Introductory Physics II

Chapter 29 – part 1
How Michael Faraday made the “electricity era” possible.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Lecture 8 – March 23
 Chapters 27, 28 and 29
General Map

Electric
Charge

Magnetic
field

Currents
Outline of chapter 29
• Electromagnetic induction – experiments
• Magnitude of the induced emf – Faraday’s law of induction
• Direction of the induced emf or induced current – Lenz’s law
• Motional emf
• Applications

New concepts/quantities

• Electro-magnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• Lenz’s law
 Two Symmetric Situations (?)
In Chapter 28 we saw that a current produces a magnetic field.
The current is due to an electric field.

(Oersted)
Electric field
(or emf)
Current 1820 Magnetic field

?
?
Is this symmetric?
Can we produce an electric field and a current using a magnetic
field?
 Electromagnetic Induction
Discovery
1831 – Michael Faraday demonstrates for
the first time the electromagnetic
induction
It was the result of about 10 years of
experiments carried with the goal to
produce electricity with magnetic fields.

Oersted experiment
(1820)
 Electromagnetic Induction
Experiments
One experiment which demonstrate electromagnetic
induction is shown here.
• With the magnet stationary, there
is no current in the circuit.
• Move the magnet and a current
is produced.
 Electromagnetic Induction
Experiments
• If the loop moves and the magnet is stationary, a current is also
produced.
• The faster the relative motion,
the greater the current.
 Electromagnetic Induction
What determines the direction of the current?

• Moving the magnet towards the loop produces a current in the

opposite direction to that produced when the magnet moves
away from the loop.

• The currents produced when the South pole of the magnet

is closer to the loop are opposite to those produced when
the North pole of the magnet is closer to the loop.
 More Induction Experiments
Here is another experiment.
• When the switch is closed, a current
appears in the second loop.
• When the switch is opened, a current
is produced in the opposite direction in
the second loop.
• Reversing the battery polarity also
reverses the current directions.
 More Induction Experiments
In these experiments, an emf is produced in the loop, which will
generate a current in a closed circuit when there is a changing
magnetic field in the loop.

The changing magnetic field produces

• induced emf
• induced current
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday realized that an induced emf is produced when the
"number of magnetic field lines" that pass through the loop
changes.

The number of magnetic field lines can be quantified by the

concept of magnetic flux, defined by

𝜙𝐵 = න 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ = න 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝐴
ො =න 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐴
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑛𝐴
ො = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃
 Faraday’s Law
Magnitude of the induced emf

Faraday’s Law states that

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝐸=−
𝑑𝑡

where E is the induced emf.

The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to

oppose the cause of the effect (this is the meaning of the minus
sign in Faraday’s law).
 Faraday’s Law
Multi-loop coils
If there are N turns in the coil, each loop will have its own
emf, and these will be additive so that for a tightly wound
coil

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝐸 = −𝑁 𝜙𝐵 = න 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑
𝐸 = −𝑁 න 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝐴 or 𝐸 = −𝑁 (𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
General case Uniform field

In order to get an emf, at least one of the three terms has to change in
time:
B, A or q.
 Faraday’s Law
Examples of application
1. B changes (the magnitude of the magnetic field changes)
Examples:
• magnet moves relative to the coil
• the current through the coil producing magnetic field
changes in time.
𝑑𝐵
𝐸 = −𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑡
 Faraday’s Law
Examples of application
2. A changes (the area of the loop changes or the area enclosing
the magnetic field lines)
Examples:
• a wire moves over a rail, in magnetic field
• a loop is moved into or out of a magnetic field
𝑑𝐴
𝐸 = −𝑁𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑡
 Faraday’s Law
Examples of application
3. q changes (the angle between the coil and the magnetic field )
Examples:
• loop or coil is rotated in magnetic field (like in a motor or
generator)

𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝐸 = −𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃
𝐸 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑡
 Example 29-1

Magnetic f lux increasesas

B = 6.0 t2 + 7.0 t with
B in mWb and t in s.

a) Magnitude of emf when t = 2.0 s?

b) Direction of induced i through R?
 29-1
𝑑𝐵
𝐸 = −𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (B changes)
𝑑𝑡
(We don’t need those for the
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃=1 N=1 calculation because the flux is
given.)

dB d
= (6.0t2 + 7.0t) = 12.0t + 7.0
dt dt
E(2s) = −1(12.0(2.0) + 7.0) = −31.0

E = −31.0 mV (the flux was in mWb)

Faster you move, higher the emf!