic storefronts and making online purchases can be convenient and economical
but the experience can be a disaster if you encounter unscrupulous vendors. These tips can
help you enjoy a safe and productive online shopping trip.

-Read customer reviews

-Look for seals of approval
-Create a store password and password questions
-Check website details
-Beware of requests to supply further information.
Secure It Questions
1. Have you made online purchases? If so, have you followed the precautions listed above?
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2. How will you change your activities the next time you shop online?
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THE FUTURE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

It is about adding and adopting to new capabilities that do more in faster ways, in removing friction
and providing strategic business value. IT will involve smart robots, biometrics and other
technologies that use body measurements and statistical analysis of people’s unique physical and
behavioral characteristics.

IT will also change the functionality of computers and the way they serve the needs and
expectations of users in various sectors like e-commerce, health, education, and government. IT
is a complex web of systems that store and send information, and it requires educated
professionals who develop and implement it.

Ethics & Issues

Should Wikis Be Allowed as Valid Sources for Academic Research?

As Wikis have grown in number, size and popularity, many educators and librarians have shunned
them as valid sources of research. While some wikis are tightly controlled with a limited number
of contributors and expert editors, these wikis usually focus on narrowly defined, specialized
topics. Most large, multi-topic online wikis such as Wikipedia, often involve thousands of editors,
many of whom remain anonymous.

Ethics & Issues Questions

1. Should instructors allow wikis as valid sources for academic research? Why or why not?
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2. Would you submit a paper to your instructor that cites wiki as a source? Why or why not?
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3. What policies might wikis enforce that could garner more confidence from the public?
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4. If a wiki provided verification of the credentials of the author, would you trust the wiki more?
Why or why not?
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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
1. Speed and Efficiency
Computers can process information and perform tasks at incredibly high speeds, far
surpassing human capabilities. This leads to increased productivity and faster decision-
making.

2. Automation
Computers enable automation of repetitive tasks, reducing human effort and minimizing
errors. This is especially useful in industries like manufacturing, data entry, and customer
service.

3. Storage Capacity
Modern computers can store vast amounts of data, ranging from documents to multimedia
files. This data can be easily accessed and organized, making information retrieval efficient.

4. Data Processing
Computers can process large amounts of data and perform complex calculations quickly
and accurately. This is essential for scientific research, financial modeling, and data
analysis.
5. Communication
Computers facilitate communication through various means, including email, social media,
video conferencing, and instant messaging. They have revolutionized how people connect
globally.

6. Global Information Access

The internet allows computers to access information from all over the world. This access to
a wealth of knowledge benefits education, research, and staying informed

7. Multi-tasking
Modern operating systems enable computers to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
This is crucial for productivity, as users can switch between various applications
seamlessly.

8. Creativity and Entertainment

Computers provide tools for digital art, music composition, video editing, and more. They
also offer entertainment through gaming, streaming, and virtual experiences

9. Education and E-Learning

Computers have transformed education, offering online courses, interactive learning
platforms, and digital resources that enhance learning experiences.

10. Medical Advancements

Computers play a vital role in medical diagnostics, imaging, research, and patient
management, leading to more accurate diagnoses and better patient care.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

1. Dependency
Overreliance on computers can lead to difficulties when systems fail, potentially causing
significant disruptions in various sectors like finance, transportation, and healthcare.

2. Health Concerns
Prolonged computer use can lead to health issues such as eyestrain, carpal tunnel
syndrome, and sedentary lifestyle-related problems.

3. Privacy and Security

Computers store vast amounts of personal and sensitive data, making them susceptible
to hacking, identity theft, and breaches of privacy.
 4. Job Displacement
Automation driven by computers can lead to job loss in certain industries, as machines
replace human workers in tasks like manufacturing and customer service.

5. Environmental Impact
The production and disposal of computers contribute to electronic waste, which poses
environmental challenges due to toxic materials and inefficient recycling practices

6. Distraction and Addiction

Computers can be a source of distraction, leading to decreased productivity and addictive
behaviors, especially with excessive use of social media and online entertainment.

7. Cybercrime
Computers are vulnerable to various forms of cybercrime, including phishing, malware,
ransomware, and online scams, which can result in financial losses and compromised
personal data.

8. Digital Divide
Not everyone has equal access to computers and the internet, creating a digital divide that
can exacerbate socioeconomic disparities.

9. Loss of Human Interaction

Excessive use of computers can lead to a decline in face-to-face social interactions,
affecting communication skills and interpersonal relationships.

10. Ethical Concerns

The rise of artificial intelligence raises ethical questions about issues like bias in algorithms,
job displacement, and the ethical use of autonomous systems in various contexts.

MODULE SUMMARY
• Computer - are electronic devices capable of performing a wide range of tasks by
processing and manipulating data according to a set of instructions.
• Components of computer include the following CPU, memory, storage devices, input and
output devices, motherboard, expansion cards, PCU and cooling system.
• In using computer, certain advantages and disadvantage are notable depending on the
purpose or usage.
 Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management
IT 101 IT Application Tools in Business

Name: _________________________ Date: _____________________

Program/Year/Section: ____________ Score: ____________________

Activity 1: Case
Family Owned Coffee Shop

You are the new manager for a family owned coffee shop. The previous manager tracked
all of the data on paper. You realized that using technology will increase your efficiency and
enable you to communicate better with the owners, employees and customers. At the next
business meeting, you will share ideas of how you will use technology.

Do this. To prepare for the meeting, you compile the following: differences between input and
output, a list of the types of data you can use as input and list of the types of information you can
produce as output. You include the types of computers, mobile devices, and other technologies
you will use to enter data and produce information.
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 BANJO A. REYES, RPB, MBA (cand.)

IT 101 Year Level/Semester

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy/CABEIHM PB Year 2/First Semester

Course Description
The goal of this course is to present overview of IT Fundamentals and Tools used in business
environment. This includes computer terminology, hardware, software, operating systems and
information and application systems. This course will also explore business applications of
software, including spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, word processing and
business-oriented utilization of the internet.
 OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the introduction to computers.

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of computers.

Name
ARTIFICIALJob
INTELLIGENCE
Title

Artificial Intelligence, properly known as AI, has been a great contribution in the world. Its
evolution has tremendously changed, the way people live. AI is the ability of a certain machine to
use algorithms to interpret, learn and use data to make decision. It also refers to a machine’s
capability to analyze enormous amounts of information at a time.

Consider This
The earliest successful AI program was written in 1951 by Christopher Strachey, later director of the
Programming Research Group at the University of Oxford. Strachey’s checkers (draughts) program ran
on the Ferranti Mark I computer at the University of Manchester, England. By the summer of 1952 this
program could play a complete game of checkers at a reasonable speed.

ChatGPT

ChatGPT, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language
model-based chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022, notable for
enabling users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of
detail, and language used. Successive prompts and replies, known as prompt engineering, are
considered at each conversation stage as a context.
ChatGPT (openai.com)

SIDE BAR (DASHBOARD

THAT CONTAINS PAST
SEARCH ACTIVITIES)

CHATGPT
CHATBOX
PRINCESS SARA ENTERPRISE
April 1, 2021, Commenced business with cash P580, 000.
April 4, 2021, Goods purchased for cash Php 120,000.
April 6, 2021, Goods sold for cash Php 180,000.
April 10, 2021, Goods purchased on credit Php 90,000 from Ms. Minchin.
April 12, 2021, Furniture purchased Php 13,000.
April 15, 2021, Goods sold on credit to Lavinia Php 160,000.
April 20, 2021, Cash paid to Ms. Minchin Php 45,000
April 23, 2021, Cash received from Lavinia Php 80,000.
April 25, 2021, Amount withdrawn by the proprietor Php 14,000 for her personal use.
April 28, 2021, Salary paid Php 15,000.
April 29, 2021, Wages paid Php 10,000.
April 30, 2021, Rent paid Php 5,000.

In ChatGPT prepare the following:

1. Journal entries.
2. Post to ledger.
3. Prepare to the trial balance.

In Word/Excel, prepare the following:

1. Journal entries.
2. Post to ledger.
3. Prepare to the trial balance.

Computer Assisted Activity 1

On April 01, 2016 Anees started business with Php 100,000 and other transactions for the month are:
Apr 2. Purchase Furniture for Cash Php 7,000.
Apr 8. Purchase Goods for Cash Php 2,000 and for Credit Php1, 000 from Khalid Retail Store.
Apr 14. Sold Goods to Khan Brothers Php 12,000 and Cash Sales Php 5,000.
Apr 18. Owner withdrew of worth Php 2,000 for personal use.
Apr 22. Paid Khalid Retail Store Php 500
Apr 26. Received Php 10,000 from Khan Brothers.
Apr 30. Paid Salaries Expense Php 2,000

In ChatGPT prepare the following:

4. Journal entries.
5. Post to ledger.
6. Prepare to the trial balance.
In Word/Excel, prepare the following:
4. Journal entries.
5. Post to ledger.
6. Prepare to the trial balance.

1. Compare the records of the ChaTGPT and your manual bookkeeping, enumerate and explain the
similarities and differences between the two.
2. In your own opinion and based on your observation what do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of using ChatGPT in accounting?

Requirements:
1. PDF file of snipped ChatGPT results (must include your name and icon).
2. Converted PDF of your manual bookkeeping output.
3. PDF File of your anwers in the Q&A

File Name
Reyes_Banjo_CAA1_1.pdf
Reyes_Banjo_CAA1_2.pdf
Reyes_Banjo_CAA1_3.pdf

Rubrics
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Needs Improvement
Content 10 8 6 4
Presentation of data 5 4 3 2
Generation of Ideas 10 8 6 4
Timeliness 5 4 3 2
Highest Possible Score 30
Lowest Possible Score 12
 BANJO A. REYES, RPB, MBA (cand.)

IT 101 Year Level/Semester

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy/CABEIHM PB Year 2/First Semester

Course Description
The goal of this course is to present overview of IT Fundamentals and Tools used in business
environment. This includes computer terminology, hardware, software, operating systems and
information and application systems. This course will also explore business applications of
software, including spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, word processing and
business-oriented utilization of the internet.
 OBJECTIVES

1. Enumerate key activities in the evolution of computing.

2. Discuss the types of computers.

3. Explain the computer hardware.

4. Differentiate hardware and software. Name

Job Title
5. Describe the functions of an operating system.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Abacus
1100 BCE
Logarithms
1614
Pascaline (Arithmetic Machine)
1642
Jacquard Loom
1804-1805
Difference Engine
1825
Analytical Engine
1833
The First Programmer
1843
Herman Hollerith’s Census Tabulator
August 30, 1890
Harvard Mark I
1939-1942
Turing Machine
1936
Colossus Mark I
Dec 1943 – Jan 1944
ENIAC
February 15, 1946
Transistor
1947
UNIVAC
March 1952
IBM 360
April 7,1964
Minicomputer
1965
Microcomputer (PC)
1973
The Creation of Microsoft
April 4, 1975
The Creation of Apple Inc.
April 1, 1976
Graphical User Interface
1979

Research
Using relevant sources, research about the notable events, notable people and uses of computing
devices in relation to the timeline.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

There are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. We will discuss the type
of computers on the basis of size and data handling capabilities. We will discuss each type of
computer in detail. Let’s see first what the types of computers are.
• Super Computer
• Mainframe computer
• Mini Computer
• Workstation Computer
• Personal Computer (PC)
• Server Computer
• Analog Computer
• Digital Computer
• Hybrid Computer
• Tablets and Smartphones
Supercomputer
When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of computers
is supercomputers. They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing
data). Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like
processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second. This is because of the thousands of
interconnected processors in supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and engineering
applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It
was first developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
Characteristics of Supercomputers
• Supercomputers are the computers that are the fastest and they are also very
expensive.
• It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the
reason which makes it even faster.
• It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency
world such as Bitcoin etc.
• It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the
solar system, satellites, etc.

Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands
of users at the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can
execute different processes simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer
ideal for big organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of
data in general.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

• It is also an expensive or costly computer.
• It has high storage capacity and great performance.
• It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very
quickly.
• It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.

Minicomputer
Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are
two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to
Microcontroller. Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work
like billing, accounting, inventory management, etc. It is smaller than a mainframe computer but
larger in comparison to the microcomputer.

Characteristics of Minicomputer
• Its weight is low.
• Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.
• Less expensive than a mainframe computer.
• It is fast.
Workstation Computer
A workstation computer is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists of a fast
microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic adapter. It is a single-
user computer. It is generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.
Characteristics of Workstation Computer
• It is expensive or high in cost.
• They are exclusively made for complex work purposes.
• It provides large storage capacity, better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when
compared to a PC.
• It is also used to handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation, and
editing.

Personal Computer (PC)

Personal Computers is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general-purpose
computer designed for individual use. It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing
unit (CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit. This kind of computer is suitable for personal
work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at the office for office work, etc. For
example, Laptops and desktop computers.
Characteristics of Personal Computer (PC)
• In this limited number of software can be used.
• It is the smallest in size.
• It is designed for personal use.
• It is easy to use.

Server Computer

Server Computers are computers that are combined data and programs. Electronic data and
applications are stored and shared in the server computer. The working of a server computer is
that it does not solve a bigger problem like a supercomputer but it solves many smaller similar
ones. Examples of server computer are like Wikipedia, as when users put a request for any
page, it finds what the user is looking for and sends it to the user.

Analog Computer
Analog Computers are particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have discrete values are called analog data. So, an analog
computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed,
temperature, pressure, etc. It can directly accept the data from the measuring device without
first converting it into numbers and codes. It measures the continuous changes in physical
quantity. It gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. For example speedometer, mercury
thermometer, etc.
Digital Computer
Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and
logical operations at high speed. It takes raw data as input and processes it with programs stored
in its memory to produce the final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the
raw input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer
to produce the result or final output. All modern computers, like laptops, desktops including
smartphones are digital computers.

Hybrid Computer
As the name suggests hybrid, which means made by combining two different things. Similarly,
the hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers
are fast like analog computers and have memory and accuracy like digital computers. So, it has
the ability to process both continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog
signals as input then it converts them into digital form before processing the input data. So, it is
widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data are required to be
processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel
flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.

Tablet and Smartphones

Tablets and Smartphones are the types of computers that are pocket friendly and easy to carry
is these are handy. This is one of the best use of modern technology. These devices have better
hardware capabilities, extensive operating systems, and better multimedia functionality.
Smartphones and tablets contain a number of sensors and are also able to provide wireless
communication protocols.

Computer Hardware and Software, both are essential parts of a Computer System. In short,
Hardware and Software make a System compatible with the user.

Consider This
Who use desktops?

Home and business users who do not require the portability of a mobile computer may work with
desktops for their everyday computing needs. Gaming enthusiast often choose a gaming
desktop, which offers high-quality audio, video and graphics with optimal performance for
sophisticated single-user and networked of Internet multiplayer games. Power users may work
with a high end desktop, sometimes called a workstation that is designed to handle intense
calculations and sophisticated graphics. For example, architects use powerful desktops to
design building and homes and graphic artists use them to create computer animated special
effects for motion pictures and video games. Some users configure a desktop to function as a
server on a network.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of
the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to
build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory Devices,
Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit.
Types of Computer Hardware
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Storage Devices
• Internal Component

1. Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user enters data and
information into the Computer or simply, User interacts with the Computer. Examples of Input
Devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.
2. Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the result of the task
performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are Monitors, Printers, Speakers, etc.
3. Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing data and they are
also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of Storage Devices are CDs, DVDs, Hard
Disk, etc
4. Internal Component: Internal Components consists of important hardware devices present
in the System. Examples of Internal Components are the CPU, Motherboard, etc.

Computer Software
Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs different
tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a programming code
executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or code written for an
operating system. Examples of software are MS- Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc.
Types of Computer Software
• System Software
• Application Software

1. System Software: System Software is a component of Computer Software that directly

operates with Computer Hardware which has the work to control the Computer’s Internal
Functioning and also takes responsibility for controlling Hardware Devices such as Printers,
Storage Devices, etc. Types of System Software include Operating systems, Language
processors, and Device Drivers.
2. Application Software: Application Software are the software that works the basic operations
of the computer. It performs a specific task for users. Application Software basically includes
Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of Application software include General Purpose
Software, Customized Software, etc.
 Secure It

ATM Safety

Visiting an ATM to withdraw or deposit money is convenient, but it also is ripe with potential for
criminal activity. Avoid being a victim by exercising common sense and following these guidelines.

-Location
-ATM card and PIN
-Transaction
-Be suspicious of skimmers
-Valuables
-Exiting
-Statements

Secure It Question
Which of these guidelines/tips do you follow, and how will you change your behavior next time you
visit an ATM or other self-service stations? Which ATMs in your neighborhood appear to be in
safe locations?
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Difference between Hardware and Software

Parameters Hardware Software

Hardware is a physical
Basic part of the computer that Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer
Definition causes the processing of exactly what to do.
data.

Development It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.

 Parameters Hardware Software

Hardware cannot perform

Dependency The software can not be executed without hardware.
any task without software.

Electronic and other

Process of Created by utilizing a computer language to write
materials are used to
creating instructions.
create hardware.

Hardware is tangible as
hardware is a physical Software is intangible as we can see and also use the
Tangible
electronic device, that can software but can’t touch them.
be touched.

Hardware typically wears The software does not wear out with time. However, it
Durability
out over time. may contain flaws and glitches.

It has four main

categories:
It is mainly divided into
Types 1. Input Devices
1. System software
2. Output Devices
2. Application software.
3. Storage Devices
4. Internal Components.

Hardware is not affected

Virus effect Software is affected by computer viruses.
by computer viruses.

It cannot be transferred
from one place to another
Transfer It can be transferred via a network means.
electrically through the
network.

Machine- Only machine-level The program accepts human-readable input, interprets

Level language is known to be it in machine-level language, and sends it to hardware
language understood by hardware. for additional processing.

If the hardware is
If the software is damaged, its backup copy can be
Replacement damaged, it is replaced
reinstalled.
with a new one.
 Parameters Hardware Software

Dust, overheating,
humidity, and other Overloading, systematic error, major-minor version
Failures factors are commonly error, and other factors are commonly responsible for
responsible for hardware software failures.
failures.

Ex: Keyboard, Mouse,

Monitor, Ex: MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photoshop, MySQL,
Examples
Printer, CPU, Hard etc.
disk, RAM, ROM, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

Process management in operating systems involves a variety of tasks, including creating,
scheduling, and terminating processes. The operating system must ensure that each process and
application has enough time on the CPU to run smoothly while using as many CPU cycles as
possible for the real task.

Memory Management
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up
of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main
memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be
executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An operating system manages the
allocation and deallocation of the memory to various processes and ensures that the other
process does not consume the memory allocated to one process.

File management
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the
following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings, the status of every file, and more. These facilities are collectively known as the file
system. An OS keeps track of information regarding the creation, deletion, transfer, copy, and
storage of files in an organized way. It also maintains the integrity of the data stored in these
files, including the file directory structure, by protecting against unauthorized access.

Device Management
An OS manages device communication via its respective drivers. It performs the following
activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system.
Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller.
Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices
effectively and efficiently. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required. There are
various input and output devices. An OS controls the working of these input-output devices .It
receives the requests from these devices, performs a specific task, and communicates back to
the requesting process.

Security
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other
techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data. The operating
system provides various techniques which assure the integrity and confidentiality of user data.
Following security measures are used to protect user data:
• Protection against unauthorized access through login.
• Protection against intrusion by keeping firewall active.
• Protecting the system memory against malicious access.
• Displaying messages related to system vulnerabilities.

Job Accounting
The operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users. In a
multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously, the OS determines which
applications should run in which order and how time should be allocated to each application.

Secondary Storage Management

Secondary storage is used as an extension of main memory in operating systems. Secondary
storage devices can hold the data permanently. Storage devices consist of Registers, Cache,
Main-Memory, Electronic-Disk, Magnetic-Disk, Optical-Disk, Magnetic-Tapes. Each storage
system provides the basic system of storing a datum and of holding the datum until it is retrieved
at a later time. All the storage devices differ in speed, cost, size and volatility. The most common
Secondary-storage device is a Magnetic-disk, which provides storage for both programs and
data. Disks are the mainly used secondary storage devices. The main activity that is performed in
secondary storage management is disk scheduling.

Networking
The OS provides network connectivity and manages communication between computers on a
network. It also manages network security by providing firewalls and other security measures.

Coordination between Other Software and Users

Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other
software to the various users of the computer systems.
 Module Summary
• The use of computing devices stems from the usage of abacus in performing basic
mathematical computations.
• Computers nowadays are used on the basis of size and data handling capabilities
• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Software is a collection of
instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs different tasks on a computer
system.
 Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
College of Accountancy, Business, Economics and International Hospitality Management
IT 101 IT Application Tools in Business

Name: _________________________ Date: _____________________

Program/Year/Section: ____________ Score: ____________________

Activity 2
Hardware/Software Analysis

In this activity the student, will able to analyze different applications of day to day use of
hardware and software device or capabilities.

1. Pair Bluetooth Devices

Why is a passkey required when pairing two Bluetooth devices?
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2. Wi-Fi Network
If you have a data plan allowing unlimited data and you are within range of a Wi-Fi
network, is it better to use your mobile device provider’s network or the Wi-Fi
network? Why.
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3. Public USB Charging Stations

Should warning signs be posted by public charging stations?
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_____________________________________________________________.
Would you use a public charging kiosks if your smartphone or mobile device was
running low on battery power?
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4. Mobile Computers
Based on your current computing needs, should you purchase a traditional laptop,
ultrathin laptop or tablet?
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What are the specifications of the mobile computer you would purchase?
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______________________________________________________________.

5. Determine the type of computer or mobile device that might be most appropriate for the
following employees. Explain your stand.
a. Graphic Designer who exclusively works in the office.
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__________________________________________________________.
b. A cashier who is responsible for assisting customers with purchases.
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________.
c. Sales representatives who travels to various locations and needs wireless
communications capabililities.
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